gravity/electrostatics analogy, 489–491
gravity/fictitious force analogy, 491–492
“Gray Rectangle on Gray Background”, 296
Greece’s hand re Falkland Islands forced by analogy, 332
Greek letters, irrelevance of, in understanding mathematical ideas, 392–394
Grieg, Edvard, face of, 182–184, 520–522
grocery stores, navigated by analogy, 23, 156
“gros”, broken into two concepts in English, 80
groups (mathematical), 446–447, 448–449; division of one by another, 448–449
“growing smaller”, 196, 249, 413
growth of a category from sequence of instances, 182–184, 336, 520, 522
guilty and innocent as categories, 512, 514, 528–529
Gutman, Kellie, 47–49; parallel poems by, 160, 380–381
Gutman, Richard, 47–49, 159–161, 166, 380–381
Gyro Gearloose, 197
—H—
h, see Planck’s constant
“hacker”, old-fashioned and new definitions of, 397
halo of concepts surrounding each concept, 49–50, 62, 64, 150–151, 328, 335; constantly moving outwards, 62
hamburger: different ideas of, in American and French cultures, 122; gender of, 427; replaced by soft-drink bottle in caricature analogy, 326; used in Paul Newman’s caricature analogy, 318
hammer: as category (not) involving relationships among parts, 517–518; making everything look like a nail, 301
Hampton, James, 56
hand/foot analogy, 15, 50, 323–324
“happiest thought of my life” (Einstein), 494
Haussdorff, Felix, 444
“He who will steal an egg will steal an ox”, 106–109; upbeat interpretation of, 109
heart: as category involving relationships, 517; as member of category pump, 518
heart/finger analogy, 464–465
heart/pump analogy, 515, 518–519
heat-capacity anomaly explained by Einstein’s sound-quantum hypothesis, 461
Heisenberg, Werner, 453
“here”, as mediating mundane yet subtle analogies, 23, 142
Hertz, Heinrich, 460, 461
Herz, Hartmut, 464–465
hesitations in speech as audible traces of silently seething subterranean competition, 263, 269, 281
heureux versus heureuse, 9
hierarchy of concepts, blurriness of, 52–54
high-level perception, 452
Hilbert spaces, 444
historical precedents in wartime decisions, 17, 331–337
history repeating itself, 313; see also political analogies Hitchcock, Alfred, 59
“hither and skither”, 260, 383
Hitler, Adolf: annexing Sudetenland, 332, 334; as baby, 427; caricature analogy involving, 319; contaminating the name “Adolf”, 514; as hackneyed source for political analogies, 17; pluralized, 335; of snuggling, the, 222
Hoagland, Tony, 132
Hobbes, Thomas, 38; ranting against metaphors, 21–22
Hoffmann, Banesh, 473, 474, 477, 480, 481, 482, 495, 500–501
Hofsander, Dounuel, finishing up book in French and English on the unity of analogy-making and categorization, 529–530
Hofsander, Katyanna, as Katy/Anna fusion, 23, 32, 529–530
Hofstadter, Carol: coming up with caricature analogy, 318; driving across U.S. with family, 160; gawking at random hole, 163; lemon-sized brain tumor of, 312–313; signing with maiden name, 148–149, 174–175
Hofstadter, Danny, 283: eating water, 40; playing with ants and leaves at edge of Grand Canyon, 159–167, 171–174
Hofstadter, Douglas: choosing among greetings in Italian, 45–46; coming up with caricature analogies, 317–318; conflating glass of water with dollar bill, 280; as disillusionee and disillusioner, 171; encoding a significant event in real time, 174; as error collector, 259; falling momentarily for categories = boxes, 436; as father disappointing daughter re button, 169–170; gawking at random hole, 163; given hope by an analogy, 313; lecturing on analogies in physics, 452–453; reminded of an experience forty years later, 169–170; study and office of, 47–49; taking coffee break, 185, 317; two blue cars of, 283; watching son at Grand Canyon, 30, 159–161; as youngster enchanted by number patterns, 169–170
Hofstadter, Monica, 283: enchanted by noises from Dustbuster, 169–170, 174
Hofstadter, Oliver, as neighborhood star, 218
Hofstadter, Robert: as father disappointing son re subscripts, 169–170, 174; study and office of, 47–48
holes in the way a language fills conceptual space, see lacunæ
Holyoak, Keith, 330, 436
horizontal versus vertical category extensions, 463–468
Homo sapiens sapiens versus computers, 24–25
homosexual marriage, impact on concept of marriage, 53
hub concept: as broadened from wheel center to central airport, 76, 84; internal structure of, 51–54; picture of, 51
human minds versus computers, 24–25
humor, in Copycat domain, 358, 360, 366
hump, evolution of the concept in a child’s mind, 198–200
Hunting Mister Heartbreak (Raban), 284
