Empires of Light
Page 44
23.
E. H. Heinrichs, “Anecdotes and Reminiscences of George Westinghouse,” October 1931, p. 14–15. George Westinghouse: Anecdotes and Reminiscences, vol. 2, box 1, file folder 7, George Westinghouse Museum Archives, Wilmerding, Pennsylvania.
24.
Ibid.
25.
George Westinghouse Jr., “A Reply to Mr. Edison,” North American Review 149 (November 1889), pp. 653–64.
26.
Lewis B. Stillwell, “Alternating Current Versus Direct Current,” Electrical Engineering 53 (May 1934), p. 710.
27.
Metzger, Blood and Volts, p. 131.
28.
“The Law If Constitutional,” The New York Times, December 31, 1889, p. 2.
29.
Harold P. Brown, “The New Instrument of Execution,” North American Review 149 (November 1889), pp. 592–93.
30.
Craig Brandon, The Electric Chair: An Unnatural American History (Jefferson, N.C.: MacFarland & Co., 1999), p. 145.
31.
Ibid., p. 142.
32.
Metzger, Blood and Volts, p. 136.
33.
Baldwin, Edison: Inventing the Century, p. 202.
34.
“Far Worse than Hanging,” The New York Times, August 7, 1890, p. 1.
35.
Ibid.
36.
“Inhuman!,” The Buffalo Evening News, August 7, 1890, p. 1.
37.
Ibid.
38.
“Far Worse than Hanging,” p. 2.
39.
Ibid.
40.
Brandon, The Electric Chair, p. 187.
41.
“Far Worse than Hanging,” p. 2.
42.
Letter to New York World, November 29, 1929, p. 10.
CHAPTER 9
1891: “Fear Everywhere of Worse to Come”
1.
Francis E. Leupp, George Westinghouse: His Life and Achievements (Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1918), p. 157.
2.
A. G. Uptegraff, “The Home Life of George Westinghouse,” July 1936, p. 2. George Westinghouse: Anecdotes and Reminiscences, vol. 4, box 1, file folder 9, George Westinghouse Museum Archives, Wilmerding, Pennsylvania.
3.
“Activity of the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co.,” Electrical Engineer, October 8, 1890, p. 404.
4.
Paul Israel, Edison: A Life of Invention (New York: Wiley, 1998), p. 335.
5.
Henry G. Prout, A Life of George Westinghouse (New York: Scribner’s, 1926), p. 275.
6.
Leupp, George Westinghouse, p. 158.
7.
Ibid.
8.
“Changes in Westinghouse Management,” Electrical Engineer, December 24, 1890, p. 710.
9.
Leupp, George Westinghouse, p. 159.
10.
Prout, A Life of George Westinghouse, p. 275.
11.
Matthew Josephson, Edison: A Biography (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959), p. 354.
12.
Jean Strouse, Morgan: American Financier (New York: Random House, 1999), p. 312.
13.
Marc Seifer, Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla (New York: Citadel Press, 1998), p. 31.
14.
John J. O’Neill, Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla (New York: McKay, 1944), pp. 82–83.
15.
Joseph Wetzler, “Electric Lamps,” Harper’s Weekly, July 11, 1891, p. 524.
16.
T. Commerford Martin, ed., The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1995, 2nd ed.; 1st ed. published 1893.
17.
“High Frequency Experiments,” Electrical World, May 30, 1891, p. 385.
18.
Israel, Edison: A Life of Invention, p. 334.
19.
Josephson, Edison: A Biography, p. 360.
20.
Bernard W. Carlson, Innovation as a Social Process (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 292.
21.
Ibid., p. 293.
22.
Clarence W. Barron, More They Told Barron (New York: Harper Bros., 1931), pp. 38–39.
23.
“An Inventor at Sixteen,” The New York Times, January 29, 1891, p. 6.
24.
“Boston Takes Many Shares,” The New York Times, February 5, 1891, p. 1.
25.
Harold Passer, The Electrical Manufacturers, 1875–1900 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 152.
26.
“Edison’s Patent Upheld,” The New York Times, July 15, 1891, p. 3.
27.
“The Edison Lamp Decision,” Electrical Engineer, July 22, 1891, pp. 90–91.
28.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, George Westinghouse Commemoration (New York: ASME, 1937), pp. 57–58.
29.
“Rumors about Villard,” The New York Times, December 16, 1891, p. 8.
30.
Alfred O. Tate, Edison’s Open Door (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1938), pp. 260–61.
31.
Carlson, Innovation as a Social Process, p. 294.
32.
Josephson, Edison: A Biography, p. 363.
33.
Ibid.
34.
Ibid.
35.
“Edison Makes Objection,” New-York Daily Tribune, February 20, 1892, p. 2.
36.
“Mr. Edison Is Satisfied,” The New York Times, February 21, 1892, p. 2.
37.
“Mr. Edison’s Mistake,” Electrical Engineer, February 17, 1892, p. 162.
38.
Tate, Edison’s Open Door, pp. 278–79.
CHAPTER 10
The World’s Fair: “The Electrician’s Ideal City”
1.
