68 Henry James, Daisy Miller (1878; repr., New York: Penguin Classics, 1987); Koven, Slumming, 169-80.
69 Wilkins, King, 334.
70 CK to D. C. Gilman, 27 Feb. 1885, cited ibid., 338.
71 John La Farge, “Clarence King,” in Hague, Memoirs, 192.
72 Catalogue of Valuable Paintings and Water Colors to Be Sold at Unrestricted Public Sale by Order of the Executors and Trustee of the Estates of the Late Clarence King, William H. Fuller and Theodore G. Weil the trustees of H. Victor Newcomb (New York: Press of J. J. Little, 1903). Auction catalog, American Art Association, New York, March 1903.
73 La Farge, “Clarence King,” in Hague, Memoirs, 192-95.
74 Adams, “King,” in Hague, Memoirs, 166.
75 CK to Henry Adams (HA), 6 Oct. 1884, cited in O’Toole, Five of Hearts, 129.
76 Clarence King, “Household Expenses 47 Lafayette Place, NY [fall 1873],” A2, King Papers, HEH. In this small ledger book, King kept note of his payments to his servants. “Mary” starts work on Sept. 9, 1873, for $3 to $4 a week and works for King until Oct. 30. “Sarah Johnson” begins at $4 a week on Oct. 31. “Edward Schoales” begins at $35 a month on Oct. 8, 1873. Because the notebook ends at the end of the year, it is difficult to tell how long the servants stayed.
77 Miller’s Strangers’ Guide for the City of New York (New York: James Miller, 1867), 70.
78 Taintor’s Route and City Guides: City of New York (New York: Taintor Brothers, Merrill, 1876), 26.
79 Edna L. Farley, The Underside of Reconstruction New York: The Struggle over the Issue of Black Equality (New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1993), 157.
80 “Personal Intelligence,” New York Times, Apr. 8, 1881, 5; Apr. 28, 1881, 8; Apr. 30, 1881, 5; “Duke of Sutherland,” New York Times, Apr. 27, 1881, 8.
81 On American vs. European plan, see Rand McNally & Co.’s Handy Guide to New York City (Chicago: The Company, 1895), 15.
82 “The Arts: Our Domestic Architecture,” Appletons’ Journal: A Magazine of General Literature 13, no. 302 (Jan. 2, 1875): 22. An image of the hotel can be found in Henry Collins Brown, Fifth Avenue Old and New, 1824-1924 [New York, c. 1924], 57.
83 Appleton’s Dictionary of Greater New York and Its Neighborhoods (New York: D. Appleton, 1879), s.v. “Restaurants”; Rand McNally Guide (1895), 115.
84 Rand McNally Guide (1895), 19.
85 Ibid., 16-17.
86 “New York City Directory, 1890,” on Ancestry.com (accessed Aug. 15, 2007); Trow’s New York, New York City Directory for 1890 (New York: Trow City Directory, 1891); “Another Big Office Building,” New York Times, Oct. 29, 1893, 21; “Punished for Contempt,” New York Times, Apr. 2, 1880, 8; “Theatrical Gossip,” New York Times, Mar. 9, 1887, 3.
87 “Eclipsed by Four Mules: The Tantivy’s First Trip to Pelham and Gilmore’s Practical Joke,” New York Times, Apr. 27, 1886, 8.
88 Fifth Avenue Bank of New York, Fifth Avenue Events: A Brief Account of Some of the Most Interesting Events Which Have Occurred on the Avenue ([New York]: Printed for the Fifth Avenue Bank of New York, 1916), 49-51.
89 “City and Suburban News,” New York Times, Jan. 14, 1887, 3; “Discussing Future Hunt,” New York Times, Mar. 15, 1888, 3; “An Electric Convention: A Big Meeting at the Brunswick Hotel,” New York Times, Aug. 30, 1888, 8; “City and Suburban News,” New York Times, Jan. 14, 1887, 3; “Lee Talks for the South: Frank Words for the Southern Society Dinner,” New York Times, Feb. 23, 1889, 5; “Soured by a Single Bad Egg,” New York Times, Jan. 29, 1889, 5.