Hurricane Helene/lady-with-suitcase analogy, 284–286
Hussein/Hitler analogy, 135
hybrid phrases, see lexical blends
hyphenated, spaced, and welded compound words, 88
—I—
i (square root of –1), 445; generalized, 448
“I am like you” analogy, pervasiveness of, 156
Icelandic reminding episode, 181–182
idea choice, constrained by conversation, 26
ideal gas: defined, 457; energy spectrum of, 457, 458
ideal gas/black body analogy: found by Wilhelm Wien, 458; refound by Einstein, 457–459, 463
ideal gas/Brownian motion analogy, 458
ideal gas/pool table explanatory analogy, 135, 457–458
identity: confusion of two people’s, 224–225; intrinsic and permanent, 190, 435
idiomatic phrases in American English, list of, 95
idioms: in language A with no counterpart in language B, 119–121; meaning not deducible from constituent words, 96–98
iggfruders versus snuoiqers, 11
ignoring the surface level of word problems, difficulty of, 427–428
illusion: that category labels are mechanically retrieved, 450, 513–514; that category labels are objective, 522–526; that category labels are precise, 59–61; that category labels are unique, 58, 190, 192, 465–466; that category membership is black-and-white, 14; that concepts provided by one’s native language are monolithic, 82–83; that one’s native-language categories cut nature at the joints, 14
image-based search process, 172
imaginary numbers, gradual acceptance of, 442–443
“I’m going to pay for my beer” me-too analogy, 143–144
immaterial objects, interacting with, 252–253
impasse: caused by overhasty categorization, 258; escape from, 248–252, 255–256, 292–292; pinpointing the source of, as crucial in creativity, 256
impoverishment: of overly abstracted concepts, 107–108, 166, 204; possible utility of, 250
“in”: broken into two concepts by the French language, 78, 80; used zeugmatically, 6, 7–8
incoherent analogies in Copycat and in real life, 357–358; see also dizziness
index fnger/fourth finger analogy, 464
Indianapolis hospital/Verona hospital analogy, 312
indignation, as frequent cause of caricature analogies, 317, 321
individuals, categories centered on, 221–227
Indonesian language, concept of sibling in, 77
induced structure, 345
induction: as extrapolation via analogy from the past, 307–310; parameters affecting credibility of, 308
inferences: effects of typicality on, 390–391; fallacious, due to frame-blending, 361; flowing from naïve
analogies, 386; mediated by categorization, 20–21, 225, 278
infinite-dimensional spaces, 444
inner world of expectations as defining certain categories, 68
insight: incoherently mixed with literal-mindedness, 358; quartet of, found successively and exploited together, 357; thanks to caricature analogies, 326–330
in-situations, subtlety of, 7–8
instant pinpointing of timeless essences, 173–174
intelligence: and analogy-making, 126; as a function of the number of concepts one has, 128; list of various definitions of, 125; nature of, 124–126; as the pinpointing of essence, 125–126, 128–131; possibly rising steadily over time, 130; tests, as the prime venue of analogy-making, 16
intelligent ignoring and forgetfulness, 426–427
intension versus extension of a category, 55, 244
intensity of emotion as a function of strength of analogical mapping onto another person, 155
interfaces, profiting from naïve analogies, 400
interjections as categories, 46
interplanetary bumblebee, see buzzing interplanetary bumblebee
intuition, alleged irrationality of, 392, 501
“invite”/”accept” caricature analogy, 319, 380
IQ scores and IQ tests, see intelligence
irony, as key in encoding of Danny at the Grand Canyon, 161
irresistible analogies, 104, 155, 157, 297, 305–313
irresistible force meeting immovable object category, 326
Isis, 38
isomorphic word problems perceived differently, 429–434
Italian language: compound words in, 89; greetings in, 45–46; names of pasta types in, 243–244; zeugmas in, 8, 11
italics as a convention for concepts, 34, 110
—J—
Jan, allegory of, 476, 481, 485
jargon, made mostly of everyday words, 394–400
javelin caricature of coffee-stirring sticks, 317, 321–322
Jeanine/Ruth analogical conflation, 225
Jeff, pluralization of, 223
Jewish mother category, 93–94
jiggles, ripples, rumbles, tumbles, 475
Joane (who said “Come on!”), 39, 41, 42
job decision: as frame-blend example, 367; reached via analogy, 331
Johnson, Mark, 63
Jourdain, Monsieur, 186
juggling, novices’ lack of skill in, 340
Jupiter, 15; moons of, spotted by Galileo, 43–45
—K—
Kałuża, Henryk, 76
Kant, Immanuel, 21
