Nouns
acies, -ēī (f.) – battle-line; battle
bāsium, bāsiī (n.) – kiss
caput, -itis (n.) – head; life; capital punishment
cāsus, -ūs (m.) – falling down; event
cēna, -ae (f.) – dinner
consuētūdō, -inis (f.) – custom
contentiō, -ōnis (f.) – contest; argument
dolor, -ōris (m.) – grief; sorrow
facinus, -oris (n.) – deed; crime
flagitium, flagitiī (n.) – shame; disgrace
fructus, -ūs (m.) – fruit; reward
inimīcitia, -ae (f.) – enmity
insidiae, -ārum (f. pl.) – trap; ambush
lectus, -ī (m.) – bed
Liscus, -ī (m.) – Liscus, a Gallic leader (from the Haedui/Aedui)
luxuriēs, -ēī (f.) – luxury; extravagance
mansuetūdō, -inis (f.) – clemency; mercy
miseria, -ae (f.) – misery; misfortune
oculus, -ī (m.) – eye
offensiō, -ōnis (f) – offense
perīculum, -ī (n.) – danger; risk
sagitta, -ae (f.) – arrow
sententia, -ae (f.) – opinion; idea; topic
situs, -ūs (m.) – site; position
stuprum, -ī (n.) – dishonor; disgrace
tectum, -ī (n.) – roof; house
tempestās, tempestātis (f.) – time; season; weather
tormentum, -ī. (n.) – catapult
Verbs
absum, abesse, afuī – be absent; be away
accusō, -āre – blame; find fault with
arripiō, -ere, arripuī, arreptum – snatch; seize
bāsiō, -āre – kiss
cēnō, -āre – dine
consulō, -ere, consuluī, consultum (+ dat.) – take thought for
dēficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum – leave; fail
dīmicō, -āre – fight; struggle
ēripiō, -ere, ēripuī, ēreptum – snatch away; take away
errō, -āre – err; be wrong
exprōmō, -ere, -promsī, -promptum – bring forth; explain
fūror, -ārī, fūratus sum – steal
ignoscō, -ere, -nōvī, -nōtum (+ dat.) – forgive
immineō, -ēre – hang over; threaten
impediō, -īre, impedī(v)ī, impedītum – impede; prevent
incitō, -āre – hasten; rush
mentior, -īrī, mentītus sum – lie
migrō, -āre – go; depart
obstringō, -ere, -strinxī, -strictum – bind; hamper
ostendō, -ere, ostendī, ostensum – show; indicate
percipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum – understand
praedor, -āri, praedātus sum – plunder
sentiō, -īre, sēnsī, sensum – feel; perceive
spoliō, -āre – despoil; rob
versor, -ārī, versātus sum – engage (in)
vetō, -āre, vetuī, vetitum – forbid
vigeō, -ēre, -uī – flourish
vītō, -āre – avoid
Adjectives
arduus, -a, -um – steep; difficult
consulāris, -e – of consular rank
ferreus, -a, -um – iron-hearted
hībernus, -a, -um – (belonging to) winter
incertus, -a, -um – uncertain; changing
mellītus, -a, -um – made of honey; honeyed
molestus, -a, -um – troublesome; annoying
sēditiōsus, -a, -um – seditious; rebellious
turbulentus, -a, -um – turbulent; stormy
Adverbs; Prepositions
admodum – very
cotīdiē – every day
iam dūdum (+ present tense) – now for a long time
in (+ acc.) – against; upon
longē – far
plūrimum – exceedingly
potius – rather
propter (+ acc.) – on account of
usque – continuously
usque (+ ad + acc.) – up to
English Derivations
From which Latin roots do the following English words derive?