90 “The Professional Clubs: Influence of Outsiders on Their Management,” New York Times, Jan. 10, 1887, 2.
91 For King’s memberships and thumbnail descriptions of the clubs, see Club Men of New York (New York: Republic Press, 1893) and Rand McNally Guide (1895), 183-86.
92 On the mail drop-offs, see “Professional Clubs.”
93 King named different clubs as mailing addresses in the 1893 and 1896 editions of Club Men of New York. He made frequent use of stationery from both the Century Association and the Union League Club during the 1880s and ’90s, suggesting he was using both clubs as office spaces.
94 Edith Wharton, The Age of Innocence (1920; repr., New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1968), 126.
95 Wilkins, King, 345, 352-53.
96 Hague, “Memorabilia,” in Hague, Memoirs, 411-12.
97 Walt Whitman, “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry,” stanza 11, lines 121-22.
98 Earl Lind [pseud.], Autobiography of an Androgyne (1918; repr., New York: Arno Press, 1975), 47.
99 Ralph Werther [Jennie June, Earl Lind, pseuds.], The Female-Impersonators (New York: Medico-Legal Journal, 1922), 82.
100 Rand McNally Guide (1895), 140.
101 JH to Clara Stone Hay, 6 Dec. 1879, quoted in O’Toole, Five of Hearts, 66.
102 CK to JH, 30 May 1885, Hay Collection, Brown.
103 Ibid.
104 Ibid., June 1886.
105 Bronson, Reminiscences, 329.
106 CK to JH, 4 July 1886, Hay Collection, Brown.
107 Ibid., 30 May 1885.
108 Ibid., 28 July 1887.
109 Ibid.
110 Alfred Lord Tennyson, “Locksley Hall,” lines 167-68.
111 CK to JH, 28 July 1887, Hay Collection, Brown.
112 Clarence King, “U.S. Geological Survey July 1867 Private” [small pocket notebook], D12, King Papers, HEH.
113 Clarence King, “Bancroft’s Native Races of the Pacific States,” Atlantic Monthly 35 (Feb. 1875): 172.
114 Helen Hunt Jackson, Ramona (1884; repr., New York: Penguin Books, 1988), 360, 362.
115 An odd short story informed by Helen Hunt Jackson’s novel appeared in the African American newspaper the New York Age on June 2, 1888. A young black woman named “Ramona” is reunited with the love who she wrongly thought had rebuffed her through her kindly white patron “Helen Huntington.”
116 CK to JH, 28 July 1887, Hay Collection, Brown.
117 CK to Samuel Barlow, BW box 184 (12), Barlow Collection, HEH.
118 CK to JH, 28 July 1887, Hay Collection, Brown.
119 O’Toole, Five of Hearts, 141-75.
120 CK to JH, 4 Aug. 1887, Hay Collection, Brown.
121 Clarence King, “Artium Magister,” North American Review 147 (Oct. 1888): 382.
122 King, “Biographers of Lincoln,” 868.
123 CK to JH, 18 July 1888, Hay Collection, Brown.
124 Wharton, The Age of Innocence, 335.
125 The earliest record of this name appears on the 1891 birth certificate for King and Copeland’s second child, Grace Margaret Todd: Certificate of Birth, Brooklyn. 920, New York City Department of Records and Information Services, Municipal Archives.
CHAPTER 5: NEW BEGINNINGS
1 Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, 1148.
2 Johnson, Black Manhattan, 77; Sacks, “ ‘We Cry,’ ” 140-43.
3 Hay, “Clarence King,” in Hague, Memoirs, 130.
4 Sacks, “ ‘We Cry,’ ” 140-46.
5 The earliest reference to Todd’s false identity comes from Ada’s statement to the physician who filled out her daughter Grace’s birth certificate in Jan. 1891. See below, 171-72.
