dēsiliō, dēsilere, dēsiluī – leap down
dēsistō, dēsistere, dēstitī, dēstitum − desist; give over; (+ abl.) desist (from)
dēspectus, -ūs (m.) – view down
dēspiciō, dēspicere, dēspexī, dēspectum – look down upon; despise
dēterreō, dēterrēre, dēterruī, dēterritum – frighten off; deter
dētrahō, dētrahere, dētraxī, dētractum – take away from
deus, deī (m.) – god
dexter, -tra, -trum – right
dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum – say
diēs, -ēī (m.) – day
differō, differre, distulī, dīlātum – be different; differ
difficilis, -e – difficult
dīgerō, dīgerere, dīgessī, dīgestum – separate; arrange
dignitās, -ātis (f.) – dignity; excellence; honor
dignus, -a, -um – worthy
diligenter − diligently
dīmicō, -āre – fight; struggle
dīmittō, dīmittere, dīmīsī, dīmissum – dismiss; send away
discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessum – depart; (+ ab + abl.) depart (from); leave (from)
discō, discere, didicī – learn
discrīmen, -inis (n.) – crisis
disertē – eloquently
disputātio, -ōnis (f.) – argument; reasoning
disserō, disserere, disseruī, dissertum – discuss; argue
dissimulō, -āre – hide; conceal; dissimulate; pretend
dissolūtus, -a, -um – careless; dissolute
diūtius – longer
diūturnus, -a, -um – long-lasting
Diviciācus, -ī (m.) – Diviciacus, a leader of a Gallic tribe
divīsus, -a, -um – divided
do, dare, dedī, datum – give
doceō, docēre, docuī, doctum – teach
doctus, -a, -um – learned
dolor, dolōris (m.) – pain; sorrow; grief
domesticus, -a, -um – belonging to one's home; domestic
domicilium, domiciliī (n.) – home
dōnō, -āre – give; present (with)
dubius, -a, -um – doubtful; sine dubiō – without doubt
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum – lead
dum – while; as long as; provided that
Dumnorix, -igis (m.) – Dumnorix, a Gallic leader
duo, duae, duo – two (see Appendix 3)
dūplex, -icis – double
dux, dūcis (m.) – leader; commander; general
Dyrrachīnī, -orum (m. pl.)– the Dyrrachini, a people of Illyria
ēdūcō, ēdūcere, ēdūxī, ēductum – lead out
effundō, effundere, effūdī, effūsum – pour forth; squander
egeō, -ēre, eguī (+ abl.) − lack, need
ego, meī – I; me
ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum – march out; set out
ēiciō, ēicere, ēiēcī, ēiectum – drive out; with sē: rush out
elephantus, -ī (m.) – elephant
emō, emere, ēmī, emptum – buy
enim – for
Ennius, Enniī (m.) – Ennius (a Roman poet 239–169 bc)
eques, equitis (m.) – horseman; member of the cavalry
equidem – truly
equitātus, -ūs (m.) – cavalry
equus, -ī (m.) – horse
ergā (+ acc.) – towards; in respect of
ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptum – snatch; snatch away; take away
errō, -āre – err; be wrong
ērudītus, -a, -um – clever; skilled; erudite
ērumpō, ērumpere, ērūpī, ēruptum – burst out
et – and
et … et – both … and
etiam – even; also
etsi – although
ēvādō, ēvādere, ēvāsī – get away; escape
ex (+ abl.) – from; out of; in accordance with (sometimes written e before a consonant)
excēdō, excēdere, excessī, excessum – leave; walk out of
exclūdō, exclūdere, exclūdī, exclūsum – shut out; hinder; prevent
excors, -cordis – senseless; stupid
excursio, -ōnis (f.) – assault; sally
excūsātio, -ōnis (f.) – excuse
excūsō, -āre – excuse; offer an excuse (for)
exercitatio, -ōnis (f.) – exercise; practice
