Heligoland

by George Drower

  PRO 30/29/22A/9 Confidential Correspondence Describing a Conversation on Heligoland with Count Munster, 28 December 1884

  Stationery Office Germany, Vol. 2, HMSO, 1944

  WO 32/5382 Heligoland: Disposal of, 1919

  WO 205/653 Reduction of Frisian Islands and Heligoland, 1945

  Secondary sources

  Books – German

  Busch, F.O., Das Buch von Helgoland, Schneider 1935

  von Hagen, M.C., Geschichte und Bedeutung de Heligolandvertrages, Berlin, 1916

  Hallier, Ernst Hans, Die Vegetation auf Helgoland, Hamburg, 1863

  Krüss, James, Historie von der Schönen Insel Helgoland, Sinemis, 1988

  Rickmers, Henry and Woosnam, Frank, Helgoland eine Insel auf dem Wege nach Europa, Niederelbe-Verlag, 1992

  Sell, Manfried, Der Deutsch-Englische Abkommen von 1890 über Helgoland, Berlin, 1926

  Schreiber-Loetzenburg, Arno, Helgoland und seine Verwalung sect, 1890, Carl Heymanns, 1927

  Books – English

  Adenauer, Konrad, Memoirs, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966

  Amery, L.S., The German Colonial Claim, Chambers, 1939

  Amery, Julian, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, London, 1951

  Ashton, Rosemary, Little Germany: Exile & Asylum in Victorian England, OUP, 2000

  Oglander, C., Roger Keyes, Hogarth, 1951

  Aydelotte, William, Bismarck and British Colonial Policy, University of Pennsylvania, 1937

  Bacon, R., Lord Fisher, Hodder & Stoughton, 1929

  Barkly, F.A., Among Boers and Basutos, Roxburghe Press, 1896

  ——, From the Tropics to the North Sea, Roxburghe Press, 1898

  Bartlett, C.J., The Long Retreat, Macmillan, 1972

  Baylis, J., Ambiguity and Deterrence: British Nuclear Strategy, 1945–1964, OUP, 1995

  Bayly, C.A., Atlas of the British Empire, Facts on File, 1989

  Bayly, Lewis, Pull Together: The Memoirs of Admiral Sir Lewis Bayly, Harrap, 1939

  Benson, Arthur and Esher, Viscount, The Letters of Queen Victoria, 1862–1901, John Murray, 1908

  Bird, Peter B., Operation Hurricane: A Personal Account of the British Nuclear Test at Monte Bello, Square Mile, 1989

  Black, William G., Heligoland and the Islands of the North Sea, Blackwood, 1888

  Blakeley, Brian, The Colonial Office 1868–92, Duke University, 1972

  Boyson, V.F., The Falkland Islands, Clarendon Press, 1924

  Brackenburg, Mark, Frisian Pilot, Stanford, 1979

  Braybrooke, Richard, Memoirs of Samuel Pepys, Frederick Warne, ND

  Brickhill, Paul, The Dam Busters, Evans, 1951

  Bruce, Anthony, An Illustrated Companion to the First World War, Michael Joseph, 1984

  Bryant, G. Isaac, The Postage Stamps of Heligoland and their History, Popular Philatelic Library, 1895

  Buckle, G.E., The Letters of Queen Victoria, 1862–1901,2 vols, John Murray, 1930

  Busch, Moritz, Bismarck: Some Secret Pages of his History, Macmillan, 1899

  Butler, A.J., Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman, vol. 2, Smith Elder, 1898

  Campbell, D. The Unmistakable Aircraft Carrier, Paladin, 1986

  Cathcart, Brian, Test of Greatness: Britain’s Struggle for the Atom Bomb, John Murray, 1994

  Cecil, Gwendolen, The Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury, Hodder & Stoughton, 1932

  Childers, Erskine, The Riddle of the Sands, Nelson & Sons, 1904

  Churchill, W.S., The World Crisis 1911–1918, Landsborough, 1960

  Clowes, William, Her Majesty’s Colonies, Clowes, 1886

  Collyer, Peter, Rain Later, Good, Thomas Reed, 1998

  Colomb, John, The Defence of Great Britain, Stanford, 1880

  Cooper, Alan, Beyond the Dams to the Tirpitz, William Kimber, 1993

  ——, The Dambusters Squadron: Fifty years of 617 Squadron RAF, Arms & Armour, 1993

