2nd person pōn-e-ris – you are placed, etc. pōn-i-minī – you are placed, etc.
3rd person pōn-i-tur – he, she, it is placed, etc. pōn-u-ntur – they are placed, etc.
For fourth conjugation verbs, the first person singular ending is simply added to the first principal part but for the other forms, remove the -ō from the first principal part and add the endings (for the third person plural add the letter u before the ending).
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person invenio-r – I am found, being found inven-ī-mur – we are found
2nd person inven-ī-ris – you are found, etc. inven-ī-minī – you are found
3rd person inven-ī-tur – he, she, it is found, etc. inven-i-untur – they are found
For mixed conjugation verbs the passive is formed in the same way as for fourth conjugation verbs with one exception – the second person singular, which, like the third conjugation, has an e in the second person singular.
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person capio-r – I am captured, being captured cap-i-mur – we are captured
2nd person cap-e-ris – you are captured, etc. cap-i-minī – you are captured
3rd person cap-i-tur – he, she, it is captured, etc. cap-i-untur – they are captured
7.1.2 Future Indicative Passive: First and Second Conjugations
To form the future indicative passive, first remove the -re ending from the infinitive. The future indicative passive uses the endings -r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur and the familiar b of the future active occurs here as well; however, the vowel before the ending is o in the first person singular, e in the second person singular, i in the third person singular and first and second person plural, and u in the third person plural.
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person amā-bo-r – I shall be loved amā-bi-mur – we shall be loved
2nd person amā-be-ris – you will be loved amā-bi-minī – you will be loved
3rd person amā-bi-tur – he, she, it will be loved amā-bu-ntur – they will be loved
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person vidē-bo-r – I shall be seen vidē-bi-mur – we shall be seen
2nd person vidē-be-ris – you will be seen vidē-bi-minī – you will be seen
3rd person vidē-bi-tur – he, she, it will be seen vidē-bu-ntur – they will be seen
7.1.3 Future Indicative Passive: Third, Fourth, and Mixed Conjugations
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person pōn-ar – I shall be placed pōn-ē-mur – we shall be placed
2nd person pōn-ē-ris – you will be placed pōn-ē-minī – you will be placed
3rd person pōn-ē-tur – he, she, it will be placed pōn-e-ntur – they will be placed
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person inveni-ar – I shall be found inveni-ē-mur – we shall be found
2nd person inveni-ē-ris – you will be found inveni-ē-minī – you will be found
3rd person inveni-ē-tur – he, she, it will be found inveni-e-ntur – they will be found
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person capi-ar– I shall be taken capi-ē-mur – we shall be taken
2nd person capi-ē-ris – you will be taken capi-ē-minī – you will be taken
3rd person capi-ē-tur – he, she, it will be taken capi-e-ntur – they will be taken
7.1.4 Imperfect Indicative Passive
To form the imperfect indicative passive, simply change the active endings (-m, -s, -t, etc.) to the passive (-r, -ris, -tur, etc.):
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person am-ā-bar – I was being loved am-ā-bāmur – we were being loved
2nd person am-ā-bāris – you were being loved am-ā-bāminī – you were being loved
3rd person am-ā-bātur – he, she, it was being loved am-ā-bantur – they were being loved
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person vid-ē-bar – I was being seen vid-ē-bāmur – we were being seen
2nd person vid-ē-bāris – you were being seen vid-ē-bāminī – you were being seen
3rd person vid-ē-bātur – he, she, it was being seen vid-ē-bantur – they were being seen
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person pōn-ē-bar – I was being placed pōn-ē-bāmur – we were being placed
2nd person pōn-ē-bāris – you were being placed pōn-ē-bāminī – you were being placed
3rd person pōn-ē-bātur – he, she, it was being placed pōn-ē-bantur – they were being placed
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person capi-ē-bar – I was being taken capi-ē-bāmur – we were being taken
2nd person capi-ē-bāris – you were being taken capi-ē-bāminī – you were being taken
3rd person capi-ē-bātur – he, she, it was being taken capi-ē-bantur – they were being taken
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person inveni-ē-bar – I was being found inveni-ē-bāmur – we were being found
2nd person inveni-ē-bāris – you were being found inveni-ē-bāminī – you were being found
3rd person inveni-ē-bātur – he, she, it was being found inveni-ē-bantur – they were being found
Try This
Present, future, and imperfect passive forms.
Translate into English:
(i) poneris
(ii) inveniemur
(iii) videbor
(iv) capiuntur
(v) ponebatur
Translate into Latin:
(i) I am wounded
(ii) they will seem
(iii) you (sing.) were being accused
(iv) I shall be condemned
(v) he will be ordered
7.2 Relative Pronoun
The Latin relative pronoun translates as “who,” “which,” or “that.” It introduces a subordinate relative clause: The man whom I saw was my friend. Notice that this sentence has two finite verbs: was is the main verb in the sentence; saw is the finite verb in the subordinate relative clause. In this English example whom is a relative pronoun (and direct object of the verb). In Latin the form will be accusative, masculine, and singular. In Latin a relative pronoun regularly gets its gender and number from its antecedent and its case from its grammatical function in its own clause. The antecedent is the word in the main clause to which the relative pronoun refers (or relates). Here the antecedent is “man,” so in Latin masculine and singular; it is the direct object in its clause and so accusative case. In English the relative pronoun may be omitted (The man I saw was my friend); however, it is never omitted in Latin.