“Karnak Caps” (Kellie Gutman), 160, 380–381
Karnak, Temple of, see Dick at Karnak
Katy, as spokesperson for the centrality of categorization, 503–529; mapping herself and fiancé onto couple being married, 514; poofing into thin air, 529; see also Anna, Katyanna
Katyanna, see Hofsander, Katyanna
Kepler, Johannes, 471, 500; of etymology, the, 222
keys, concrete versus abstract, 255, 295
Keysar, Boaz, 228
Kheops, tiny statue of, as giant attraction, 162
Khong, Yuen Foong, 332–337
killing two birds with one pronominal stone, 148
kinetic energy: formula for, 470–471; lost by flashlight, 470–471
“Kleenex” versus “kleenex”, 217–218, 232
knee/elbow analogy, 463–465
Knie, Knut von, 463–465
knife, falling, as highly abstract concept, 28–29
“knight” “jumping” on top of “castle”, 366
knots, N-dimensional and prime, 449
known: chimera of freeing oneself from the, 313–315; as constraint biasing perception, 314; our intimate, ceaseless dependence on 313–315
Korean translators, compared to European translators, 306–307
Koufax, Sandy, 325–326, 383
Krishnamurti, Jiddu, 313
—L—
labels, linguistic, and categories, 14, 33–34, 39–43, 45–49, 61–65, 66–68, 70–84, 85–89, 93–104, 106–124, 126–127, 132–133
laboratory in space: pulled by rocket, 491–492, 495–496; released by angel, 493–494
lacunæ in a given language, 12, 81–83, 119–122, 132–133
La Fontaine, Jean de, 112, 113; naïve analogy by, 388
Lagrange, Joseph Louis de, 445–446, 453
Lakoff, George, 63
language, as an imprecise category, 61
language lacking words for vivid feelings, 133; see also lacunæ
languages spoken, blurriness of number of, 61
Laplace, Pierre Simon de, 453, 480
latent analogies due to semantic halos, 271, 273, 274
legalese, uselessness of, in communication, 144, 149, 329–330, 354
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 443
“lemon”, opacity to a French speaker, 232
length contraction, 468, 497
Lenni (who said “Gotta nurse the truck!”), 39, 42, 43, 45; compared with Galileo, 45
Leonardo da Vinci, 351; of ice cream, the, 222
letting the cat out of the bag as a category, 96–97
Lewis, Gilbert, coining of the word “photon” by, 462
lexical blends, 259–270; list of, 260; multiple sources of, 263–266; phrases contributing to, 263–270; rampancy of, 261; in a single word, 266–267
life, as perceived through a Pac-Man filter, 303–305
life/voyage analogy, 511
light: bending in gravitational field of the sun, 496; as corpuscles, 459, 461–462; Doppler effect for, 469–471; as electromagnetic waves, 212–213, 455, 459, 461; following curved pathway in lab, 496; generalized to all energy, 473, 474; mass of, 472, 483; as massless, 472
light quantum: Einstein’s analogical pathway to, 455–459; named “photon” by G. Lewis, 459, 462; scorned by Einstein’s peers, 460–463; today’s physicists not knowing the story of, 462
light waves/sound waves analogy, 211–213, 361, 470; see also sound particles/light particles analogy
Liljenquist, Katie, 289
Lin Baofen, 12
Lincoln, Abraham, 368–372
linguistic borrowing changing meanings, 122
Linhares, Alex, playing soccer with a bowling ball, 31, 318
Linnæus, Carl, 60
lion/speaker analogy, 71
liquid assets versus frozen assets, 476–477
liquid energy/strange mass analogy, 480
lists: of abstract circular structures in daily life, 355; of abstract ideas based on physiological senses, 287; of abstract uses of “mother”, 37, 38; of absurdly nitpicky concepts, 83; of acronyms, 90–91; of action errors, 279; of activated categories in search of instances, 299; of activities for one’s child, 31; of activities prohibited in public places, 138; of ad-hoc categories, 138; of adjective pairs to label the two types of mass, 485; of affordances of objects, 345; of agitation-like categories, 74; of ambiguous objects poised between two categories, 191–192; of analogies involved in creating general relativity, 499; of analogies underlying great physics discoveries, 453; of analogues to falling knife, 28–29; of “and” usages, 71; of anti-proverbs glorifying the superficial, 338; of approaches to translating “Four score and seven years ago”, 370–372; of attributes of fictional “Sue”, 37; of Bengali-poetry properties, 343; of big things that started small, 108–109; of biplans, 269; of bodies having surfaces, 344; of books, strange types of, 83; of canine analogies that impress, 180; of canine concepts, 179; of canonized cultural landmarks, 222; of canonized individuals, 222; of careful analogy-crafters, 382; of caricature analogies, 318–320; of catchy new concepts, 129; of categories Ann belongs to, 59, 191; of categories ex-Concorde on pedestal belongs to, 192; of categories mathematics might be assigned to, 510; of categories Mr. Martin’s purchase belongs to, 189–190; of categorizations having opaque mechanisms, 511; of category distinctions never taught in schools, 126, 127; of children’s semantic approximati
