29 “ ‘Bloods’ Hid Scion’s Love,” 9.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 Johnson, Black Manhattan, 127-29.
33 Ibid., 426; Sacks, “ ‘We Cry,’ ” 64-65.
34 “Race Riot on West Side,” New York Times, Aug. 16, 1900, 1; “Police in Control in Riotous District,” New York Times, Aug. 17, 1900, 2.
35 Sacks, “ ‘We Cry,’ ” 69; “Negro Aliens Complain,” New York Times, Aug. 25, 1900, 1.
36 “Rias Body, Ex-Slave,” WPA interview, Apr. 9, 1946, “Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers’ Project, 1936-1938,” Library of Congress American Memory Web site.
37 JH to Sir John Clark, 18 Sept. 1900, Letters of John Hay, 3:191.
38 Wilkins, King, 407-8; King to S. F. Emmons, 28 Dec. 1900, box 12, S.F. Emmons Papers, LC; Henry M. Adkinson to J. D. Hague, 22 Aug. 1904, A1, King Papers, HEH.
39 HA to Elizabeth Cameron, 3 Mar. 1901, Letters of Henry Adams, 5:213; ibid., 22 Apr. 1901, 224; Wilkins, King, 408-9; JH to HA, 7 May 1901, Letters of John Hay, 3:207; Adams, Education, 395; S. F. Emmons, Diary, 20 Apr. 1901, box 4, S. F. Emmons Papers, LC.
40 “Mammy Bares Life,” 3-4.
41 “Negro Woman Sues,” 2.
42 Plaintiff’s Trial Memorandum, 169. All legal citations in this chapter are to King v. Peabody et al. unless otherwise noted.
43 Ibid.; “Negro Woman Sues.” Research has failed to locate Logan School: Andrew Rodger, Library and Archives Canada, e-mail correspondence to author Sept. 20, 2004. On King and the Canadian mining interests of the War Eagle Consolidated Company, see “Shareholders Re-elect the Old Management to Office,” Toronto Globe, Feb. 22, 1900, 7; citation courtesy of Andrew Rodger.
44 See Robin W. Winks, The Blacks in Canada: A History, 2nd ed. (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1997), esp. 288-320, 331-32, 362-76, 484-96. Ada Todd and her children lived in Toronto for less than a year, and I have been unable to find a trace of them in city records.
45 JH to HA, 9 Aug. 1901, Letters of John Hay, 3:222-23; Hay quotes from King’s letter. See also Wilkins, King, 409.
46 JH to HA, 9 Aug. 1901, Letters of John Hay, 3:223; JH to CK, 6 Aug. 1901, ibid., 221.
47 CK to JH, 22 Aug. [1901], reprinted in Tyler Dennett, John Hay, 161-62.
48 Ibid.
49 Ibid.
50 Adams, Education, 346-47.
51 CK to JH, 22 Aug. 1901, in Dennett, John Hay, 161-62.
52 Ibid.
53 Hay, “Clarence King,” in Hague, Memoirs, 126.
54 Bronson, Reminiscences, 328.
55 CK to JH, 30 Nov. 1885, Hay Collection, Brown.
56 Ibid., 28 July 1887.
57 Ibid., 4 July 1886.
58 JH to HA, 25 Aug. 1887, Letters of John Hay, 2:131.
59 CK to JH, 12 Aug. [1888], Hay Collection, Brown.
60 [H. Lay ?] to James D. Hague, 18 Dec. 1903, box 2, A3, King Papers, HEH.
61 Hay, “Clarence King,” in Hague, Memoirs, 126-27.
62 Emmons, “Clarence King—Geologist,” in Hague, Memoirs, 291.
63 Raymond, “Biographical Notice,” in Hague, Memoirs, 355.
64 Emmons, “Clarence King—Geologist,” in Hague, Memoirs, 291.
65 Raymond, “Biographical Notice,” in Hague, Memoirs, 354-55.
66 Owen Wister, The Virginian: A Horseman of the Plains (New York: Macmillan, 1904 ), 502.
67 Wilkins, King, 365, 385-86, 397-98.
68 George Wharton James, “Clarence King,” 34.
69 Emmons, Diary, 15-21 Oct. 1901, box 4, S.F. Emmons Papers, LC.
70 Defendant’s Exhibit C, Plaintiff’s Trial Memorandum, 171.
71 Ada apparently turned the letter, or a copy of it, over to James T. Gardiner and his associates after her husband’s death. See Plaintiff’s Trial Memorandum, 165.