  Cox, Tom, Damned Englishman: A Study of Erskine Childers, Exposition Press, 1975

  Cromer, Lord, Modern Egypt, Macmillan, 1908

  Cunningham, Viscount, A Sailor’s Odyssey – The Autobiography of Admiral of the Fleet Andrew Cunningham, Hutchinson, 1951

  Darstaedter, Friedrich, Bismarck: and the Creation of the Second Reich, Methuen, 1948

  Deacon, Richard, The Silent War: A History of Western Naval Intelligence, David & Charles, 1978

  Dear, Ian, The Champagne Mumm Book of Ocean Racing, Severn House, 1985

  Division of Naval Intelligence, Warships of the British Commonwealth, US Government Printing Office, 1944

  Dreyer, R.F., The Mind of Official Imperialism, Hobbing, 1987

  Drower, George, Britain’s Dependent Territories: a Fistful of Islands, Dartmouth, 1992

  ——, Overseas Territories Handbook, Stationery Office, 1998

  Drummond, Maldwin, The Riddle, Nautical Press, 1985

  Dugdale, E.T.S., German Diplomatic Documents, vol. 1, Methuen, 1928

  Eckhardtstein, Baron von, Ten Years at the Court of St James, 1895–1905, Thornton

  Edward, F. Knight, The Harwich Naval Forces, Hodder & Stoughton, 1919

  Evans, Richard, Death in Hamburg, OUP, 1887

  Eyck, Erich, Bismarck and the German Empire, George Allen, 1948

  Fieldhouse, D.K., The Colonial Empires, Macmillan, 1965

  Fisher, Lord, Records, Hodder & Stoughton, 1919

  Fopp, Michael, The Washington File, Air-Britain, 1983

  Foulkes, C., The Story of the Special Brigade, Blackwood, 1934

  Franke, H.D., The Challenge to Marine Biology, BAH, 1995

  Galpin, W.F., Grain Supply of England in the Napoleonic Wars, University of Michigan, 1925

  Garvin, J.L., Life of Joseph Chamberlain, Macmillan, 1931

  Gates, David, The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815, Arnold, 1997

  Gätke, Heinrich, Heligoland as an Ornithological Observatory: the Result of Fifty Years’ Experience, Douglas, 1895

  Geiss, I., German Foreign Policy 1871–1914, Routledge, 1976

  Grenville, J.A.S., Lord Salisbury and Foreign Policy, Athlone, 1964

  Hall, Christopher, British Strategy in the Napoleonic War 1803–15, Manchester University Press, 1992

  Hamilton, George, Parliamentary Reminiscences and Reflections, vol. 1, 1917; vol. 2, Murray, 1922

  Hardie, Frank, The Political Influence of Queen Victoria, 1861–1901, London, 1938

  Hardinge, Arthur, The Life of Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, Fourth Earl of Carnarvon 1831–1890, vol. 3, OUP, 1925

  Harrison, Jeffrey G, Pastures New: A Wildflower Naturalist Explores North-West Germany, Witherby, 1954

  Hastings, Max, Bomber Command, Michael Joseph, 1979

  Headlam, James, Bismarck and the Foundations of the German Empire, 1899

  Henshall, Philip, The Nuclear Axis: Germany, Japan and the Atom Bomb Race 1939–45, Sutton, 2000

  Herken, Gregg, The Winning Weapon: The Atomic Bomb in the Cold War, Alfred Knopf, 1980

  Heron-Fermor, R., A Speech in Condemnation of the Cession of Heligoland, Brighton, 1890

  Hertslet, E., The Map of Africa by Treaty, HMSO, 1909

  Hindmarsh, Stewart, From Powder Monkey to Governor: Life of Rear Admiral Sir John Hindmarsh, 1785–1860, Access, 1995