6 Robin Marantz Henig, “Looking for the Lie,” New York Times Magazine, Feb. 5, 2006, 83.
7 Werther [pseud.], Female-Impersonators, 175.
8 The 1890 census identifies 23,601 persons of African descent living in New York County out of a total population of 1,515,301. See the Historical Census Browser, Geospatial and Statistical Data Center, University of Virginia, http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/histcensus/php/county.php (accessed Aug. 2, 2007).
9 See, for example, Benedict Carey, “The Secret Lives of Just About Everybody,” New York Times, Jan. 11, 2005, D1.
10 Carol Midgley, “Porn, an Affair, You’re Gay: What’s Your Secret?” Sunday Times (London), Apr. 29, 2005, http://www.timesonline.co.uk /article/0,,7-1589332_1,00.html (accessed May 1, 2005).
11 �
��1,000 Passing in Washington,” New York Age, Sept. 16, 1909, 1. The article quotes the work of Ralph W. Tyler, whose own racial identity is documented in the 1910 U.S. Federal Census for the District of Columbia, SD 1, ED 155, sheet 4A.
12 On Florence King Howland’s pseudonym, see CK to Whitelaw Reid, 29 Jan. [1879], reel 153, Whitelaw Reid Papers, LC. On Sophia Little’s pseudonym, see Rufus Wilmot Griswold, Female Poets of America, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia: Purvey & McMillan, 1854), 107.
13 O’Toole, Five of Hearts, 168-69.
14 The 1880 U.S. Federal Census (accessed on Ancestry.com, Dec. 20, 2004) lists seven James Todds in New York City. Subsequent city directories list others.
15 “James Edward Todd,” History of Fremont County, Iowa (Des Moines: Iowa Historical Company, 1881), http://www.rootsweb.com/~iabiog/fremont/fl1881/fl1881-ross.htm (accessed Oct. 21, 2004); “James E. Todd,” Database: American Civil War Soldiers, Ancestry.com (accessed Oct. 21, 2004); “James E. Todd,” Civil War Pension Index, Ancestry.com (accessed Oct. 21, 2004); Biographical Record: Classes from 1868-1872 of the Yale Sheffield Scientific School (New Haven, CT: Class Secretaries Bureau, Yale University, 1910). Todd is listed as a nongraduating student enrolled in 1870-71.
16 Charles Keyes, “Glacial Work of James Edward Todd,” Pan-American Geologist 39, no. 1 (Feb. 1925): 1-14; “Todd,” History of Fremont County, Iowa; “American Naturalist,” Forest and Stream; A Journal of Outdoor Life, Travel, Nature Study, Shooting, Fishing, Yachting 11, no. 25 (Jan. 23, 1879): 514; James E. Todd, “The Missouri Couteau and Its Moraines,” Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 33 (1884), published independently (Salem, MA, 1885); Washington, D.C., City Directory, 1890 (Washington, DC: R. L. Polk, 1890); J. E. Todd (state geologist), Preliminary Report on the Geology of South Dakota (Sioux Falls: Brown & Saenger, 1894); Frank Leverett, “Memorial of James Todd,” Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 34 (1922): 44-51. With thanks for some of these references to Brenda L. Graff, reference librarian, USGS Library, and Clifford M. Nelson, geologist and historian, USGS.
17 Ironically, the name “James Edward Todd” again came to public attention in 1968, some eighty years after King and Copeland married, when a young white sailor by that name married a young black woman named Floria Marquite Mayhorn, in Memphis, Tennessee, in what the Washington Post called “this Old South city’s first interracial marriage since Reconstruction” (Jan. 13, 1968, A5). Like King and Copeland, they were married by the woman’s pastor, in a ceremony held outside the church.
18 Jack London’s short story “South of the Slot” originally appeared in the Saturday Evening Post 181 (May 1909), 3-4, 36-38.
19 Nat Love, The Life and Adventures of Nat Love (1907; repr., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), 139.
20 From Railroad Commission of Texas v. Pullman Co., 312 U.S. 496 (1941), cited in Judith Resnik, “Rereading ‘The Federal Courts’: Revising the Domain of Federal Courts Jurisprudence at the End of the Twentieth Century,” 47 Vanderbilt Law Review, 1039.
