literal encoding as inadequate, 174–175; see also abstraction
literal-mindedness in the Copycat domain, 348–349, 351, 355, 357–360, 363–364
Locke, John, 22
logic: influence on psychologists’ theories of categories, 55, 436; the small role of, in thinking, 258, 288, 392; versus psychologic, 410; see also analogic versus logic
loot carried off by thief, 472
“lovely spots” on city streets, as influencing perception, 296–297
lowercasing of categories, 34–35, 44
“lustre”, as possible French analogue to English word “score” in Gettysburg-address translation challenge, 372
—M—
Macbeth effect, 289–290
Mach, Ernst, 487
machine translation, see translation
Madonna, 223; syllogistic proof of mortality of, 193
magical angel stung by randomly buzzing interplanetary bumblebee, 493
magnet in motion, giving rise to electric field, 493
making distinctions and seeing commonalities, 189, 198
Malevich, Kazimir, 296
“man”, ambiguity of, 193–195
Mandarin, see Chinese
Mandelbrot, Benoît, 444
manipulations, routine, in math, 449–450
manipulators versus manipulatees, 382–383
Marceau, Marcel, 322
marking, 186–187, 193–204, 217–218; applied to proper nouns, 227; and category extension, 254; helping to reveal a concept’s essence, 255; list of examples of, 195; in mathematics, 228–232, 419; in metaphor understanding, 229–232; origin of the term, 218
marriage, concept of, in constant evolution, 53
Martin, Mr.: as dog fancier, 238–239; as multi-categorizer, 189–190, 197, 248, 435
Mary, mother of Jesus, 38
Maslow, Abraham, 301
mass: barrier between two varieties of, 476, 478, 484; belonging to immaterial phenomena, 475; conservation of, 472, 475; interconvertibility between two varieties of, 480, 484; loss of, as result of radiation, 470–471, 475; normal versus strange, 476–485; poofing out of existence, 472, 475, 477–479, 481, 482, 484; possessed by energy, 471–478; possessed by heat, 475, 476; possesses energy, 482; two types of, 476, 477–478, 485
mass/energy analogy in Einstein’s mind, 472, 479–481, 482, 484; running aground on a fatal snag, 480, 484
mathematical formulas, mistaken views of, 391–394
mathematicians: arguing over category membership, 392; reluctant to extend categories, 440–444; seeing analogies between analogies, 502; “sniffing” the crux of a problem, 451; thinking by analogy, 439–451; toolkit of, 450
mathematics: ambiguity in, 237; analogy with Monopoly, 450–451; causality in, 411; imagined as lacking blurriness, 233, 392, 439; intuition in, 451; marking in, 228–232; naïve analogies in, 407–434, 439; rooted in everyday experiences, 393, 427; routine situations in, crying out for specific routine techniques, 449–450; spectrum of subtlety of analogy-making in, 451; unusual categorizations of, 510; use of analogy in, 439–451
matter as imbued with energy, 481
Maxwell, James Clerk, 130, 212, 213, 275, 361, 453, 459, 502
Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, 457, 458; see also ideal gas
Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism, 361, 410–411, 456, 459, 489; both confirmed and undermined by one and the same experiment by Hertz, 460
measurement: contrasted with sharing, 420, 422–426; of energy E in units of size hν, 459; as key concept in division, 420
“Mecca” pluralized to “mecca”, 220
meccas, list of, 220; of wind-surfing, 229
mechanical translation, see translation
mechanics: defined, 466; generalized to all of physics, 466–467, 494–495, 499
medium: in producing shadows, 207–208; of waves, 210–214
“melting” of components in compound words, 87, 111
membership in categories: non-black-and-white nature of, 14, 55–57; transitory nature of, 225
memo to office assistant, ambiguity of many words in, 395
memories of the past, as allegedly shackling people, 313–315