  Hinsley, F.H., British Intelligence in the Second World War, HMSO, 1981

  Hislam, Percival A., The Admiralty of the Atlantic, Longmans, 1908

  Hoehling, A., The Great War at Sea, Corgi, 1967

  Holland Rose, J., Newton, A. and Benian, E., The Cambridge History of the British Empire, vol. 2, CUP, 1940

  Hollingsworth, L., Zanzibar under the Foreign Office, 1890– 1913, Macmillan, 1953

  Hough, Richard, First Sea Lord: An Authorised Biography of Admiral Lord Fisher, Allen & Unwin, 1969

  ——, The Great War at Sea 1914–1918, OUP, 1983

  Howard, Christopher, Splendid Isolation: the Latter Years of the 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, Howard, 1967

  Hull, I.V., The Kaiser and his Entourage, CUP, 1982

  James,
William, A Great Seaman, Witherby, 1956

  ——, The Eyes of the Navy, A Biography of Admiral Sir Reginald Hall, Methuen, 1955

  Jane, Fred T., Jane’s Fighting Ships, 1919, Sampson Low Marston, 1919

  Jane, Lionel Cecil, The Action off Heligoland, August 1914, Oxford Pamphlets, no. 48, 1915

  Jellicoe of Scapa, Lord, The Grand Fleet 1914–16, Cassell, 1919

  ——, The Submarine Peril, Cassell, 1934

  Jellicoe, John, The Crisis of the Naval War, Cassell, 1920

  Joelson, F.S., Germany’s Claims to Colonies, Hurst & Blackett, 1939

  Jones, H.A., The War in the Air, Vol. 2, OUP, 1928

  Jones, R.V., Most Secret War, Hamish Hamilton, 1978

  Kemp, P.K., The Papers of Admiral Sir John Fisher, Naval Record Society, 1960

  Kennedy, Aubrey, Salisbury 1830–1903: Portrait of a Statesman, John Murray, 1953

  Kennedy, Paul, The Rise and Fall of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914, Allen & Unwin, 1980

  Kennedy, Paul (ed.), The War Plans of the Great Powers 1880–1914, Allen & Unwin, 1985

  Keyes, Roger, The Naval Memoirs of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Roger Keyes, Butterworth, 1934

  Kinsey, Gordon, Orfordness – Secret Site: A History of the Establishment 1915–1980, Terence Dalton, 1982

  ——, Bawdsey: Birth of the Beam, Terence Dalton, 1983

  ——, Martlesham Heath, Terence Dalton, 1983

  Kirkpatrick, Ivone, The Inner Circle, Macmillan, 1959

  van der Kiste, John, Kaiser Wilhelm II: Germany’s Last Emperor, Sutton, 2000

  Knight, Edward F., The Falcon on the Baltic: A Coasting Voyage from Hammersmith to Copenhagen in a Three Ton Yacht, W.H. Allen, 1899

  Knutsford, Viscount, In Black and White, Arnold, 1926

  Kohl, Horst, Bismarck’s Reflections and Reminiscences, Dent, 1899

  Kubicek, Robert, The Administration of Imperialism: Joseph Chamberlain at the Colonial Office, Duke University, 1969

  L’Estrange, M., Heligoland, or Reminiscences of Childhood, John Parker, 1851

  Lambi, I., The Navy and German Power Politics 1862–1914, Allen & Unwin, 1984

  Lindsay, W., History of Merchant Shipping, Long Marston, 1877

  Lockley, Ronald, I Know an Island, George Harrap, 1938

  Longford, Elizabeth, Victoria R, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1964

  Longmate, Norman, The Bombers: The RAF Offensive against Germany, 1939–1945, Hutchinson, 1983

  Lovell, R.I., The Struggle for South Africa, 1875–1899: a Study in Economic Imperialism, Macmillan, 1934

  Lyne, R.N., Zanzibar in Contemporary Times, Hurst & Blackett, 1905

  MacBean, J.A. and Hogben, A.S., Bombs Gone: The Development and Use of British Air-dropped Weapons from 1912 to the Present Day, Patrick Stephens, 1990

  Macclelland, C., The German Historians and England, CUP, 1971

  MacDonogh, Giles, The Last Kaiser: William the Impetuous, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000