(i) case
(ii) sententious
(iii) incite
(iv) liberate
CHAPTER 21
Chapter Contents
21.1 MORE ON TEMPORAL CLAUSES 21.1.1 Antequam, Priusquam – Before
21.1.2 Dum (and rarely quoad, dōnec) – Until; While Notes on Dum
21.2 MORE ON INDIRECT SPEECH/STATEMENT 21.2.1 Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Speech
Translation from Latin
Translation into Latin
Vocabulary Nouns; Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs; Prepositions; Conjunctions
Figure 21.1 Silver denarius, date unknown. Three military standards (signa militaria) within a temple. Under the emperors military standards bore the images of the reigning and deified emperors. © Leeds Museums and Galleries (Discovery Centre)
21.1 More on Temporal Clauses
21.1.1 Antequam, Priusquam – Before
We have covered a number of different types of temporal clauses, for example, those introduced by ubi – when, or postquam – after (both of which are regularly followed by the perfect indicative). Other temporal conjunctions include antequam and priusquam (both may be written as two words, e.g., ante … quam) or even separated by other words. These conjunctions may take the indicative:
nunc antequam ad sententiam redeō, dē mē pauca dīcam (Cicero In Catilinam 4.20): now before I return to the subject, I shall say a few things about myself.
However, when there is an added implication of purpose, the subjunctive mood is used:
Vercingetorix priusquam munitiōnēs ab Rōmānīs perficiantur, consilium capit omnem ab sē equitātum noctū dimittere (Caesar De Bello Gallico 7.71.1): Vercingetorix adopted the plan to send away all his cavalry by night before fortifications could be completed by the Romans.
When the main clause is negative, antequam and priusquam are best translated as until:
neque prius fugere dēsistērunt quam ad flūmen Rhēnum mīlia passuum ex eō locō circiter quīnque pervēnērunt (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.53.1): and they did not stop fleeing until they arrived at the river Rhine about five miles from that place.
Figure 21.2 Vercingetorix coin. Vercingetorix was ruler of a Gallic tribe. He led a revolt against Caesar but was ultimately defeated and put to death after Caesar's triumph (46 bc). Source: Private Collection/Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library
21.1.2 Dum (and rarely quoad, dōnec) – Until; While
Like antequam and priusquam these conjunctions may take the indicative:
dum in hīs locīs Caesar nāvium parandārum causā morātur, ex magnā parte Morīnōrum ad eum legātī vēnērunt (Caesar De Bello Gallico 4.22): while Caesar was delaying in this region for the sake of preparing the ships, envoys came to him from a great part of the Morini.
And as with antequam and priusquam the subjunctive may be used:
dum reliquae nāvēs eō convenīrent, ad hōram nōnam in ancorīs exspectāvit (Caesar De Bello Gallico 4.23): they waited at anchor up to the ninth hour until the remaining ships should arrive.
Notes on Dum
Dum takes the logically required tense when it means while, as long as, all the time:
dum haec Vēiīs agēbantur, interim arx Rōmae … in ingentī periculō fuit (Livy Ab Urbe Condita 5.47.2): while these things were being done at Veii, meanwhile the citadel at Rome was in great danger.
dum longius ā mūnitiōne aberant Gallī, plus multitūdine tēlorum prōficiēbant (Caesar De Bello Gallico 7.82.1): while the Gauls were further from the fortification, they held a greater advantage because of the number of their weapons.
However, when dum means while, during the time that (i.e., when the clause denotes a longer period during part of which something happens), it takes the present indicative:
dum haec … Rōmae aguntur, consulēs amb
ō in Liguribus gerēbant bellum (Livy Ab Urbe Condita 39.1.1): while these things were being done at Rome, both consuls were waging war in Liguria.
Dum (also dummodo, modo) may introduce a so-called clause of proviso = provided that. Here the subjunctive is used and the tense of the subjunctive is determined by the rules of sequence:
oderint, dum metuant (Cicero Philippicae 1.34, quoting Accius): let them hate, provided that they fear.
