Ocean Rims: Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans and China Seas Migrations
from the 1830s to the 1930s, ed. Donna R. Gabaccia and Dirk Hoerder
(Leiden: Brill, 2011), 393–414; Robert Edward Wynne, Reaction to the
Chinese in the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia, 1850–1910 (New
York: Arno Press, 1978); David Dyzenhaus and Mayo Moran, Calling
Power to Account: Law, Reparations, and the Chinese Canadian Head Tax
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005); Peter S. Li, The Chinese in
Canada (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1998).
72. Roy, A White Man’s Province, 38.
73. Ibid., 55. It was customary for Chinese to send their skeletal remains back
to China for second burial.
74. “An Act to execute certain treaty stipulations relating to the Chinese,”
(Chinese Restriction Act), chap. 126, 22 Stat. 58 (May 6, 1882); Governor
General’s Office, April 22, 1885, T-842, Library and Archives of Canada,
Ottawa; William Egerton Hodgins Correspondence, Reports of the
Ministers of Justice and Orders in Council upon the Subject of
NOTES TO PAGES 81–85
289
Provincial Legislation, Canada Dept. of Justice, Published by MacLean,
Roger, 1888 (original from Harvard University, digitized May 21, 2008),
288.
75. Draft letter, August 22, 1885, Governor General’s Office, Microfilm T842,
Library and Archives of Canada, Ottawa.
76. U.S. v. The Steamer Eliza Anderson, case file no. 4691 (King County, 1885),
WSA / TDC.
77. H. F. Beecher to Secretary of the Trea sury, tele gram, August 30, 1885, box
1, file 5, USCS / IE; H. F. Beecher to the Secretary of the Trea sury, tele-
gram, September 1885, box 1, file 5, USCS / IE; Trea sury Department to
Collector of Port Townsend, draft tele gram, n.d., box 1, file 5, USCS / IE.
78. H. F. Beecher to D. Manning, September 1, 1885, A. L. Blake file, Civilian
Personnel Rec ords, National Personal Rec ords Center, St. Louis,
Missouri.
79. H. F. Beecher to D. Manning, June 30, 1885, Letters Sent to the
Department of Trea sury, box 37, file 2, Customs Ser vice, Puget Sound
Collection District Letters, RG36, National Archives Pacific Alaska
Region, Seattle, WA.
80. H. F. Beecher to D. Manning, September 23, 1885, box 4, USCS / IE.
81. Secretary of the Trea sury to the Attorney General, draft letter,
October 1883, box 9, USCS / IE; Attorney General to the Secretary of the
Trea sury, October 10, 1885, box 4, USCS / IE.
82. Secretary of the Trea sury to the Collector of Customs at Port Townsend,
draft letter, October 1885, box 4, USCS / IE.
83. H. F. Beecher to C. S. Fairchild, July 7, 1887, box 9, USCS / IE.
84. H. F. Beecher to D. Manning, September 23, 1885, box 4, USCS / IE.
85. “Chinese Immigration,” at 20, 28; C. H. Hanford to President Benjamin
Harrison, June 18, 1889, enclosure in W. Hamley to W. G. Parmelee Esq.,
October 25, 1889, Privy Council Minutes December 17 to 28, 1889, RG2,
Privy Council Office, series A-1- a. For Order in Council see vol. 552, reel
C-3405.
86. Coolidge, Chinese Immigration, 210; L. J. Sargeant to C. S. Fairchild,
October 11, 1888, box 6, file 8, USCS / IE.
87. The Supreme Court ruled indefinite detention of immigrants to be
unconstitutional in 2001. Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678 (2001); Daniel
Wilsher, Immigration Detention: Law, History, Politics (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2012); “Indefinite Detention of Immigrant
Parolees: An Unconstitutional Condition?” Harvard Law Review 116, no. 6
(2003): 1868–1888.
290
NOTES TO PAGES 85–92
88. H. F. Beecher to C. S. Fairchild, July 7, 1887, box 9, USCS / IE; Rec ords of
Prisoners Received at U.S. Penitentiary on McNeil Island, 1875–1892, vol.
1–3, RG 129, National Archives Pacific Branch, Seattle, WA. The numbers
should be viewed as estimates only, because the precision of prison rec ords
vary greatly from year to year.
89. C. H. Hanford to President Benjamin Harrison, June 18, 1889, enclosure in
W. Hamley to W. G. Parmelee Esq., October 25, 1889, Privy Council
Minutes, December 17 to 28, 1889, RG2, Privy Council Office, series A-1- a.