Donald L. Miller, City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), p. 181.
2.
Bessie Louise Pierce, As Others See Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1933). pp. 395–96.
3.
Francis E. Leupp, George Westinghouse: His Life and Achievements (Boston: Little, Brown, 1918), p. 163.
4.
E. S. McClelland, “Notes on My Career with Westinghouse,” April 1939, George Westinghouse: Anecdotes and Reminiscences, vol. 3, box 1, file folder 8, George Westinghouse Museum Archives, Wilmerding, Pennsylvania.
5.
E. H. Heinrichs, “Anecdotes and Reminiscences of Westinghouse,” October 1931, pp. 19–20. George Westinghouse: Anecdotes and Reminiscences, vol. 2, box 1, file folder 7, George Westinghouse Museum Archives, Wilmerding, Pennsylvania.
6.
“Will Underbid the Trust,” Chicago Times, April 26, 1892.
7.
David F. Burg, Chicago’s White City of 1893 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1976), p. 91.
8.
Charles H. Baker, Life and Character of William Taylor Baker (New York: Premier Press, 1908), p. 159.
9.
“World’s Fair Doings,” Daily Interocean, May 17, 1892, p. 5.
10.
Ibid., May 18, 1892, p. 5.
11.
Ibid., May 24, 1892, p. 5.
12.
Chicago Tribune, May 24, 1892, p. 6.
13.
“Westinghouse,” Electrical Engineer, June 1, 1892, p. 555.
14.
E. S. McClelland, “Notes on My Career with Westinghouse,” pp. 5–6.
15.
Henry G. Prout, A Life of George Westinghouse (New York: Scribner’s, 1926), p. 136.
16.
E. E. Keller, “Geo. Westinghouse Memories,” April 1936, p. 4. George Westinghouse: Anecdotes and Reminiscences, vol. 3, box 1, file folder 8, George Westinghouse Museum Archives, Wilmerding, Pennsylvania.
<
br /> 17.
“The Edison Light Bulb,” The New York Times, October 5, 1892, p. 9.
18.
“A Most Dangerous Trust,” The New York Times, November 19, 1892, p. 5.
19.
Leupp, George Westinghouse, pp. 167–69.
20.
Benjamin Lamme, Benjamin Garver Lamme (New York: Putnam’s, 1926), p. 61.
21.
“The Westinghouse World’s Fair Exhibit,” Electrical Engineer, January 25, 1893, p. 100.
22.
F. Herbert Stead, “An Englishman’s Impressions at the Fair,” Review of Reviews 8 (July 1893), pp. 30–31.
23.
Ibid., p. 32.
24.
J. P. Barrett, “Electricity,” in G. R. Davis, World’s Columbian Exposition (Chicago: Elliott Beezley, 1893), p. 301.
25.
J. R. Cravath, “Electricity at the World’s Fair,” Review of Reviews 8 July 1893, p. 35.
26.
Burg, Chicago’s White City of 1893, p. 232.
27.
Rossiter Johnson, ed., History of the World’s Columbian Exposition, vol. 1 (New York: Appleton’s, 1897, 4 vols.), pp. 481–82.
28.
“The Progress of the World,” Review of Reviews 8 July 1893, p. 1.
29.
Johnson, History of the World’s Columbian Exposition, vol. 1, p. 188.
30.
Leupp, George Westinghouse, p. 169.
31.
“Dazzles Ben’s Eyes,” Chicago Tribune, June 2, 1893, p. 1.
32.
“Westinghouse Work at the Fair,” Electrical Engineer, August 16, 1893, p. 153.
33.
J. P. Barrett, Electricity at the Columbian Exposition (Chicago: R. R. Donnelly, 1894), pp. 168–69.
34.
“Colored People’s Day,” Chicago Record, August 26, 1893.
35.
Marc Seifer, Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla (New York: Citadel Press, 1998), p. 117.
36.
T. Commerford Martin, “Nikola Tesla,” Century, February 1894, p. 584.
37.
Leupp, George Westinghouse, p. 170.
38.
Miller, City of the Century, p. 534.
CHAPTER 11
Niagara Power: “What a Fall of Bright-Green Water!”
1.
Pierre Berton, Niagara: A History of the Falls (New York: Penguin, 1992), p. 51.
2.
Ibid., p. 111.
3.
Ibid., p. 151.
4.
Charles F. Scott, “Personality of the Pioneers of Niagara Power,” March 31, 1938. Niagara Mohawk Archives, Syracuse, New York.
5.
Robert Belfield, “Niagara Frontier: The Evolution of Electric Power Systems in New York and Ontario, 1880–1935,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1981, p. 8.
6.
Letter from Coleman Sellers to Edward Dean Adams dated October 5, 1889. Thomas A. Edison Archives website, Rutgers University.
7.
Letter from Coleman Sellers to Edward Dean Adams dated December 17, 1889. Thomas A. Edison Archives website, Rutgers University.
8.
George Forbes, “The Electrical Transmission of Power from Niagara Falls,” Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 22, no. 108 (November 9, 1893), p. 485.
