Simmons, Curt, 325
simplification, as key drive in mathematics and physics, 440
simulation, see mental simulation
single-member categories as no different from multiple-member categories, 39
“sitting right there”, 140–141
situations: constant real-time encoded of, 161; doing the thinking in math problems, 432; evoking categories, 45–47, 450; lacking clear boundaries, 33, 161; multi-categorizability of, 188; possessing both superficial and deep aspects, 342–344, 515; see also analogy-making, remindings
sixty, pointless analogy involving, 281–282, 285
size changes, adults’ naïve view of, 295
size, role of, in encoding of situations, 163
skunk caused by stench, thanks to Maxmell’s equations, 411
slippages, conceptual: between opposite concepts, 276–277, 356–357; in caricature analogies, 321–326; cascade of, 357; due to conceptual proximity, 270–278; engendering conceptual broadening, 150; in level of abstraction, 186; in me-too analogies, 144, 146–148, 151; riding on coattails of other slippages, 276, 357; role of, in creativity, 186–187, 249–256; triggered by esthetic pressures, 350–351, 352, 354, 357; unintended, from one person’s name to another’s, 224
Smith, Peter, see Peter miswriting year
smoking causing impotence, 362
smurfs, limited vocabulary of, 108
snag, outflanking of, in Copycat domain, 356–357
“sniffing” the crux of a math problem, 450–451
Snoopy the cat, caricature analogy involving, 319
snow shadow, photo of, 206
snuoiqers versus iggfruders, 11
“so to speak”, to indicate honorary category members, 64–65
soccer played with a bowling ball, 318
Socrates, 16; of snails, the, 222
solutions of polynomials, formal symmetries of, 446–447
sound choice mediated by word choice, 25
sound particles/light particles analogy by Einstein, 461; see also light waves/sound waves analogy sound-quantum hypothesis, 461
sound waves, Doppler effect for, 469–471
sounds versus noises, 126
source–target paradigm in psychology experiments, 339–340
sour grapes situations: category of, 29–30, 113–118, 310; contrasted with silver lining situations, 117–118
space/space-time analogy, 498–499
Spalding, Thomas, 436
Spanish language, 369, 522
speaker/driver analogy, 73
special relativity, see relativity, special
spectrum: blackbody, 455–459; defined, 455–456; of ideal gas, 457–459
speech errors: blatant when placed in frames, 261; collecting of, 261; no extra insights in analyzing one’s own, 264; rampant on Web, 261; revealed by hesitations, phonetic distortions, etc., 263, 269, 281; translation of, 379; see also errors, lexical blends
spider, as occasional member of category insect, 58
spilling the beans as a category, 96–97
spinning universe, 487
Spitz, Mark, 154–155, 367
square roots of negative numbers: analogy to ordinary numbers, 442; fear of, 442–443
squares, as questionable rectangles, 234–238, 255
staircases, negotiated by analogy, 507, 509, 516
Stargell, Willie, 325–326, 383
statistical approach to machine translation, 372–374
staying on the surface versus going into depth, 344
stealing, conceptual halo around, 106–107
stereotypes: of analogy-making, 135–136, 392, 521, 529; of creativity in physics, 452; efficiency of, 466; as overhasty categorizations, 527–528; shallowness of, 346
Stevens, Wallace, 38
sticks for stirring coffee, absurdity of, 317, 321–322
strange mass: analogous to energy, 479; mutating from one form to another, 479; versus normal mass, 476–485
Streep, Meryl, of spitting, the, 222, 360
strings, alphabetic, 347
string/wire conceptual conflation, 277, 278
“study” versus “office”, 47–49
stupidity, not the same as ignoring most of the world, 426–427
subgroups, nesting patterns of, 447
subjectivity: of analogies, 522–526; of categorizations, 522–526
subscripts/exponents analogy, 169–170, 174
substitutions, Lagrange’s theory of, 446, 447