memory retrieval: alleged uselessness of, 338, 341; allegedly triggered by irrelevant features, 341; salient features’ dominance in, 342; surface-level features’ alleged dominance in, 337–346; virtuosity in, 110; see also remindings
menace, as typical example of a verb naming a category, 66–67
mental blocks, recipes for escape from, 248–249
mental bridges, 183–184; see also analogy-making
mental lexicon, 137
mental simulation in math word-problems, 421–425, 427–429
mental spaces, 365; see also Fauconnier
mess, as example of a highly protean concept, 5, 127, 510
meta-analogies: in doing theoretical physics, 212; in evolution of wave concept, 211–212; in ordinary conversation, 27
metallurgists appreciating the blurriness of the category metal, 60
metaphorical versus literal meanings, 37–38
“metaphorical” usages: not always metaphorical, 229–230; three types of, 230–232
metaphors: conventional, 229–232; creativity in many, 510; embodiment and, 286–289; families of, 63; as flapdoodle, 22; Glucksberg–Keysar theory of, 228–229; going dead over time, 64; list of common words used as, 62; list of sentences using stock, 232; mixture of abstract and concrete in, 286–290; “mobile army of” (Nietzsche), 21; process of understanding of, 228–232; scorned by Hobbes, 22; used to criticize metaphors, 22
“me too”, unclear halo implicit in the phrase, 145, 150–153
me-too analogies, 143–153; in Copycat’s microdomain, 346–358; marginal members of the category, 147; phrases that often are giveaways of, 143, 152, 507; the ubiquity of, 507–508
métro in Paris, 215; American transculturation of, 377–379
microworlds, 305
“Mighty oaks from little acorns grow”, 109
military-budget arguments mobilizing flow of ideas, 26
military versus non-military analogies in times of war, 333–335
milk carton too heavy for bag, 133
Millikan, Robert, 461
Minkowski, Hermann, 453, 498–499
mistaken-identity scenes, 291–292
“mobile army of metaphors” (Nietzsche), 21, 509
Molière, 186, 248
Mommy as core of concept mother, 34–37
Mona Lisa with mustache, 351
monolithicness of categories, illusory, 3–5, 9–13, 71, 81–83, 241
Monopoly, 11, 450–451
Moon, analogical extension of, leading to the concept moon, 43–45, 64, 147, 210, 217
moonlets in Saturn’s rings, waves in medium of, 21
“morsel of shame”, 140
Moser, David, 89, 150–151, 259, 291–292
mosquito: in nudist colony, 320; perspective on Albert Einstein of, 163, 164–165
mother: abstract extensions of the category, 37–38, 53; development of the category, 34–38, 48, 53; marginal cases of, 37–38; as opposed to the concept mommy, 36
motion, children’s naïve view of, 294–295
Mount Analogy: scaling hardest slopes with and without pitons, 131; trekking on, 126, 131–132
mouse, as tangible gateway to intangible world, 252–253, 509
mouse/limb analogy, 252–253
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 223; of mushrooms, the, 222, 229
“much”: syntactic slots for, as a category, 68–70
much-situations: nature of, 67–68; role of expectations in, 68
multi-categorizability: of objects, 59, 189–192; of situations, 117–118, 188, 248
multiplication: apparent asymmetry of, 413, 415, 428; commutativity of, 413–416; generalized to abstract objects, 446–447; mental simulation used to solve, 424–425, 427–429; naïve analogies for, 411–416; as necessarily making larger,
413–414, 416; as repeated addition, 412–416, 427–429; tables, patterns in, 446–447
multitasking: concept borrowed without awareness from computer world, 402–403; passage of the concept into the everyday world, 404
Munich conference, 332, 334; pluralization of, 335
Murphy, Gregory, 60, 436
Mussolini, Benito, of mulligatawny, the, 222, 360
music keyboards, electronic, and musicianship, 131
musical instruments and zeugmas, 11–12
mystical characterization of genius, 501
—N—