The relative pronoun declines as follows:
HINT!
Notice that the declension of the relative pronoun is the same as that of the interrogative adjective; however, the context usually will make clear which is being used and so there is little chance of confusion.
ego in unō homine omnia vitia quae possunt in homine perditō nefariōque esse reprehendō (Cicero In Verrem 2.3.5): in one person I find fault with all the vices that can exist in a ruined and wicked man.
Try This
Relative pronoun practice.
Supply the correct form of the relative pronoun to agree with the following antecedents:
e.g., consilium (relative in nom. sing.) – quod
puella (relative in acc. pl.) – quas
(i) casus (gen. sing.) (vi) dignitas (nom. sing.)
(ii) poena (acc. pl.) (vii) virtus (dat. pl.)
(iii) regnum (abl. sing.) (viii) sensus (nom. pl.)
(iv) memoria (gen. pl.) (ix) proelium (dat. sing.)
(v) mulier (acc. sing.) (x) opinio (nom. pl.)
7.3 Connecting or Demonstrative Relative
Because the Romans liked to connect the beginning of a new sentence with the end of the previous one, a relative is sometimes used at the beginning of a sentence referring back to an earlier noun. This is called a connecting or demonstrative relative and is usually translated in English as a demonstrative “this” or “that”: statuit
convēnit … (Caesar De Bello Gallico 3.14.11): he decided to wait for the fleet; and when this arrived … The word quae translated “this” is actually the nominative (subject of convēnit) feminine singular of the relative agreeing with classis.
7.4 Uses of the Cases
7.4.1 Accusative
Place
We have seen that the accusative case is used with the prepositions in and ad to express motion towards: ad urbem: to the city; however, with the names of cities, towns, small islands, domus – home, and rus – countryside, normally no preposition is used:
ut Rōmam vēnit … (Cicero In Verrem 2.1.101): when he came to Rome …; numquam domum revertērunt (Cicero Tusculanae Disputationes 5.107): they never returned home.
Compare the English: I returned home. The construction in Latin is exactly the same as in English.
Space
The accusative is used usually without a preposition to express distance or extent of space:
Mīlites aggerem lātum pedēs trecentōs trīgintā, altum pedēs octōgintā extrūxērunt (Caesar De Bello Gallico 7.24.1): the soldiers constructed an embankment three hundred and thirty feet wide, and eighty feet high.
In the sentence “The camp was about one mile away” the expression “one mile” in Latin goes into the accusative. The Latin for a mile is mille passus, literally “a thousand paces.” Mille is an indeclinable adjective/numeral and the word passus remains in the accusative: locus erat castrorum … ab imo acclivis circiter passus mille (Caesar De Bello Gallico 3.19.1): the position of the camp … was about a mile from the base of the hill.
If the distance is more than one mile, Latin uses the plural i-stem noun milia and passus goes into the partitive genitive, passuum. So two miles is duo milia passuum, literally “two thousands of paces.” In expressions of extent of space the “two, three etc. thousands” remains in the accusative: milia passuum tria ab eorum castris castra ponit (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.22.5): he placed his camp three miles (literally: three thousands of paces) from their camp.
FYI
For mille and the declension of milia, see Appendix 3.
Time
The accusative is also used (usually without a preposition – though the preposition per is sometimes used) to express time how long:
annōs multōs legātus fuit (Cicero Pro Murena 85): he was an ambassador for many years.
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The Bigger Picture
Pro Murena (On behalf of Murena), a speech for Lucius Licinius Murena, a candidate, along with Catiline, for the consulship of 62 bc. He was charged with electoral bribery. The speech was made in November 63 bc between the second and third speeches against Catiline. Murena was acquitted and held the consulship for 62 bc.
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7.4.2 Ablative
Time
The ablative is used (again usually without a preposition) to express time when:
eō tempore Galli castra munīre instituērunt (Caesar De Bello Gallico 7.30.4): at that time the Gauls began to fortify their camp.
The ablative is also used (again usually without a preposition) to express
time within which:
paucīs diēbus opus efficitur (Caesar De Bello Gallico 6.9.4): the work is [was] accomplished within a few days.
Place
We have seen that the ablative case is used with the prepositions ex and ab to express motion from: ex urbe: from the city; however with the names of cities, towns, small islands, domus – home, and rus – countryside, normally no preposition is used:
mē domō meā per vim expūlistis (Cicero Pro S. Roscio Amerino 32): you have driven me by force from my home.
[terrent] eōs quī domō exīre nolēbant (Cicero Pro Flacco 14): [they frighten] those who were unwilling to leave home.