subtraction word-problems, various strategies for solving, 421–422, 425, 429–434
suburban sprawl likened to marginal or metaphorical uses of a word or phrase, 62, 65–66
Sue (fictional Tim’s fictional mother), 34, 37, 38
sunset, as seen by astronomy students, 389
“superficial”: meaning of, 340; pejorative versus neutral connotations of, 344
superficial features: guiding perception only in one’s domains of incompetence, 340; experts’ blindness to, 343–344; role played by, in memory retrieval, 171, 343; versus deep features, 340
“superfluid” Copycat analogy, 352
superimposing of instances creating more abstract concept, 23, 35, 334, 336–337, 521–522; see also schemas
surfaces: bad reputation of, 344; as cues to depths, 345–346; as royal road to essences, 344–346
surfaces versus essences: proverbs about, 102; of certain proverbs, 102, 106–107
surface/depth correlation, 345–346
surface/depth distinction: merely a surface-level contrast, 344; nonexistent for novices, 341–344
surgeon riddle, 293
surgery, mathematical notion of, 426
survival: as dependent on rapid analogy-making, 506–507; as dependent on rapid categorization, 79, 505–506
SUV/search engine analogy, 402
swerves in discourse space, 72–73
swimming pool/black body explanatory analogy, see black body
“swimming pool table” analogy, 455, 457–458; see also black body/ideal gas analogy
sword of Damocles, as a category, 95–96
syllepses, see zeugmas syllogisms, 15–16, 193, 437
symbol-manipulation recipes, role of analogy-making in the evocation of, 451
symmetry: abstract forms of, 446–447; as an ideal kind of analogy, 357
synopsis of the book, 29–32
syntactic slots as categories, 68–70
—T—
tags for photos, as analogues to encodings of experiences, 172
tail wagging the dog concept, 120–121
tango rote memorization as member of category boat on tracks, 521–522
Tartaglia, Niccolò, 438
taste, good versus bad, see good taste
technical terms, originating in everyday world, 395–400
technology, understood through homey analogies, 394–400
technomorphism, 404–407
telephone-answering gaffe, 175
“temps”, distinct concepts associated with the French word, 78
Thagard, Paul, 330
Thank you! situations, 46–47, 74
“that” as mediating me-too analogies, 148–149
“the” as naming a category, 76
“theorem” of set theory applicable to subtraction word-problems, 431–434
“there”, as mediating analogies, 23, 140–143, 156, 366
“There Is No Word” (Tony Hoagland), 133
thermodynamics, as bedrock of physics, 458
thinking, non-logical nature of, 258, 307–312
“thinking outside the box” and “thinking different”, as recipes for creativity, 248–249
thirteen types of cubic equations, 439–440
“thirties, the”, as a single historical precedent, 332, 334
Thor/Scott resemblance, 181–182, 224
thoughts, blended together, see biplans, lexical blends three fifties versus fifty threes, 414–415, 422
three stars/Nobel Prize analogy, 462
three subtractions versus one subtraction, 429–434
throwaway analogies, see me-too analogies, banalogies
thumb/big toe and thumb/little toe analogies, 516
thumb/little finger analogy, 350–351
thumb #1/thumb #2 analogy, 350, 515, 516
Tim, developing the concept of mother, 34–38, 48
“time”, concepts associated with the English word, 77–78, 82–83
time: described in terms of space, 63; negative amounts of, 441
time perception versus price perception, 429–434
“timeless essences” of experiences, 172–174
titmice conflated with mice, 385–386, 387
toe/finger analogy, 464
toe-stubbing in Copycat domain, 356–357
Tom, who saw a cigarette “melting”, see Sander, Tom “too”, as the name of a category, 76
total rote recording of events, 172, 174, 348
Towers of Hanoi puzzle, naïvely misconstrued, 294–295
tracks, as obstacle to train’s motion versus as enabler of train’s motion, 314–315
trains, frame-blended with each other, 140–141, 366