He is referring to the 1888 Exclusion Act. For Order in Council see vol. 552,
Reel C-3405.
90. Ibid.; Letter to Stanley of Preston, September 10, 1889, RG7 G6, vol. 28,
Library and Archive of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
91. Mae Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of
Modern Amer i ca (Prince ton, NJ: Prince ton University Press, 2005),
2–3, 8; Kate Masur, “ ‘A Rare Phenomenon of Philological Vegetation’:
The Word ‘Contraband’ and the Meanings of Emancipation in the
United States,” Journal of American History 93, no. 4 (March 2007):
1050–1084.
92. For Chinese exclusion as a dramatic moment of state centralization, see
Aristide R. Zolberg, A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the
Fashioning of Amer i ca (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008),
88, 113; Lee, At Amer i ca’s Gates, 10; Stacy L. Smith, “Emancipating Peons,
Excluding Coolies: Reconstructing Coercion in the American West,” in
The World the Civil War Made, ed. Gregory P. Downs and Kate Masur
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015), 71.
93. Baud and Schendel, “ Toward a Comparative History of Borderlands,”
217–218; Mc Manus, The Line Which Separates, xviii.
94. Hidetaka Hirota, Expelling the Poor: Atlantic Seaboard States and the
19th- Century Origins of American Immigration Policy (New York: Oxford
University Press, 2017) , 180–204.
95. SDC, September 26, 1885.
.
3 THE BANISHED
1. Territory vs. Wesley Dodson et al., case file no. 4635 (King County, 1886),
WSA / TDC; Territory vs. Perry Bayne et al., case file no. 4600 (King
County, 1886), WSA / TDC; Watson C. Squire, “Report of the Governor of
Washington Territory, Made to the Secretary of the Interior” (Washington,
NOTES TO PAGES 93–94
291
DC: Government Printing Office, 1886), 42–54; Watson Squire to Thomas
Bayard (and enclosed documents), July 17, 1886, USDS / ML.
2. Territory vs. Wesley Dodson et al.; Territory vs. Perry Bayne et al.
3. Previous histories of anti- Chinese vio lence in the Pacific Northwest focus
on the anti- Chinese vigilantes or the militia. Carlos A. Schwantes, “From
Anti- Chinese Agitation to Reform Politics: The Legacy of the Knights of
Labor in Washington and the Pacific Northwest,” Pacific Northwest
Quarterly 88, no. 4 (Fall 1997): 174 – 184; Jules Alexander Karlin, “The
Anti- Chinese Outbreak in Tacoma, 1885,” Pacific Historical Review 23, no. 3
(1954): 271 – 283; Robert Edward Wynne, Reaction to the Chinese in the
Pacific Northwest and British Columbia, 1850–1910 (New York: Arno, 1978);
James A. Halseth and Bruce A. Glasrud, The Northwest Mosaic: Minority
Conflicts in Pacific Northwest History (Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1977); Jeffrey
Alan Dettmann, “Anti- Chinese Vio lence in the American Northwest:
From Community Politics to Internati
onal Diplomacy” (Ph.D. diss.,
University of Texas, 2002); George Kinnear, Anti- Chinese Riots at Seatttle
[ sic] , Wn. February 8th, 1886 (Seattle, n.p., 1911); Clayton D. Laurie, “ ‘The Chinese Must Go:’ The United States Army and the Anti- Chinese Riots in
Washington Territory, 1885–1886,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 81, no. 1
(January 1990): 22–29; Rob Weir, “Blind in One Eye Only: Western and
Eastern Knights of Labor View the Chinese Question,” Labor History 41,
no. 4 (2000), 421–436; Roger Daniels, Anti- Chinese Vio lence in North
Amer i ca (New York: Arno, 1978); Robert Eugene Mack, “Seattle and
Tacoma Anti- Chinese Riots of 1885 and 1886” (bachelor’s thesis, Harvard
University, 1972); Howard H. Shuman, “The Rise of Seattle’s Newspapers
in the Anti- Chinese Agitation of 1885–1886” (master’s thesis, University of
Washington, 1968). For previous work on the Chinese response to vio lence,
see Jean Pfaelzer, Driven Out: The Forgotten War against Chinese Americans
(New York: Random House, 2007); Charles J. McClain, In Search of
Equality: The Chinese Strug gle against Discrimination in Nineteenth- Century
Amer i ca (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 172–190; Liping
Zhu, A Chinaman’s Chance: The Chinese on the Rocky Mountain Mining
Frontier (Boulder: University of Colorado Press, 1997), 129–158; Xiaoyan
Zhou, “Qing Perceptions of Anti- Chinese Vio lence in the United States:
Case Studies from the American West” (master’s thesis, University of
Wyoming, 2008).