ons, 39–41; of chunked items in grocery stores, 92; of cognitive-dissonance reduction situations, 116; of colorful acts of categorization, 510; of common metaphorical uses of words, 62; of compound words in French and Italian, 89; of compound words with “air”, 86; of compound words with rival plurals, 87; of compound words with unnoticed components, 86; of computer concepts used in daily life, 402–404; of concepts at the core of a conceptual space, 79; of concepts close to golfer, 49, 50; of concepts modified by their “children”, 53–54; of concepts tacit in the concept hub, 52, 54; of concepts whose members have great reality to us, 132; of concepts with blurry boundaries, 60; of concepts with labels of ever-greater length, 111; of conceptual broadenings of catchy new concepts, 130; of conceptual-proximity slippage errors, 271–276; of conjunctions that name categories, 55, 70; of consequences of special relativity, 468; of containment situations in everyday life, 333; of conventional metaphorical usages, 232; of cousins of the word “and”, 72; of cousins of the word “but”, 30, 72, 74; of criteria for bird-ness, 55; of “dead” acronyms, 93; of decision-making situations, 330; of definitions of intelligence, 125; of definitions of multiplication, 412; of different ways of eating, 10; of diverse factors influencing categorization, 526; of diverse forms of caricature analogies, 320; of division word-problems concocted by students, 416; of division word-problems that give a larger answer, 418; of doctors who generalize known cures, 463–465; of dog breeds, 238; of English phrases used in French, 122; of entities belonging to rival categories, 191–192; of “equations” in advertisements, 409; of errors mediated by mutually reinforcing analogies, 277–278; of everyday analogies, 507; of everyday concepts of boundless richness, 5; of fairly low-frequency concepts, 81; of familiar concepts, 390; of families of metaphors, 63; of famous golfers of yore, 49; of fancy names used by professionals for familiar things, 421; of fancy technical concepts, 51; of fauxthenticity examples, 176–177, 178; of features of attics, 48–49; of features of offices, 47; of features of studies, 47–48; of four division problems involving photos, 422; of frame-blending Copycat analogies, 359; of French phrases used in English, 122; of French words for “pattern”, 81; of French words for “to get”, 80; of gearshift attributes, 344; of genericized brand names, 217; of generic-male usages, 193; of geniuses of yore who would be astounded by today’s commonplace knowledge, 130; of great commanders, 125; of highly variegated categories, 516; of historical precedents of the Vietnam War, 332; of household-item compound words, 88; of human needs engendering cultural activities, 314; of hypothetical contributions today of yesterday’s geniuses, 132; of hypothetical idioms for “spill the beans”, 96; of idiomatic phrases, 95; of ignored aspects of familiar things, 427; of impenetrable idioms, 105; of inferences made from category membership, 20, 21; of ingrained habit suddenly turns obsolete situations, 149; of items frequently used in division wordproblems, 419; of Jewish-mother jokes, 93; of Jewish-mother traits, 94; of labeled concepts, 20; of levels of abstraction in the speech chain, 25–26; of lexical blends, 260; of life lessons derived from Pac-Man, 303; of lists in this book, 569–570; of lovely spots in San Francisco, 296; of Mandarin verbs for playing instruments, 12; of marginal category-memberships, 56; of marginal members of the category bridge, 67; of marking in language, 193–194; of maternal traits, 34, 38; of meanings of the French word “ciel”, 375; of meanings of the word “band”, 3–4; of meccas, 220; of mechanical experiments, types of, 466–467; of medium-frequency concepts, 81; of members of the bark worse than bite category, 96; of members of the category unfortunate incidents caused by trying to avoid them, 524, 526; of members of the category very, 75; of metaphorical mothers, 38; of metaphorical usages of “to break”, 42; of metaphors casting abstract activities in terms of mundane activities, 63; of metaphors casting complex situations in terms of fights, 63; of