72 See Defendant’s Exhibit N, Plaintiff’s Trial Memorandum, 166.
73 Ibid., 167.
74 Plaintiff’s Trial Memorandum, 165.
75 Ibid., 166.
76 JH to HA, 21 Oct. 1901, Letters of John Hay, 3:241-42.
77 HA to JH, 2 Nov. 1901, Letters of Henry Adams, 5:308; S. F. Emmons to J. D. Hague, rc’d 18 Dec. 1901, box 1, King Papers, HEH.
78 Charles Walcott to S. F. Emmons, 3 Oct. 1901, box 12, S. F. Emmons Papers, LC.; Arthur T. Hadley to Charles Walcott, 25 Sept. 1901, ibid.
79 In the James D. Hague Papers (box 12, M16) at the Huntington Library is a telegram from King to Hague dated 2 Oct. 1901, which is clipped to an undated note to Hague that conveys these directions for Gardiner. That the letter was written at about the same time as the telegram seems likely but is not certain.
80 Plaintiff ’s Trial Memorandum, 110.
81 JH to S. F. Emmons, 15 Dec. 1901, box 12, S. F. Emmons Papers, LC.
82 FKH to Charles Webb Howard, 17 Jan. 1902, cited in Wilkins, King, 410.
83 Emmons, “Clarence King—Geologist,” in Hague, Memoirs, 294.
84 G. W. Middleton to S. F. Emmons, 5 Apr. 1902, box 12, S. F. Emmons Papers, LC.
85 Wilkins, King, 410.
86 See notes on the weather, Toronto Globe, Dec. 23-25, 1901, 1.
87 Bronson, Reminiscences, 358.
88 James T. Gardiner to James D. Hague [telegram], 24 Dec. 1901, Hague Papers, HEH; “Standard Certificate of Death” [for Clarance [sic] King, d. Dec. 24, 1901], http://genealogy.az.gov/azdeath/006/10060764.pdf (accessed Aug. 18, 2007).
89 “E. C. Stedman’s Tribute,” New York Tribune, Dec. 27, 1901, 7.
90 Wilkins, King, 411; King Certificate of Death; Arizona State Board of Health, “Certificate of Death for Robert Wallace Craig,” filed 13 July 1933 (state file no. 152V, registration no. 900).
91 [King], “Style and the Monument,” 443-44.
92 “Riot in New York,” Toronto Globe, Dec. 26, 1901, 1.
93 J. D. Hague to James T. Gardiner, 6 Jan. 1902, Letter Book L-27, Hague Papers, HEH; Gardiner to Hague [telegram], 24 Dec. 1901, Hague Papers, HEH.
94 In August 1912 Townsley, now a colonel, was appointed superintendent of the United States Military Academy at West Point. See “Army Orders,” Washington Post, Aug. 21, 1912, 6; “Will Rule at West Point,” Washington Post, Aug. 21, 1912, 6. After four years at West Point, he was promoted to brigadier general in 1916 and shortly thereafter assumed command of the army in the Canal Zone in Panama. He died in 1926. See “Promotions in Army,” Washington Post, July 4, 1916; “Army Orders,” Washington Post, Sept. 7, 1917, 6; “General Townsley Rests at West Point,” New York Times, Jan. 1, 1927, 4.
95 “Death of Clarence King,” New York Times, Dec. 25, 1901, 7.
96 “In Memory of Clarence King,” Washington Post, Dec. 31, 1901, 2.
97 See King’s comments on the draft of the biographical entry about him that Hague had prepared for Appletons’, box 1, A1, King Papers, HEH.
98 FKH to J. D. Hague, 27 July [1904?], box 2, A3, King Papers, HEH.
99 Brownell, “King at the Century,” in Hague, Memoirs, 219; American Heritage Dictionary, s.v. “Paradox.”
100 Adams, “King,” in Hague, Memoirs, 167.
101 “Weather,” New York Times, Jan. 2, 1902, 9.