  McEwan, P.J.M., Nineteenth Century Africa, OUP, 1968

  Mackay, Ruddock, Fisher of Kilverstone, OUP, 1973

  Macmillan, Mona, Sir Henry Barkly, Mediator and Moderator, Balkema, 1970

  Mallmann Showell, J., The German Navy in World War Two, Arms and Armour, 1979

  Marder, Arthur, Portrait of an Admiral: The Life and Papers of Sir Herbert Richmond, OUP, 1952

  ——, British Naval Policy 1880–1905, Putnam, 1941

  ——, From Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, OUP, 1965

  Menaul, Stewart, Countdown: Britain’s Strategic Nuclear Forces, Robert Hale, 1980

  Messenger, Charles, ‘Bomber’ Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive, 1939–45, Arms and Armour, 1984

  Morley, J., The Life of William Ewart Gladstone, 3 vols, Morley, 1903

  Moyes, Philip, Bomber Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft, Macdonald, 1965

  Musgrove, Gordon, Pathfinder Force: A History of 8 Group, Crécy Books, 1992

  Naval Intelligence, A Handbook of German East Africa, HMSO, 1920

  Nesbit, Roy Conyers, RAF Coastal Command in Action 1939–1945, Sutton, 1997

  Packenham, Simona, Sixty Miles from England: The English at Dieppe 1814–1914, Macmillan, 1967

  Palmer, Alan, The Kaiser: WarLord of the Second Reich, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1978

  Patterson, A. Temple, Tyrwhitt of the Harwich Force, Military Book Society, 1973

  Penson, Lillian, Foreign Affairs under Lord Salisbury, London, 1962

  Peters, Karl, New Light on Dark Africa, Ward Lock, 1891

  ——, England and the English, Hamburg, 1915

  Popham, Hugh and Robin, Thirst for the Sea, the Sailing Adventures of Erskine Childers, Stanford Maritime, 1979

  Porter, Ian and Armour, Ian D., Imperial Germany 1890–1918, Longman, 1991

  Raeder, Karl, Struggle for the Sea, William Kimber, 1959

  Raleigh, Walter, The War in the Air, Vol. 1, OUP, 1922

  Rhodes, Richard, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, Simon & Sohuster, 1986

  Richards, Denis, Portal of Hungerford, Heinemann, 1977

  Ring, Jim, Erskine Childers, John Murray, 1996

  Roberts, Andrew, Salisbury: Victorian Titan, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999

  Robinson, Derek, Just Testing, Collins Harvill, 1985

  Robinson, R. and Gallagher, J., Africa and the Victorians, Macmillan, 1981

  Robinson, Robert, USAF Europe, vol. 2, Signal Publications, 1990

  Rohl, John, The Kaiser and his Court, Rohl, CUP, 1994

  Roskill, Stephen, Churchill and the Admirals, Collins, 1977

  Ryder, A.J., The German Revolution of 1918, Routledge, CUP, 1967

  Saunders, Hilary St George, Royal Air Force 1939–43, vol. 3, ‘The Fight is Won’, HMSO, 1974

  Schaffer, Ronald, American Bombing in WWII, OUP, 1985

  Shannon, Richard, Gladstone: 1865–1898, 2 vols, Penguin, 1999

  Shephard, Gordon, Memoirs of Brigadier-General Gordon Shephard, Hazell, Watson & Viney, 1924

  Skentelbery, Norman, Arrows to Atom Bombs: A History of the Ordnance Board, HMSO, 1975

  Somervell, D.C., The British Empire, Christophers, 1942

  Spinner, Thomas J., George Joachin Goschen, CUP, 1973

  Stanley, Dorothy, The Autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley, Sampson Low, 1909

  Steinburg, Jonathan, Yesterday’s Deterrent: Tirpitz and the Birth of the German Battle Fleet, Macdonald, 1965

  Bywater, H. and Ferraby, H., Strange Intelligence: Memoirs of Naval Secret Service, Constable, 1931

  Stresemann, Erwin, Ornithology: From Aristotle to the Present, Harvard University Press, 1975

  Taylor, A.J.P., Germany’s First Bid for Colonies, Macmillan, 1938

  ——, Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman, Hamish Hamilton, 1955

  ——, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1963

  Temperley, H. and Penson, L., A Century of Diplomatic Blue Books, 1814–1914, 1938

  Tirpitz, Alfred von, My Memoirs, Hurst & Blackett, 1919

  Titus, A. Costanding, Bomb in the Backyard: Atomic Testing and American Politics, University of Navada, 2001.