transculturation: in translation, 377–382; reasons to avoid, 379
transfer in problem-solving dependent on superficial features, 340
transforming acceleration away, 487
translation: of Alice in Wonderland, 369–370; analogies as indispensable in, 370–372, 375–382; as decoding process, 368, 370; frame-blending’s role in, 367–368, 378–379; grammar’s key role in, 376–377; human approach to, 370–372, 374–377; by machine, 25, 367–377, 378; not necessarily entailing a loss in quality, 382; preservation of rhyme and meter in, 380–382; preservation of tone in, 370–372, 378, 381–382; statistical approach to, 372–374; superficial analogies used by machines for, 373, 375; transculturation’s role in, 377–382; understanding of meaning as indispensable for, 375–377
translator #1/translator #2 analogy in publishing, 306–308
traps: due to surface-level appearances, 345; due to unconscious preconceptions, 290–295
trees versus forest, 93
triage, for rapid categorization, served by analogy-making, 46
tribe with dual meanings for words, 286
triggering of memories via analogy, 18, 161; see also evocation, reminding, memory retrieval
“trips” “placed in” “shopping carts”, 397–398
trivial side show more fascinating than the main event, as conceptual skeleton of numerous situations, 162–166
truck, members of Lenni’s category, 43
true identity of objects, illusion of, 190–192
Trump, Donald, 523
truth, conveyed through falsity and analogy, 366
Turkey as the Falkland Islands of Greece, 332
Turner, Mark, 38, 335, 362–364, 365, 433, 443
“turnip”, opacity to an English speaker, 232
“turn the other eye”, contributing phrases in, 262–264
Twain, Mark, 130; face of, 182–184, 520, 521
Twain/Grieg/Einstein category, 182–184, 336, 520, 522
Tweedledee, 436; see also Tweedledum Tweedledum, 446; see also Tweedledee Tweety, as potential member of category bird, 59–60
Tylenol murders, conceptual sphere around, 246–248
typefaces, 4–5, 241
typicality of concepts, effects of, 390–391
tyranny of analogies, 310–312
—U—
Ulam, Stanislaw, 502
unconscious analogies, 259–281, 282, 285–286, 383, 386, 390, 403–407; see also categorical blinders, errors, fleeting analogies, latent analogies, naïve analogies
understanding: as becoming used to something, 416; bypassing of, in machine translation, 368–370, 372–375; indispensability of, in human translation, 375–377
undo, on-line concept of, frame-blended with physical world, 406
undressing a banana, 39, 270; as flip of peeling off clothes, 126
unfortunate incidents caused by trying to avoid them, category of, 524–526
unification: as characteristic of Einstein’s analogies, 453–454; as key cognitive drive in mathematics and physics, 440, 441; see also cosmic sense of unity, Einstein
universal concepts, 79, 80–81
unlabeled concepts, see concepts
unmarked meaning of a word, 193
“unpacking” of a concept when needed, 50–52
unsolvability via radicals of quintic equation, 446
upwards leap as “recipe” for creativity, 247–252, 256
—V—
vacuum: in a given language, see lacunæ; as medium for waves, 212–213, 361, 455, see also black body
vegetarianism, caricature analogy explaining logic of, 326
vehicular shadow, 207
verbal labels as merely hinting at categories’ nature, 94, 96–99
verbs as names of categories, 39–42, 66–67, 399
vertical refinement of category systems, 235–245
“very”, as the name of a very intangible category, 75
vibrational energy of atoms, quantization of, 456–457, 460
Vietnam, as the Czechoslovakia of the 1960s, 334
Vietnam War: decisions affecting the course of, 331–337; as hackneyed source for political analogies, 17
Villani, Cédric, 500
virtual desktop, paradox concerning, 401
virtual world: as model for the physical world, 402–407; mouse moving things in, 252–253; understood by analogy to tangible world, 395–400