exercitus, -ūs (m.) – army
exhibeō, exhibēre, exhibuī, exhibitum – show; produce; give up
exilium, exiliī (n.) – exile
eximius, -a, -um – excellent; outstanding
existimō, -āre – consider; think; judge
exitium, exitiī (n.) – destruction
expellō, expellere, expulsī, expulsum – expel
expensum, -ī (n.) – payment; expense
experior, experīrī, expertus sum – try
expers, expertis – without; free from
explicō, -āre – unfold; set forth; explain
explorātor, -ōris (m.) – scout; spy
expōnō, expōnere, exposuī, expositum – explain; disembark; put (troops) ashore
exprobō, -are – reproach; charge
exprōmō, exprōmere, exprom(p)sī, expromptum – bring forth; explain
exsanguis, -e – bloodless, pale
exspectātio, -ōnis (f.) – expectation
exspectō, -āre (+ acc.) – wait for; await
extrēmus, -a, -um – farthest; most distant
faber, fabrī (m.) – workman
Fabriciī, -ōrum (m. pl.) – the Fabricii, an aristocratic Roman family
fābula, -ae (f.) – story; fable
facilē – easily
facinus, -oris (n.) – deed; crime
faciō, facere, fēcī, factum – do; make
fallō, fallere, fefellī, falsum – deceive
falsus, -a, -um – false
fāma, -ae (f.) – report; rumor; fame
familia, -ae (f.) – (often plural) household; household slaves
familiāris, -is (m.) – family member; acquaintance; friend
familiāritās, -ātis (f.) – familiarity; friendship
fānum, -ī (n.) – temple
fateor, fatērī, fassus sum – admit; confess
fātum, -ī (n.) – fate; (in plural) the Fates
faucēs, -ium (f. pl.) – throat; jaws
faveō, favēre, fāvī, fautum (+ dat.) – favor; be favorable (to)
fēlīx, -īcis – happy
fēmina, -ae (f.) – woman
ferē – approximately; almost
fermē – almost; for the most part
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum – carry; bear; endure; allow
ferreus, -a, -um – iron-hearted
ferrum, -ī (n.) – iron; sword
fictus, -a, -um – (participle from fingo) false
fidēs, fideī (f.) – faith; honesty; credibility
figūra, -ae (f.) – figure; shape
fīlius, fīliī (m.) – son
fīnēs, -ium (m. pl.) – territory
fingō, fingere, finxī, fictum – compose; arrange; form
fīnis, -is (m.) – limit; end
fīō, fierī, factus sum – be made; become; happen
firmō, -āre – confirm; support
firmus, -a, -um – firm; strong
flagitium, flagitiī (n.) – shame; disgrace
flagitō, -āre – demand
fleō, flēre, flēvī, flētum – weep; cry
flōreō, flōrēre, flōruī – flourish; be in good repute
fluctus, -ūs (m.) – wave
flūmen, -inis (n.) – river
fons, fontis (f.) – spring; fountain; source
forsitan – perhaps
fortis, -e – brave
fortūna, -ae (f.) – fortune
fortūnātissimus, -a, -um – most fortunate
forum, -ī (n.) – forum; market place
fossa, -ae (f.) – ditch; trench
frāter, -tris (m.) – brother
fraudātor, -ōris (m.) – cheat
fraudō, -āre – act illegally; defraud
frequenter – often
frequentia, -ae (f.) throng; assembly
fructus, -ūs (m.) – fruit; reward; enjoyment
frūmentum, -ī (n.) – corn; grain; ear of corn
fruor, fruī, fructus sum (+ abl.) − enjoy
frux, frūgis (f.) – fruit; grain
Fūfius Calēnus, -ī (m.) – Fufius Calenus, a tribune of the plebs
fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitum – flee
fungor, fungī, functus sum (+ abl.) − fulfill
furō, furere, furuī – rage; be mad
fūror, fūrārī, fūratus sum – steal
Gabinius, -iī (m.) – Aulus Gabinius (a consul with Piso in 58 bc)
Gaius, Gaiī (m.) – Gaius (abbreviated C.)