  Topham, Anne, Memories of the Kaiser’s Court, Methuen, 1914

  Townsend, Mary, Origins of Modern German Colonialism, 1871–1885, Columbia, 1921

  ——, The Rise and Fall of Germany’s Colonial Empire, 1884–1918, Macmillan, 1930

  Vale, Charles W., Correspondence, Despatches and Other Papers of Lord Castlereagh, vol. 6, William Shoberl, 1851

  van de Vat, Dan, The Grand Scuttle, Hodder & Stoughton, 1982

  Walker, Mack, German Home Towns, 1648–1871, Cornell, 1971

  Waller, Horace, Heligoland for Zanzibar, Stanford, 1893

  Wesseling, H.L., Divide and Rule: The Partition of Africa 1880–1914, Praeger, 1996

  West, Nigel, MI6: British Intelligence Service Operations, 1909–1945, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1983

  Wichterich, Richard, Dr Karl Peters, Keil Verlag, 1934

  Wilhelm II, Kaiser, My Early
Life, Methuen, 1926

  ——, My Memoirs: 1878–1918, Cassell, 1922

  Wilhelm, Crown Prince, Memoirs, Thornton Butterworth, 1922

  Wilkinson, Burke, The Zeal of the Convert: the Life of Erskine Childers, Colin Smythe, 1976

  Williams, R.H., Defending the Empire, Yale University Press, 1991

  Williamson, D.G., Bismarck and Germany, 1862–1890, Longman, 1986

  Williamson, Samuel, The Politics of Grand Strategy, Harvard, 1969

  Wynn, Humphrey, RAF Nuclear Deterrent Forces, HMSO, 1994

  Articles

  Air International, ‘B-29: First of the Superbombers’, September 1989, 141–4

  Alward, G.L., ‘The Future of Heligoland, and its Special Interest to the Fisheries’, Grimsby News, November 1918

  Black, William G., ‘Heligoland – the Island of Green, Red and White’, Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, August 1890, 160–71

  ——, ‘From Heligoland to Helgoland’, National Review, vol. 58, 1911, 317–22

  Cecil, Robert, ‘The Danish Duchies’, Quarterly Review, January–April 1864, 236–87

  Charlton, Edward, ‘Dismantling Heligoland’, Smith’s Dock Monthly, June 1923

  Doughty, Katharine, ‘The Gates of Empire’, United Service Magazine, May 1919, 146–50

  Drower, George, ‘A Rethink on Britain’s Dependent Territories’, Round Table, January 1989, 12–15

  Durham, Dick, ‘Poole to Sweden’, Yachting Monthly, May 2002, pp. 9–40

  Frisbee, John, ‘Project Aphrodite’ Air Force Magazine, August 1997, 57

  Gillard, D.R., ‘Salisbury’s African Policy and the Heligoland Offer of 1890’, English Historical Review, October 1960, 631–53

  Hurd, Archibald, ‘The Kaiser’s Dream of Sea Power’, Nineteenth Century and After, August 1906, 215–23

  Obituary of Heinrich Gätke, The Ibis: A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology, vol. 3, 1897, 291–4

  Illustrated London News, ‘Heligoland’, 26 April 1947, pp. 433–6

  ——, ‘Heligoland’, 19 April 1947, pp. 408–9

  Jones, Stuart E., ‘Demolishing German’s North Sea Ramparts’, National Geographic, November 1946, 635–44

  Laurie, W.F.B., ‘Pondicherry for Heligoland in 1871; and Heligoland ceded to Germany in 1890’, The Asiatic Quarterly Review, July 1890, 36–52

  Lewin, Evans, ‘The Heligoland Mistake’, The Contemporary Review, July 1916, 68–77

  Louis, W. Roger, ‘Sir Percy Anderson’s Grand African Strategy, 1883–1896’, English Historical Review, April 1966, 292–314