21.2 More on Indirect Speech/Statement
As noted in Chapter 10 the future infinitive passive (e.g., captum īrī) is somewhat rare in Latin. Instead Latin uses the future infinitive of sum (fore or futūrum esse) followed by ut + subjunctive. This construction must be used with verbs that have no supine such as possum.
spērant fore ut patris litterīs nuntiīsque filius ab illō furōre revocētur (Cicero In Verrem 2.2.97): they hope [literally: it will be] that the son will be brought back from that madness by his father's letters and messengers.
cum vidērem … fore ut eius sociōs invidia oppressus persequī nōn possem … (Cicero In Catilinam 2.4): when I saw that I, being checked by ill-will, would not be able to pursue his allies …
21.2.1 Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Speech
As a general rule, subordinate clauses in indirect discourse have their verbs in the subjunctive as a matter of course (for example, causal, relative, and temporal clauses) and the tense will generally be determined by the rules of sequence: in primary sequence, the present or perfect subjunctive is used; in secondary/historic sequence, the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is used. The future is replaced by the future participle + present or imperfect of sum, depending on sequence. The future perfect is represented by the perfect subjunctive in primary sequence and by the pluperfect subjunctive in secondary/historic sequence.
dixit sē istum pūblicē laudāre quod sibi ita mandātum esset (Cicero In Verrem 2.4.16): he said that we was praising that man publicly because he had been so ordered.
dīcit montem quem ā Labiēnō occupārī voluerit, ab hostibus tenērī (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.22): he says that the mountain which he wanted to be occupied by Labienus was being held by the enemy.
The subjunctive is also used in subordinate clauses, in fearing clauses, purpose clauses, indirect commands, and indirect questions.
Try This
Identify the verbs in the following passage (including participles, infinitives, gerunds, and gerundives) and parse them (you will need to use a dictionary to complete this exercise):
Peliaco quondam prognatae vertice pinus
dicuntur liquidas Neptuni nasse per undas
Phasidos ad fluctus et fines Aeeteos,
cum lecti iuvenes, Argivae robora pubis,
auratam optantes Colchis avertere pellem
ausi sunt vada salsa cita decurrere puppi,
caerula verrentes abiegnis aequora palmis.
diva quibus retinens in summis urbibus arces
ipsa levi fecit volitantem flamine currum,
pinea coniungens inflexae texta carinae.
illa rudem cursu prima imbuit Amphitriten.
quae simul ac rostro ventosum proscidit aequor,
tortaque remigio spumis incanuit unda,
emersere freti candenti e gurgite vultus
aequoreae monstrum Nereides admirantes.
(Catullus 64.1–15)
- - - - - - - - - -
SOUND BITE
Tacitus on Servius Galba (Tacitus Histories 1.49)
omnium consensu capax imperii, nisi imperasset.
- - - - - - - - - -
Translation from Latin
1. est mihi tanti, Quirites, huius invidiae falsae atque iniquae tempestatem subire, dum modo a vobis huius horribilis belli ac nefarii periculum depellatur. (Cicero In Catilinam 2.15)
2. Caesar, priusquam se hostes ex terrore ac fuga reciperent, in fines Suessionum, qui proximi Remis erant, exercitum duxit et magno itinere confecto ad oppidum Noviodunum contendit. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 2.12.1)
3. priusquam de ceteris rebus respondeo, de amicitia quam a me violatam esse criminatus est, quod ego gravissimum crimen iudico, pauca dicam. (Cicero Philippicae 2.3)
4. namque
5. non omnis moriar multaque pars mei
vitabit Libitinam: usque ego postera
crescam laude recens, dum Capitolium
scandet cum tacita virgine pontifex.
(Horace Odes 3.30.6–9)
6. Lacedaemonii, Philippo minitante per litteras se omnia quae conarentur prohibiturum, quaesiverunt num se esset etiam mori prohibiturus? (Cicero Tusculanae Disputationes 5.42)
7. pro certo habet neminem sibi, antequam in Italiam traiecerit, armatum occursurum. (Livy Ab Urbe Condita 42.13.10)
8. vincat aliquando cupiditas voluptasque rationem, dum modo illa in hoc genere praescriptio moderatioque teneatur. parcat iuventus pudicitiae suae, ne spoliet alienam, ne effundat patrimonium. (Cicero Pro Caelio 42)
9. arma virumque cano, Troiae qui primus ab oris
Italiam fato profugus Laviniaque venit
litora, multum ille et terris iactatus et alto
vi superum, saevae memorem Iunonis ob iram,
multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet urbem
inferretque deos Latio; genus unde Latinum
Albanique patres atque altae moenia Romae.