Agent
The person by whom the action of a passive verb is done is called the agent. To express this relationship Latin regularly uses ab + ablative case:
circumveniēbantur atque interficiēbantur ab nostrīs (Caesar De Bello Gallico 2.34.3): they were being surrounded and killed by our men.
FIGURE 7.2 Section of painted wall plaster from a Romano-British villa (c. ad 200–25). The decoration of walls of houses with paintings was extremely common. For example, almost every house in Pompeii was decorated with wall paintings. © Leeds Museums and Galleries (Discovery Centre)
Translation from Latin
1. veni Athenas, inquit Democritus, neque me quisquam ibi agnovit. (Cicero Tusculanae Disputationes 5.104)
2. in eo itinere persuadet Castico … Sequano, cuius pater regnum in Sequanis multos annos obtinuerat. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.3.5)
3. magna est hominum opinio de te, magna commendatio liberalitatis, magna memoria consulatus tui. (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 1.7.9)
4. ego eo die casu apud Pompeium cenavi. (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 1.2.3)
5. de litterarum missione sine causa abs te accusor. (Cicero Epistulae ad Atticum 1.5.3)
HINT!
Abs is simply a variant spelling of the preposition ab.
6. hic locus aequum fere spatium a castris … Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.43.2)
7. omnia tela totius accusationis in Oppianicum coniciebantur, aperiebatur causa insidiarum, Fabriciorum familiaritas commemorabatur. (Cicero Pro Cluentio 50).
8. proximique
9. nostri milites facile superabant … quod in conspectu Caesaris atque omnis exercitus res gerebatur … omnes enim colles ac loca superiora, unde erat propinquus despectus in mare, ab exercitu tenebantur. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 3.14.8–9)
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The Bigger Picture
Pro Cluentio (On behalf of Cluentius), a defense speech for Aulus Cluentius, delivered in 66 bc. Cluentius was being prosecuted on a charge of poisoning a certain Oppianicus, whom Cluentius had successfully prosecuted some years earlier. The prosecutor was Oppianicus' son.
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Translation into Latin
1. Everything will be done carefully by us. (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 1.5.3)
2. That opinion of men is confirmed more and more day by day. (Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 6.4.1)
3. On the following days the senate is held outside the city. (Caesar Bellum Civile 1.6.1)
4. The Aduatuci, about whom we have written above … returned home from their
march. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 2.29.1)
5. By what penalty, now at last, will he be punished or with what sentence will he be condemned? (Cicero Pro S. Roscio Amerino 113)
6. Do you hesitate to avoid the sight and presence of those whose minds and feelings you are wounding? (Cicero In Catilinam 1.17)
7. I had completed what you had directed as soon as I came to Rome following your departure. (Cicero Epistulae ad Atticum 1.5.4)
8. Therefore will the wretched man go [he will go = ibit] in exile? Where? To those parts of the East in which for many years he was lieutenant-general, led armies and accomplished very great things? (Cicero Pro Murena 89)
9. I shall say nothing about the man's frugality, virtue, and diligence and I shall leave out that about which I spoke before. (Cicero In Verrem 2.5.20)
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The Bigger Picture
Pro S. Roscio Amerino (On behalf of S. Roscius from Ameria), an early speech by Cicero dating from 80 bc in which he successfully defended Sextus Roscius Amerinus on a charge of extortion brought by powerful members of the dictator Sulla's faction.
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FIGURE 7.3 Gold aureus, c. ad 113. Standing eagle, inscription: CONSECRATIO. Consecratio means dedication; the eagle was the principal standard of a Roman legion of soldiers. © Leeds Museums and Galleries (Discovery Centre)
/> Vocabulary to Learn
Nouns; Pronouns
annus, -ī (m.) – year
cāsus, -ūs (m.) – chance; casū – by chance
causa, -ae (f.) – reason; cause
dignitās, -ātis (f.) – dignity; excellence
locus, -ī (m.) – place; position; (in the plural the gender is neuter – loca, locorum)
memoria, -ae (f.) – memory; remembering; recollection
mulier, -eris (f.) – woman
opīniō, -ōnis (f.) – opinion; belief
pars, partis (f.) – part
poena, -ae (f.) – punishment; penalty
proelium, proeliī (n.) – battle
quī, quae, quod – who; which; that
regnum, -ī (n.) – rule; power; kingdom
sensus, -ūs (m.) – sense; feeling
virtus, -ūtis (f.) – courage
Verbs
absum, abesse, āfuī – be distant from; away from
accūsō, accūsāre, accūsāvī, accūsātum – accuse
agō, agere, ēgī, actum – do
cēnō, cēnāre, cēnāvī, cēnātum – dine
damnō, damnāre, damnāvī, damnātum – condemn
mandō, mandāre, mandāvī, mandātum – order; direct
persuādeō, persuādēre, persuāsī, persuāsum (+ dat.) – persuade
superō, superāre, superāvī, superātum – overcome; be victorious
vendō, vendere, vendidī, venditum – sell
vulnerō (or volnerō), vulnerāre, vulnerāvī, vulnerātum – wound
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