4. Roger Gottlieb defines “re sis tance” as “acts motivated by the intention to
thwart, limit, or end the exercise of power by the oppressor group over the
292
NOTES TO PAGES 94–96
oppressed.” Roger S. Gottlieb, “The Concept of Re sis tance: Jewish
Re sis tance during the Holocaust,” Social Theory and Practice 9, no. 1 (1983):
37; Michael R. Marrus, “Jewish Re sis tance to the Holocaust,” Journal of
Con temporary History, 30, no. 1 (January 1995): 90.
5. On Chinese merchant- contractors, see Mae M. Ngai, The Lucky Ones: One
Family and the Extraordinary Invention of Chinese Amer i ca (Boston:
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010); Lisa Rose Mar, Brokering Belonging:
Chinese in Canada’s Exclusion Era, 1885–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2010); Kornel Chang, Pacific Connections: The Making of the U.S.-
Canadian Borderland (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012),
17–53.
6. Here I am building on the concept of “scale jumping” as outlined by Neil
Smith, “Contours of a Spatialized Politics: Homeless Vehicles and the
Production of Geographic Scale,” Social Text 33 (1992): 54–81; Neil Brenner,
“Beyond State- Centrism? Space, Territoriality, and Geo graph ical Scale in
Globalization Studies,” Theory and Society 28, no. 1 (1999): 39–78; Willem
van Schendel, “Geographies of Knowing, Geographies of Ignorance:
Jumping Scale in Southeast Asia,” Environmental and Planning D: Society
and Space 20, no. 6 (2002): 647–668.
7. Walter Johnson, “On Agency,” Journal of Social History 37, no. 1
(Autumn 2003): 113–124; James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak:
Everyday Forms of Peasant Re sis tance (New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press, 1987).
8. For example, see Mary Roberts Coo lidge, Chinese Immigration (New York:
Henry Holt, 1909).
9. On relations between Chinese workers and merchant- contractors, see
Todd Stevens, “Brokers between Worlds: Chinese Merchants and Legal
Culture in the Pacific Northwest, 1852–1925 ” (Ph.D. diss., Prince ton
University, 2003), 145–147; Adam McKeown, Chinese Mi grant Networks
and Cultural Change: Peru, Chicago, Hawaii, 1900–1936 (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2001), 67–70, 78–80; Mar, Brokering
Belonging, 55–57.
10. Edward Wood, “In the Matter of Chinese Quarters at Coal Creek,”
Watson Squire to Thomas Bayard (and enclosed documents), July 17, 1886,
USDS / ML.
11. Wynne, Reaction to the Chinese in the Pacific Northwest, 493–494;
Herbert Hunt, Tacoma: Its History and Its Builders A Half Century of
Activity (Chicago: S. J. Clarke, 1916), 1:229–230; Robert E. Ficken,
NOTES TO PAGES 97–102
293
Washington Territory (Pullman: Washington State University Press,
2002), 94, 105.
12. Kwok Sue, “Affidavit in the Matter of the Expulsion of the Chinese from
Tacoma,” in Watson Squire to Thomas Bayard (and enclosed documents),
July 17, 1886, USDS / ML.
13. Ibid.
14. F. A. Bee to Watson Squire, October 15, 1885, in Report of the Governor of
Washington Territory to the Secretary of the Interior, 1885, by Watson C.
Squire (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1885), app. 15–16;
Edward W. Taylor, “Affidavit in the Matter of the Expulsion of the Chinese
from Tacoma,” in Watson Squire to Thomas Bayard (and enclosed
documents), July 17, 1886, USDS / ML.
15. Taylor, “Affidavit”; Squire, Report of the Governor, app. 16.
16. Tacoma (1885), Sanborn Map Collection, Library of Congress,
Washington, DC.
17. Barnabas McLafferty, “Affidavit in the Matter of the Expulsion of the
Chinese from Tacoma,” Watson Squire to Thomas Bayard (and enclosed
documents), July 17, 1886, USDS / ML.
18. N. W. Gow, “Affidavit in the Matter of the Expulsion of Chinese from
Tacoma,” Watson Squire to Thomas Bayard (and enclosed documents),
July 17, 1886, USDS / ML.