(Virgil Aeneid 1.1–7)
Translation into Latin
1. By all means let it be said that he was driven out by me provided that he does go into exile. But believe me. He is not going to go. (Cicero In Catilinam 2.15)
2. I had great hope that we would be able to establish peace in Italy (and it seemed to me that nothing was more beneficial than this) or defend the republic with the utmost honor. (Cicero Epistulae ad Atticum 8.11d.1)
3. While these things were being transacted at the conference, it was reported to Caesar that the cavalry of Ariovistus were approaching nearer the mound and were riding up to our men and hurling stones and spears at them. Caesar made an end and withdrew to his own men and ordered them not to throw back any weapon at all against the enemy. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.46.1–2)
4. But before we speak about the rules of oratory, it seems that it is necessary to speak about the nature of the art itself, about its function, about its end, its subject-matter, and its divisions. (Cicero De Inventione 1.5)
5. He was afraid that he might offend the feelings of Diviciacus by the punishment of this man. Therefore, before he should try anything, he ordered Diviciacus to be summoned to him. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.19.3)
6. Do you understand what you are saying, to whom and about whom you are saying it? You want to involve the most honorable men in your and Gabinius’ crime, and you are not doing this in secret. For a little while before you said that I was contending with men whom I despised and that I was not touching those men who had more influence, men with whom I ought to be angry. (Cicero In Pisonem 75)
Vocabulary
Nouns; Pronouns
animus, -ī (m.) – mind; heart; feelings
Ariovistus, -ī (m.) – Ariovistus (ruler of a German tribe)
Capitōlium, -iī – the Capitol, where a temple of Jupiter was located
colloquium, -iī (n.) – conference
concordia, -ae (f.) – harmony; peace
dignitās, -tātis (f.) – dignity; honor
Diviciācus, -ī (m.) – Diviciacus (a leader of a Gallic tribe)
Gabinius, -iī (m.) – Aulus Gabinius (a consul with Piso in 58 bc)
genus, -eris (n.) – origin; nature
equitātus, -ūs (m.) – cavalry
exilium, exiliī (n.) – exile
fīnis, -is (m.) – limit; end
invidia, -ae (f.) – envy; ill-will
Lacedaemoniī, -ōrum (m. pl.) – the Spartans
lapis, -idis (m.) – stone
/> Lāvīnius, -a, -um – of Lavinia; Lavinian (city in Italy, founded by Aeneas in honor of his wife, Lavinia)
Libitīna, -ae (f.) – the goddess of corpses; Death
māteria, -ae (f.) – subject-matter
moenia, -ium (n. pl.) – city walls; walls
Morīnī, -ōrum – Morini (a people of Gaul)
mūnītiō, -ōnis (f.) – fortification
Noviodūnum, -ī (n.) – Noviodunum, a town in Gaul
officium, -iī (n.) – duty; function
ōra, -ae (f.) – edge; shore
pars, partis (f.) – part; division
patrimōnium, -iī (n.) – inheritance; patrimony
pontifex, pontificis (m.) – high priest
praeceptum, -ī (n.) – precept; rule
praescriptiō, -ōnis (f.) – precept; rule
profugus, -ī (m.) – fugitive; exile
pudīcitia, -ae (f.) – modesty; virtue
quisquam, quaequam, quidquam (or quicquam) – anyone; anything
ratiō, -ōnis (f.) – reason
Rēmī, -ōrum (m. pl.) – Remi (a people of Gaul)
Suessiōnes, -um (m. pl.) – Suessiones (a people of Gaul)
supplicium, -iī (n.) – punishment
tēlum, -ī (n.) – spear; weapon
tempestās, -tātis (f.) – storm
tumulus, -ī (m.) – hill; mound
Vercingetorix, -igis (m.) – Vercingetorix (commander of the Gauls)
vīs, vis (f.) – force; violence
voluptās, -tātis (f.) – pleasure
Verbs
accēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum – approach
adequitō, -āre – ride up (to)
attingō, -ere, -tigī, -tactum – touch
complector, -ī, complexus sum – embrace; (+ ad + acc.) involve (someone) in
concurrō, -ere, concurrī, concursum – come together; engage in combat
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