102 Howells, “Meetings with King,” in Hague, Memoirs, 153.
103 J. D. Hague, Letter Book L27, 527, Hague Papers, HEH. Hague’s notes indicate two other pallbearers, identified only as Olyphant and Gould.
104 Poet Edmund Clarence Stedman as quoted in [JTG], “Clarence King’s Boyhood,” King Papers, HEH.
105 “Funeral of Clarence King,” New York Times, Jan. 2, 1902, 7; Emmons, Diary, 1, 2 Jan. 1902, box 4, S. F. Emmons Papers, LC; Wilkins, King, 411. On King’s gravesite, see Robert Wilson, “Looking for Newport’s Own,” Preservation (Jan./Feb. 2006): 18-19, 61.
CHAPTER 9: ON HER OWN
1 New York Herald, Mar. 19, 1902, 1; “Weather,” New York Times, Mar. 17, 1902, 1.
2 Memorandum for Defendants, King v. Peabody et al. (file no. 26821-1931; Records of t
he Supreme Court of the State of New York, New York County Clerk’s Office), 35. All legal citations in this chapter are to King v. Peabody et al. unless otherwise noted.
3 “Slot Machine Room Raided,” New York Times, Dec. 4, 1900, 3; “Notes of the Campaign,” New York Times, Oct. 8, 1900, 2; “Yesterday’s Fires,” New York Times, Nov. 24, 1897, 3; 1900 U.S. Federal Census, Manhattan, New York County, NY, SD 1, ED 684, sheet 14.
4 1900 U.S. Federal Census, Manhattan, New York County, NY, SD 1, ED 684, sheet 14. The “Mannel Coopland” listed in the Manhattan census of 1880 would seem to be the same man as the “Emanuel Copeland” listed in the 1900 census, sharing the same birthplace and approximate date of birth. See 1880 U.S. Federal Census, New York City, New York, SD 1, ED 570, 25. For the Virginia-born black Copelands residing in Harris County, Georgia, in 1870, see the summary of census data, http://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?rank=0&gsfn=&gsln=copeland&sx=&f5=GA&f4=&f7=&f21=virginia& rg_81004011_ _date = &rs_81004011_ _date = 0&f15 = Colored&f28 = &gskw= &prox=1&db = 1870usfedcen&ti=5542&ti.si= 0&gl= &gss =IMAGE&gst= &so =3(accessed Oct. 10, 2006).
5 “Negro Woman Sues,” 2.
6 Value is from CPI-based conversion calculated on www.measuringworth.com.
7 Defendants’ memorandum, 34-35; Plaintiff’s Trial Memorandum, 33, passim.
8 “Howard Dutcher Sues for Divorce,” New York Times, Jan. 9, 1909, 5; “Mexican Coal & Coke Company” [advertisement], New York Times, Feb. 24, 1902.
9 “Howard Dutcher Sues,” 5.
10 “Widow Tells of Ceremony and Children,” 1-2.
11 Plaintiff’s Trial Memorandum Relating to the Existence of the Trust, 5, 7.
12 Ibid., 5; Memorandum for Defendants, 54-55. For the legal transactions surrounding this piece of property, see Queens County Register, Jamaica, Queens, Deeds, Queens County, Liber 1307, 449 (Lena York to Howard Dutcher, 13 July 1903), and Deeds, Queens County, Liber 1313, 227 (Howard Dutcher to James T. Gardiner, 11 Sept. 1903). The house still stands and has been renumbered as 137-55 Kalmia Avenue.
13 Plaintiff ’s Trial Memorandum, 7.
14 Atlas of the Borough of Queens, City of New York (Brooklyn: E. Belcher Hyde, 1904), 6.
15 Description of house interior from Patricia Chacon, personal communication with author, Wilmington, NC, June 20, 2006.