21 “St. John and the Color Line—A Talk with a Pullman Palace Car Porter,” New York Freeman, Mar. 7, 1885, 2.
22 Love, Life and Adventures, 131, 134, 135.
23 Resnik, “Rereading ‘The Federal Courts,’ ” 1039.
24 Larry Tye, Rising from the Rails: Pullman Porters and the Making of the Black Middle Class (New York: Henry Holt, 2004), 33, 61.
25 Howells, “Meetings with King,” in Hague, Memoirs, 136.
26 Study by Hornell Hart, cited in Louis Wirth and Herbert Goldhamer, “The Hybrid and the Problem of Miscegenation,” Characteristics of the American Negro, ed. Otto Klineberg (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944), 312-13.
27 “1,000 Passing in Washington,” 1.
28 “Married a Negro Instead of a Cuban,” New York Times, Sept. 28, 1888, 2.
29 Mark Twain, Pudd ’nhead Wilson (1894; repr., New York: Bantam Books, 1981), 26, 142-43.
30 St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City (1945; repr., New York: Harper & Row, 1962), 1:164-65. On the particular interest of early-twentieth-century social scientists in matters of racial mixing, see Joel Williamson, New People: Miscegenation and Mulattoes in the United States (1980 ; repr., Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995), 115-29.
31 R. Roberts, “Negro-White Intermarriage: A Study in Social Control” (master’s thesis, University of Chicago, n.d.), cited in Wirth and Goldhamer, “The Hybrid,” in Klineberg, Characteristics of the American Negro, 303.
32 Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and American Democracy (New York: Harper & Brothers [1944]), 164.
33 Walter White, A Man Called White (1948; repr., Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995), 3.
34 David H. Fowler, Northern Attitudes Towards Interracial Marriage: Legislative and Public Opinion in the Middle Atlantic and the States of the Old Northwest (New York: Garland Publishing, 1987), 360.
35 Sociologists Louis Wirth and Herbert Goldhamer later called such people “segmental passers.” Wirth and Goldhamer, “The Hybrid,” in Klineberg, Characteristics of the American Negro, 302-3.
36 Lind [pseud.], Autobiography of an Androgyne, 47, 61.
37 Werther [pseud.], Female-Impersonators, 175.
38 Lind [pseud.], Autobiography of an Androgyne, 82, 161-65.
39 M. H. Dunlop, Gilded City: Scandal and Sensation in Turn-of-the-Century New York (New York: William Morrow, 2000), 126-28.
40 “Detective Price’s Troubles: Life Made Miserable by a Man Who Assumed His Name,” New York Times, Mar. 11, 1885, 8.
41 JH to HA, 19 May 1888, Letters of John Hay and Extracts from Diary (1908; repr., New York: Gordian Press, 1969), 2:146.
42 CK to Clara Hay, 7 Mar. 1888; CK to JH, 17 Apr. 1889, Hay Collection, Brown.
43 CK to JH, 12 Aug. [1888], Hay Collection, Brown.
44 Ibid.
45 Bronson, Reminiscences, 355.
46 King, “Artium Magister,” 383.
47 Plaintiff ’s Trial Memorandum Relating to the Existence of the Trust [Mar. 1932], 2, King v. Peabody et al. (file no. 26821-1931; Records of the Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County Clerk ’s Office); “Widow Tells of Ceremony and Children,” Amsterdam News, Nov. 22, 1933, 2. On the convention of personalizing wedding rings in the late nineteenth century, see “Buying Wedding Rings,” Washington Post, Nov. 25, 1883, 7. The wedding ring has descended through the King family and now belongs to the Kings’ great-granddaughter, Patricia Chacon.
48 Eugene D. Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made (New York: Pantheon, 1974), 375-481; Herbert G. Gutman, The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1720-1925 (New York: Vintage, 1977), 273-77.