9.
Stillwell, quoted in Edward Dean Adams, Niagara Power, vol. 1 (Niagara Falls: Niagara Falls Power Co., 1927), p. 363.
10.
Adams, Niagara Power, vol. 1, pp. 191 ff.
11.
Ibid., vol. 2, p. 178.
12.
Letter from Coleman Sellers to Edward Dean Adams dated March 17, 1893. Niagara Mohawk Archives, Syracuse, New York.
13.
Adams, Niagara Power, vol. 2, p. 174.
14.
Steven Lubar, “Transmitting the Power of Niagara: Scientific, Technological, and Cultural Contexts of an Engineering Decision,” IEEE Technology & Society, March 1989, p. 14.
15.
Belfield, “Niagara Frontier,” p. 18.
16.
William Stanley, “Notes on the Distribution of Power by AC,” Electrical World, February 6, 1892, p. 88.
17.
Adams, Niagara Power, vol. 2, p. 173.
18.
Charles F. Scott, “Long Distance Transmission for Lighting and Power,” Electrical Engineer, June 15, 1892, p. 601.
19.
Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (New York: Oxford, 1999), pp. 1167–69.
20.
Charles F. Scott, “My Own Story of AC and Electrical Power Development, 1887–1895,” February 1938. Niagara Mohawk Archives, Syracuse, New York.
21.
——, “Nikola Tesla’s Achievements in the Electrical Art,” Electrical Engineering, August 1943.
22.
Letter from Nikola Tesla to the Westinghouse Company dated September 27, 1892. Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Tesla Papers.
23.
George Forbes, “The Utilization of Niagara,” Electrical Engineer, January 18, 1893, p. 65.
24.
“Winter Wonders at Niagara,” The New York Times, January 6, 1893, p. 9.
25.
George Forbes, “Harnessing Niagara,” Blackwood’s, September 1895, pp. 431–32.
26.
Coleman Sellers, “Report on Dynamos,” March 17, 1893, p. 14. Box 11.8, Niagara Mohawk Archives, Syracuse, New York.
27.
Henry Rowland’s March 1, 1893, Final Report, p. 75. Rowland Papers, Special Collections and Archives, The Johns Hopkins University, ms. 6, box 50, series 7.
28.
Coleman Sellers, “Report on Dynamos,” p. 25.
29.
Ibid., p. 7.
30.
Nikola Tesla, My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla (Williston, Vt.: Hart Bros., 1982), p. 48.
31.
Letters from Nikola Tesla to Edward Dean Adams dated March–May 1893. Niagara Mohawk Archives, Syracuse, New York.
32.
Adams, Niagara Power, vol. 2, p. 256.
33.
Ibid., p. 182.
34.
Ibid., p. 193.
35.
“The Alleged Theft of Westinghouse Blueprints,” Electrical Engineer, June 14, 1893, p. 587; “Theft of the Westinghouse Blue Prints,” Electrical Engineer, September 13, 1893, p. 251.
36.
Letter from Charles A. Coffin to H. McK. Twombly dated May 9, 1893. Henry Lee Higginson Collection 1870–1919, mss. 783, box XII-30, folder 3-102, C. A. Coffin, 1893, Baker Library, Harvard Business School.
37.
Letter from Edward Dean Adams to GE dated May 11, 1893. Thomas A. Edison Archives website, Rutgers University.
38.
Silvanus P. Thompson, “Utilizing Niagara,” Saturday Review, August 3, 1895, p. 34.
39.
All these letters are in the Niagara Mohawk Archives, Syracuse, New York.
CHAPTER 12
“Yoked to the Cataract!”
1.
George Forbes, “Harnessing Niagara,” Blackwood’s, September 1895, pp. 431–32.
2.
Ibid., p. 441.
3.
Daniel M. Dumych, “William Birch Rankine” (pamphlet published by Drumdow Press, N. Tonawanda, N.Y., 1991), p. 19.
4.
Jean Strouse, Morgan: American Financier (New York: Random House, 1999), p. 324.
5.
Harold Passer, The Electrical Manufacturers, 1875–1900 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953), p. 289.
6.
Coleman Sellers, “Memo on Visits of Westinghouse Representatives to Niagara Before Presentation of Final Dynamo Design,” February 2, 1894, box 11.8. Niagara Mohawk Archives, Syracuse, New York.
7.
Passer, The Electrical Manufactur
ers, p. 289.
8.
Sellers, “Memo on Visits of Westinghouse Representatives to Niagara Before Presentation of Final Dynamo Design.”
9.
Edward Dean Adams, Niagara Power, vol. 2 (Niagara Falls: Niagara Falls Power Company, 1927), p. 410.
10.
Confidential memo from Coleman Sellers to Edward Dean Adams dated December 27, 1893. Niagara Mohawk Archives, Syracuse, New York.
11.
Letter from Edward Wickes to Edward Dean Adams dated February 6, 1894, box 26.7. Niagara Mohawk Archives, Syracuse, New York.
12.
“The Niagara Dynamo Controversy,” Electrical Engineer, April 3, 1895, p. 308.