16 Harry Herbert Crosby relates this story in his 1953 Stanford University Ph.D. dissertation, “So Deep a Trail: A Biography of Clarence King” (p. 359), citing a personal communication from Mrs. C. S. Fayerweather, 21 Oct. 1951. Dr. Crosby reports that he no longer has a copy of this document. The story about the Gardiner servants may be apocryphal. Surviving census records list only white servants in the Gardiner household: housekeepers from Virginia and Canada, and a nursemaid from Switzerland. Since the story first surfaced some twenty years after King’s secret life became public knowledge, its particulars may be burnished by the imperfections of memory and the human desire to be party to the drama of the past. Information on the Gardiner family’s white servants comes from the 1900 U.S. Federal Census, where the family appears under “Gardner” in the Manhattan census, SD 1, ED 689 (accessed on Ancestry.com, Apr. 20, 2004).
17 Adams, “King,” in Hague, Memoirs, 160.
18 S. F. Emmons, Diary, 26-30 Dec. 1901, box 4, S. F. Emmons Papers, LC.
19 R. W. Raymond to J. D. Hague, 17 Jan. 1902, A3, King Papers, HEH.
20 James D. Hague, “Preface,” in Hague, Memoirs, iii-iv.
21 HA to J. D. Hague, 14 Oct. 1903, Biographical Papers, A2, King Papers, HEH. The handwritten draft of Adams’s essay can be found here as well.
22 The original draft of Hay’s essay is in A2, King Papers, HEH.
23 Stedman, “Frolic,” in Hague, Memoirs, 208.
24 Hay, “Clarence King,” in Hague, Memoirs, 128.
25 S. F. Emmons, “Clarence King,” American Journal of Science (Mar. 1902): 224-37.
26 HA to Frank Emmons, 17 Mar. [1904], box 12, S.F. Emmons Papers, LC.
27 Hague, Memoirs, 37.
28 Copies of the sales solicitations can be found in A2, folder A3, King Papers, HEH.
29 FKH to D. C. Gilman, 27 Oct. 1903, A2, King Papers, HEH.
30 FKH to King Memorial Committee, 16 May 1904, A2, King Papers, HEH.
31 “A Brilliant American,” New York Tribune, May 12, 1904, 8.
32 “A Memorial Volume,” New York Times Book Review, June 25, 1904, 443.
33 J. D Hague to Mrs. Howland, 18 Jan. 1902, 28 Jan. 1902, 8 Apr. 1902, 21 Apr. 1902, Letter Book L27, Hague Papers, HEH; Charles Scribner’s Sons display ad, New York Tribune, Nov. 12, 1902, 3.
34 “A Mountaineering Classic: King’s Fine Chronicle of the Exploration of the Sierra Nevada Reprinted after Thirty Years,” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Dec. 5, 1902, 14.
35 JTG to JH, 27 June 1904, reel 19, Hay Collection, LC. One can only wonder what King wrote to his mother over the years. The correspondence is not known to survive.
36 “State Courts,” New York Times, Mar. 13, 1902, 11; Plaintiffs’ Trial Memorandum, 16.
37 FKH to JH, 5 Apr. 1902, quoted in O’Toole, Five of Hearts, 365.
38 On the auction see “Monet’s Paintings Bring Good Prices,” New York Herald, Mar. 14, 1903, and Catalogue of Valuable Paintings and Water Colors to Be Sold at Unrestricted Public Sale by Order of the Executors and Trustee of the Estates of the Late Clarence King, William H. Fuller and Theodore G. Weil, the Trustees of H. Victor Newcomb (New York: Press of J. J. Little, 1903).
39 The print still hangs in the home of Ada’s great-granddaughter, Patricia Chacon.
40 S. F. Emmons paid $100 for a Gustave Doré watercolor of a French landscape: see Catalogue, lot 30 ; Hague to JTG, 5 Mar. 1902, box 1, King Papers, HEH. See also “The King and Fuller Sale,” New York Times, Mar. 12, 1903, 2.
41 The copy of Catalogue that has been microfilmed as a part of the Archives of American Art collection is annotated to include the sales prices of the various lots. The total of $34,905 for King’s paintings is substantially below the figures later cited by Ada King and the Gardiner estate in King v. Peabody et al. Those figures likely include the additional sums realized for the sale of his books, textiles, and other collectibles.