49 Wilkins, King, 26-27.
50 King, Mountaineering, 292.
51 Hague, “Memorabilia,” in Hague, Memoirs, 408-9.
52 “Bishop James H. Cook,” New York Times, Aug. 12, 1899, 7; “Ball of the Coachmen’s Union League,” New York Times, Jan. 11, 1895, 8; “Colored Odd Fellows’ Jubilee,” New York Times, Apr. 27, 1893, 10; “Aid for the Arkansas Refugees,” New York Times, Mar. 30, 1880, 2; “His Last Day on Earth: Chastain Cox Ready to Meet His Fate,” New York Times, July 16, 1880, 2 ; “Cox Expatiates His Crime,” New York Times, July 17, 1880, 3; “The Burial of Chastain Cox,” New York Times, July 18, 1880, 12.
53 “Fifteenth Amendment Celebrated,” New York Times, Mar. 31, 1887, 5; “Clergymen in Politics,” New York Times, Sept. 23, 1890, 1; “Bishop James H. Cook,” 7.
54 See Ariela R. Dubler, “Note: Governing through Contract: Common Law Marriage in the Nineteenth Century,” Yale Law Journal (April 1998): 1885-920.
55 Certificate of Marriage [1888], Health Department of the City of New York, Sanitary Bureau, Division of Vital Statistics. Thanks to Josh Garrett-Davis for retrieving this data from the forms on file in the New York City Municipal Archives.
56 Wirth and Goldhamer, “The Hybrid,” in Kli
neberg, Characteristics of the American Negro, 277.
57 “Miscegenation in Boston,” story from the Boston Herald reprinted in New York Age, Sept. 8, 1888, 2.
58 See “A White Groom and Colored Bride,” New York Times, Apr. 6, 1885, 5; “Arrested for Miscegenation,” New York Times, Oct. 4, 1885, 3; “Capt Lusk Assassinated: An Advocate of Miscegenation Riddled with Bullets,” New York Times, Aug. 27, 1886, 5; “Held for Miscegenation,” New York Times, Sept. 12, 1889, 3; “Charge of Miscegenation: Couple Arrested in Washington at Request of Maryland Authorities,” New York Times, Aug. 6, 1900, 1.
59 Philip S. Foner, Frederick Douglass (1950; repr., New York: Citadel Press, 1964), 338.
60 Bailey, “Diary of a Journey,” 99, New York Botanical Garden Library.
61 Robert Underwood Johnson, Remembered Yesterdays (Boston: Little, Brown, 1923), 26.
62 [Clarence King], “Style and the Monument,” North American Review 141 (Nov. 1885): 443-44.
63 Leslie M. Harris, “From Abolitionist Amalgamators to ‘Rulers of the Five Points,’ ” in Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History, ed. Martha Hodes (New York: NYU Press, 1999), 191-212; Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “Amalgamation” and “Amalgamate.”
64 “Testimony of Wendell Phillips from his speech at Framingham, Mass., July 4, 1863,” reprinted in Miscegenation: The Theory of the Blending of the Races, Applied to the American White Man and Negro, [ed. David Croly and George Wakeman] (New York: H. Dexter, Hamilton, 1864), 66; Gary B. Nash, “The Hidden History of Mestizo America,” in Hodes, Sex, Love, Race, 22.
65 CK to JTG, 25 Mar. [1860], King Papers, HEH.
66 [Croly and Wakeman], Miscegenation, ii.
67 Frederick Douglass, “Letter from the Editor,” Frederick Douglass’ Paper, Nov. 20, 1851.
68 Frederick Douglass, “The Future of the Colored Race,” North American Review 196 (May 1886): 437.
69 Clarence King, “The Education of the Future,” Forum 13 (Mar. 1892), 20-33; quote, 27.
70 King, “Bancroft’s Native Races of the Pacific States,” 165.
CHAPTER 6 : FAMILY LIVES
1 The earliest recorded date of Ada’s residence here is on the 1891 birth certificate for Ada’s second child, Grace Margaret. On the geography of Brooklyn’s black community, see Seth M. Scheiner, Negro Mecca: A History of the Negro in New York City, 1865-1920 (New York: New York University Press, 1965), 22-25.
Passing Strange Page 40