metaphors casting moods in terms of heights, 63; of metaphors not belonging to a systematic family, 63; of metaphors used by metaphor-bashing philosophers, 22; of me-too’s featuring subtle conceptual slippages, 146; of me-too’s triggered by a compliment to a spouse, 147–148; of mistaken categorizations, 527; of monosyllabic lexical blends, 267; of morality-as-cleanliness stock phrases, 289; of “much” phrases, 67, 69, 70; of a multitasker’s activities, 403; of mundane, unseen analogies, 23; of negative numerical quantities in everyday life, 441; of 9/11’s, 297–298; of noncountability of members of the simplest of categories, 61; of non-lexicalized categories, 139; of non-subjective analogies, 525; of notions implicit in the category plate, 519; of objective categorizations, 522; of obsessions engendering analogies, 301–302; of office-like categories, 74; of old words with new technological meanings, 396, 398; of once bitten twice shy situations, 103; of opaque French idioms, 97; of operation–result “equations” in daily life, 408; of other cultures’ proverbs for “Once bitten, twice shy”, 105; of pairs of contradictory proverbs, 101; of parameters affecting one’s likelihood to jump to a conclusion via analogy, 307, 309; of Parises of the United States, 16; of parts of an airport, 52; of pasta types, 243–244; of phrases describing space in terms of time, 63; of phrases describing time in terms of space, 63; of phrases modified by “quote unquote”, 64–65; of physics phenomena belonging to electromagnetism, 467; of physics phenomena belonging to mechanics, 466, 494; of pieces of knowledge needed to understand a contemporary phrase, 128; of Platonic animal categories, 56; of plausible contributors to a lexical blend, 266; of pointless analogies, 283; of polysyllabic lexical blends, 267; of popes, 219; of possible meanings of Nick’s Nubian me-too, 151; of potential distinctions between categorization and analogy-making, 503; of potential members of the category bird, 59, 60; of proverbs about the sum of many little things, 109; of proverbs applicable to rationalization situations, 117–118; of proverbs poised halfway between categorization and analogy-making, 100; of pseudo-proverbs, 105; of questionable members of familiar categories, 528; of random thoughts in an airport, 33; of readymade sentences, 98; of reasons division always makes things smaller, 417; of reasons division word-problems cannot give a larger answer, 418; of reasons underlying Greece’s position in the Falkland Islands War, 332; of recent words coined from productive suffixes, 129; of reliable run-of-the-mill analogies, 529; of rival categorizations of a bag-toting woman, 127; of running-race metaphors, 289; of salient entities typically used in caricature analogies, 320; of sample languages that Google Translate offers, 377; of schoolday analogies, 17; of sci-fi fantasies rooted in familiar phenomena, 314; of sentences with the word “normalement”, 82; of similarities underpinning the Carol/Isabel analogy, 313; of single-word categories, 85; of situations defined by proverbs, 174; of sour grapes situations, 113, 114; of spicy one-line analogies, 136; of stock phrases shooting words into the speech chain, 25; of striking events liable to evoke memories, 158; of subcategories of dog, 240; of subjective categorizations, 523; of superordinate categories of dog, 240, 520; of symbols of sadness after a death, 300; of tail wagging the dog situations, 120-121; of thank-you’s of various flavors, 46; of things analogous to asparagus tips, 19; of trivial side show situations, 162–163; of types of analogies used in word- and phrase-retrieval in one’s native language, 376; of types of sandwiches, 214–216; of types of shadows, 204–209; of types of waves, 209–214; of unfamiliar concepts, 390; of unintended name slippages, 224; of universally important concepts, 80; of unstriking events not liable to evoke memories, 158; of unusual professions, 242; of usages of “much”, 70; of varieties of mess, 127; of verb-like phenomena presumably lacking mass, 475; of verbs used as category names, 66; of virtual actions frame-blended with real-world actions, 405–407; of virtual actions we perform daily, 395; of virtual objects we use daily, 395; of ways of missing the gist of a situation, 125; of wildly different-looking animals, 516; of words that start with “multi”, 413; of words with different connotations in English and Chinese, 368; of zeugmas, 6
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