virtuosity in memory retrieval, 110, 128
virtus dormitiva, 248, 249
vision and understanding, deep relation of, 286–287
visual analogies: combined with functional analogies, 277–278; misleading, as central to an episode’s encoding, 169–170
Vitruvius, 210
Volkswagen on stump as Christmas tree, 253–254
volumes suddenly perceived everywhere, 301–302
—W—
waiting room of a professional schema, see office visit
wartime decisions: as opposed to domestic decisions, 337; role of analogy in, 17, 331–337
water, as minimal beverage, 280
watered-down, concept of, 280
water waves, see waves
wavelength, 210–213, 455, 459, 460
waves : on a beach, 209; circular motion in water, 211; due to compression, 211, 213, 361; crisscrossing in blackbody cavity, 455–456; dispersive versus nondispersive, 211; Doppler effect for, 469–471; electromagnetic, 212–213, 455–460, 462, 469–471, 483 (see also light); frequency of, 210; gradual abstraction of concept of, 209–214; of hands, 209; hitchhiking on other waves, 213; interference of, 210; light understood as, 211–213, 361; longitudual versus transverse, 210–211, 213, 361; medium of, 210–214, 361; of moonlets in Saturn’s rings, 213; on the open sea, 209; period of, 210; quantum-mechanical, 214, 453; reflection of, 210; refraction of, 210; sound understood as, 210–213, 361; speed of, 209, 211, 213; of spin, 213; of temperature, 213; of traffic, 211; in vacuum, 212–213, 361; in water, due to gravity, 209; in water, due to surface tension, 209–211; of wheat, 209, 214; wrong guesses about, 361
Way We Think, The (Fauconnier and Turner), 362–364, 443
“we”, three senses of, 196
Weaver, Warren, 368, 369–370, 372
Web, World-Wide, as repository of speech errors, 261
wedding-ring loss, me-too analogies based on, 146–147
Weidemann, Christoph, request for water by, 280
weightlessness, 491, 493–494
where, carried from physical world to virtual world, 407
Where there’s smoke, there’s fire situations, 102–103
Wien, Wilhelm, 458, 459
wine: analogies between types of, 245–246; expert understanding of, 244–246; fancy terms used by experts, 421; inaccessi
bility of, due to lack of corkscrew, 249; zeugma involving verbs for drinking red versus white, 13
wires crossed, see errors, speech errors
“with”, zeugmatically exploited, 6
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 55
women as men, 193–194, 195; see also Madonna Woods, Tiger: as prototypical golfer, 49, 50; as transculturation of Zinédine Zidane, 379; of user-generated video, the, 222
word choice: constrained by phrase choice, 25; constrained by thought choice, 26–27; made by conscious analogy, 45–46, 73; made by unconscious analogy, 18, 33, 39–43, 46–49, 66–76, 403–405
word problems in mathematics, 414–434
word/soldier analogy, 25, 26
words: blended together, 266–268; evoked by airport scene, 33–34; far outnumbered by categories, 85; as opposed to concepts, 34; retrieved by analogy, 33, 39–43, 45–49, 66–76, 270–278; subterranean flavors of, 485; traps lurking in, 290–293; unlikely to trigger retrieval of episodes, 159
“wrong” analogies in Copycat domain, 350–351
—X—
X-rays, 455
xyz analogy problem in Copycat domain, 354–358, 360, 371, 477
—Y—
Yang, Chen-Ning, 453
yesterday, semantic halo surrounding, 273–274
you/me analogy, 155–156
Young, Thomas, 212
“your wife is very pretty” me-too analogy, 147–148
—Z—
z, special role of, in Copycat analogies, 354–358
Zehe, Zora von, 464
Zeigefinger, Zygmund, 464–465
zeugmas: as revealing facets of concepts, 5–13, 19; used in text, 194
zeugmaticity, sliding scale of, 8–9, 11–13, 19–20
zeugmometer, 19
Zhong, Chen-Bo, 289
zigzags in discourse space, 72–73
Zinédine Zidane/Tiger Woods analogy, 379
zooming in: on a foot, 51; on a graph, 393; on a sabbatical year, 50; on the concept hub, 52, 54
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