19. Sue, “Affidavit.”
20. Watson Squire to Goon Gau, November 3, 1885, in Squire, Report of the
Governor, app. 20.
21. Lum May, “Affidavit in the Matter of the Expulsion of the Chinese from
Tacoma,” in Watson Squire to Thomas Bayard (and enclosed documents),
July 17, 1886, USDS / ML.
22. Gow, “Affidavit.”
23. Tak Nam, “Affidavit in the Matter of the Expulsion of the Chinese from
Tacoma,” in Watson Squire to Thomas Bayard (and enclosed documents),
July 17, 1886, USDS / ML; Ouyang Ming, “Report to San Francisco Consul
General by Board of Portland Chinese Consolidated Benevolent
Association,” November 28, 1885, part 2, item 13, in ZS, 84–85.
24. Gow, “Affidavit.”
25. Ming, “Report to San Francisco Consul General,” 84–85; Watson Squire to
Thomas Bayard and Secretary of the Interior (and enclosed documents),
July 17, 1886, USDS / ML; M. M. Kider, “Affidavit in the Matter of the
Expulsion of Chinese from Tacoma,” in Watson Squire to Thomas Bayard
294
NOTES TO PAGES 102–105
(and enclosed documents), July 17, 1886, USDS / ML; Squire, Report of the
Governor, app. 12–33; Cheng Tsao Ju to the Department of State, April 5,
1886, Notes from the Chinese Legation in the United States to the Department
of State, 1863–1906 (microfilm), vol. 2, no. 98, RG39 M98, Pacific Regional
Branch of the National Archives, San Bruno, CA.
26. Although the U.S. government eventually granted China redress, it is
unclear whether the Chinese merchants ever received any payment.
Herbert H
unt to the Secretary of the Trea sury, May 20, 1916, “Chinese in
Tacoma,” box 1, file 3d, Washington Historical Society, Tacoma, WA;
Gow, “Affidavit”; Sue, “Affidavit.”
27. Willard G. Jue, “Chin Gee- Hee: Chinese Pioneer Entrepreneur in Seattle
and Toishan,” Annals of the Chinese Historical Society of the Northwest
(1983): 31–38; Willard G. Jue, “Chin Gee- Hee,” WJ / CGH; Madeline
Yuan- yin Hsu, Dreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home: Transnationalism
and Migration Between the United States and South China, 1882–1943
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000), 156–175; Judy Yung,
Gordon H. Chang, and H. Mark Lai, Chinese American Voices: From the
Gold Rush to the Pres ent (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006),
125–128; Chang, Pacific Connections, 35–43; Stevens, “Brokers between
Worlds,” 16–58; Beth Lew- Williams, “The Remarkable Life of a Sometimes
Railroad Worker: Chin Gee Hee, 1844–1929,” in The Chinese Railroad
Workers in North Amer i ca Proj ect at Stanford, ed. Gordon Chang and
Shelley Fisher Fishkin (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press,
forthcoming)
28. Doug Chin, “How and Why the Chinese Associations Developed,”
International Examiner, January 20, 1982; USC / WT 1880, 1885; Seattle
1885, Sanborn Map Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, DC,
accessed October 2014, https:// www.loc .gov / collections / sanborn - maps / ; Coll- Peter Thrush, Native Seattle: Histories from the Crossing- Over Place
(Seattle: University of Washington, 2007), 66–78.
29. Owyang Ming to Cheng Tsao Ju, November 5, 1885, Notes from the Chinese
Legation in the United States to the Department of State, 1863–1906
(microfilm), vol. 2, no. 98, RG39 M98, Pacific Regional Branch of the
National Archives, San Bruno, CA.
30. Territory v. Chin Gee Hee, case file no. 4694 (King County Court, 1885),
WSA / TDC.
31. SDC, November 5, 1885; Wynne, Reaction to the Chinese in the Pacific
Northwest, 220, 237; Karlin, “The Anti- Chinese Outbreak in Tacoma,” 112;
NOTES TO PAGES 106–109
295
Granville O. Haller, “Diary,” November 5, 1885, box 4, vol. 2, University of
Washington Special Collections, Seattle, WA.
32. Karlin, “The Anti- Chinese Outbreak in Tacoma,” 113; SDC, November 10,
1885; Chin Gee Hee, Account Book 1880–1901, WJ / CGH.
33. Wood, “In the Matter of Chinese Quarters at Coal Creek”; Ouyang Ming
The Chinese Must Go Page 42