naïve analogies, 31–32; as bases for effective interfaces, 400; coexisting with other views, 389, 409; concerning analogy-making, 451; concerning categorization, 435–436; concerning cicadas, 388; concerning disk ejection, 401; concerning division, 416–421, 425–426; concerning email addresses, 385–387; concerning the equals sign, 407–411; concerning icons, 402; concerning motion, 294–295; concerning multiplication, 411–416; concerning shaving, 385–387; concerning size changes, 295; concerning titmice, 385–387; concerning virtual desktops, 401; deep entrenchedness of, 394, 409; defined, 386; education and, 389–394, 409, 411–434; like groomed-slope skiers, 389; linking cleanliness to morality, 289–290; made by analogy experts, 436–437; in mathematics, 407–434, 439; in mathematicians’ minds, 439, 441; misleading nature of, 400–401; not eliminated by scientific training, 389, 394; permeating today’s computer technology, 400; rooted in everyday experience, 386, 389, 391, 393–394; stemming from the computer world, 402–407; unconscious character of, 386, 389, 512; underlying jargon-creation, 399–400; utility of, 389
naïve equations, 407–411
names: conflated with items they name, 227; retrieved by analogy, 224–225
Napoleon: of fossil bones, the, 222; frame-blended with emperor penguins, 380
nature, cut at the joints by categories, 14, 77, 522–523
N-dimensional spaces, 443–444
nebula, as image for a language’s filling of a conceptul space, 119
necessary and sufficient criteria for category membership, 55, 436
negative numbers: fear of, 439–442; square roots of, 442–443
Neruda, Pablo, 522
nested radicals in polynomial solution-formulas, 445
Newman, Paul, 318
Newton, Isaac, 130, 210, 443, 471, 490, 491, 500; law of gravitation of, 389, 489; second law of motion of, 410, 491; of terrorism, the, 222
New York subway, as translation of Paris métro, 378
Nick’s me-too quip to the Nubian taxi driver, 151–152
Nixon, Richard: of superheroes, the, 222; yearining to be known as “RMN”, 90
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 21, 509
9/11, see September 11th
Nobel Prize: citation for Einstein, extreme caution of, 461–462; for creative extensions of categories, 464–465
non-Euclidean geometry, 16, 498–499
non-lexicalized concepts, 30, 137, 139–140, 176–180
normalement, as monolithic concept in French, 82
normal mass/potential energy analogy, 480–481
normal mass/strange mass membrane, broken, 480–481, 482, 484
Norman, Donald, 259, 400
norms as directing word choices, 73
novices: inability to spot depth, 341; versus experts, 236–246, 255, 392–394
Nubians harmed by dam, me-too analogy centered on, 151–152
number : blurriness of the category, 392; relentless conceptual broadening of, 439–443, 447–448
numerical comparisons as analogies, 153–154, 281–282, 285, 331
—O—
oars replaced by javelins, 317, 322
object recognition, mediated by analogy, 19, 184
objectivity: of analogies, 522–526; of categorization, 522–526
obsessions engendering analogies galore, 258, 299–305, 524
October 11th crash, 31, 297
“Ode to Constraints” (James Falen), 315
“office” versus “study”, 47–49, 74, 76
office visit as an example of a schema, 336–337
“official” boundaries of categories, 64–65
old town, as metaphor for a category’s core, 61–62, 65
Once bitten, twice shy: as an abstract category, 100, 103–106, 516; as a proverb incarnated in various languages, 105; as analogical pressure in column-translation dilemma, 306–307
“one”, as the name of a category, 75
one-dollar bill, as minimal banknote, 280
one-line analogies, list of, 135
one-member categories, see single-member categories
“one smart dude”, as indicative of category of speaker, 75
opacity: of acronyms, 91–93; of compound words, 86–87; of idiomatic phrases, 97–98
operation–result naïve analogy for equations, 407–411; see also cause–effect
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