42 Plaintiff’s Bill of Particulars, Dec. 8, 1931.
43 Plaintiff’s Trial Memorandum, 172, 181-82.
44 Ibid., 94.
45 Testimony of William G. Winne, Memorandum for Defendants, 10, 16; Plaintiff’s Trial Memorandum, 17.
46 Winne Deposition (19 Nov. 1931), 2.
47 Ibid.
48 W. E. Burghardt DuBois, “The Black North: A Sociological Study,” New York Times, Nov. 17, 1901, 10; J. Clay Smith Jr., Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 624 (app. 2).
49 “Afro-American as a Race Name,” New York Times, Feb. 25, 1893, 6.
50 On Waring, see A. Briscoe Koger, The Negro Lawyer in Maryland (Baltimore: A. B. Koger, 1948), 7; “Black Baltimore 1870-1920, Everett J. Waring: Personal Life,” Maryland State Archives, http://www.mdarchives.state.md.us/msa/stagser/s1259/121/6050/html/17454000.html (accessed Oct. 10, 2005); and Smith, Emancipation, 143-44. Before graduating from law school, Waring had a brief career as an educator, a newspaper editor, and a federal examiner of pensions.
51 Smith, Emancipation, 145; “Black Baltimore”; Richard R. Wright Jr., The Philadelphia Colored Business Directory, 1913 (Philadelphia: Philadelphia Negro Business League, 1914), 87, citation courtesy of Randall Burkett. On Jones v. United States, see Jones v. U.S., 137 U.S. 202 (1890).
52 Winne Deposition (19 Nov. 1931), 2. Whatever compelled Waring to drop the case, he was not the sort to give in easily or cave to intimidation. As one brief account of his career noted, he “defended or assisted in defending nineteen first degree murder cases, and not a single hanging resulted”; see Wright, Philadelphia Colored Business Directory, 87. The determination of Bridgham’s race comes from his record in the 1910 U.S. Federal C
ensus, Manhattan, New York County, NY, SD 1, ED 1299, sheet 1B, Ancestry.com (accessed Aug. 18, 2007).
53 See the Legal Aid Society home page: http://www.legal-aid.org/DocumentIndex.htm?docid=98&catid=13 (accessed Feb. 27, 2005).
54 Winne Deposition (19 Nov. 1931), 2.
55 On J. Douglas Wetmore’s family, see 1880 U.S. Federal Census, Jacksonville, Duval County, FL, SD 18, ED 34, 17; George W. Wetmore, record no. 7377, Freedmen’s Bank Records, Ancestry.com (accessed July 28, 2005).
56 Johnson, Along This Way, 76. On Johnson’s use of “D.” as the inspiration for the protagonist of The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, see Joseph K. Skerrett Jr., “Irony and Symbolic Action in James Weldon Johnson’s The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man,” American Quarterly (Winter 1980): 540-58. On “D.” as J. Douglas Wetmore, see Eugene Levy, James Weldon Johnson: Black Leader, Black Voice (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), 16n23, 63n29. Wetmore’s father, George, the son of an Englishman, described himself as “very light” and worked as a hostler and later as a policeman in Jacksonville.
57 Wetmore to Booker T. Washington, 23 Sept. 1904, cited in Levy, James Weldon Johnson, 62n28.
58 See Shira Levine, “ ‘To Maintain Our Self-Respect’: The Jacksonville Challenge to Segregated Street Cars and the Meaning of Equality, 1900-1906,” Michigan Journal of History (Winter 2005), http://www.umich.edu/˜historyj/papers/winter2005/levine.htm. Wetmore wrote to W. E. B. DuBois shortly after the publication of DuBois’s The Souls of Black Folk in 1903, addressing the author as his fellow black man and asserting that not since Frederick Douglass had their people had such a voice. See David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. DuBois: Biography of a Race, 1868- 1919 (New York: Henry Holt, 1993), 292.
59 On Wetmore’s involvement with Florida v. Patterson, see Levine, “‘To Maintain Our Self-Respect.’ ”
60 “Wetmore Here for Good,” New York Age, Apr. 26, 1906, 1.
61 Johnson, Along This Way, 222 ; “Wetmore Here for Good,” 1.
62 For more on the Afro-American Council, see Shawn Leigh Alexander, “ ‘We Know Our Rights and Have the Courage to Defend Them’: The Spirit of Agitation in the Age of Accommodation, 1883-1909” (Ph.D. diss., University of Massachusetts, 2004).
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