Gallia, -ae (f.) – Gaul
Gallia ulterior, Galliae ulterioris (f.) – further Gaul (the area of Gaul across the Alps)
Garunna, -ae (m.) – a river in Gaul
Genāva, -ae (f.) – Geneva
genus, -eris (n.) – origin; nature; race; family
Germānī, -ōrum (m. pl.) – the Germans
gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum – wage; carry on
glaciālis, -e – icy; frozen
gladius, gladiī (m.) – sword
glōria, -ae (f.) – glory; honor
grandis, -e – large; great
grātulor, grātulārī, grātulātus sum – congratulate
gravis, -e – serious
gravitās, -tātis (f.) – seriousness; dignity
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum – have; hold; consider
Haeduī, -ōrum (m. pl.) – the Haedui, a people of Gaul (also written Aedui)
haesitō, -āre – hesitate
Hannibal, Hannibalis (m.) – Carthaginian leader during the Second Punic War (218–201 bc)
haud – not
Helvetiī, -ōrum (m. pl.) – the Helvetii, a people of Gaul
hērēditās, hērēditātis (f.) – inheritance
hībernus, -a, -um – (belonging to) winter
hīc – here; in this place; at this point
hic, haec, hoc – this; this man; this woman; this thing
Hirtius, -iī (m.) – Aulus Hirtius, an acquaintance of Cicero
Hispania, -ae (f.) – Spain
hodiernus, -a, -um – of today; hodiernō dīē – on this very day
homō, hominis (m.) – man; human
honestus, -a, -um – honorable; honest
hōra, -ae (f.) – hour
hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum – encourage; urge
hostis, -is (m.) – enemy
iactō, -āre – throw about; drive here and there
iam – now; already
iam dūdum – (+ present tense) now for a long time
Iānuarius, -a, -um – of or belonging to January
idcircō – for this reason
īdem … quī – the same … as
īdem, eadem, idem – same; the same (see Appendix 2)
idōneus, -a, -um (+ dat.) – suitable (for)
Īdus, -uum (f. pl.) – Ides (March, May, July, October 15; 13 of other months)
iecur, iecinoris (n.) – liver
igitur – therefore; then; accordingly
ignoscō, ignoscere, ignōvī, ignōtum (+ dat.) – forgive
ille, illa, illud – that; that man; that woman; that thing
illuc – to that place
imbrifer, -era, -erum – rain-bringing
imitor, imitārī, imitātus sum – imitate
immātūrus, -a, -um – unripe; untimely
immineō, imminēre – hang over; threaten
immō vērō – no indeed
immoderātus, -a, -um – wanton; unbridled
immortālis, -e – immortal
impedimenta, -ōrum (n. pl.) – baggage; (military) equipment
impediō, impedīre, impedī(v)ī, impedītum – impede; prevent; hinder
impedītus, -a, -um – weighed down; in difficulty
impellō, impellere, impulsī, impulsum – urge, impel
impendeō, impendēre, impendī, impensum – hang over; threaten
imperātor, -ōris (m.) – general; emperor
imperātōrius, -a, -um – of a general; belonging to a general
imperō, -āre – (+ dat.) order
impetus, -ūs (m.) – attack, charge
impius, -a, -um – wicked; impious
improbus, -a, -um – bad; wicked
impudentia, -ae (f.) – impudence; shamelessness
impūnē – with impunity
in (+ abl.) – in; on; among
in (+ acc.) – against; upon; into; onto
in perpetuum – forever
in posterum – for the future
in prīmīs (also written as one word imprīmīs) – especially; above all
incendō, incendere, incendī, incensum – set fire to; rouse
incertus, -a, -um – uncertain; changing
incitō, -āre – hasten; rush
incolō, incolere, incoluī – dwell; inhabit
incrēdibilis, -e − incredible
indicium, indiciī (n.) – evidence
indignus, -a, -um – unworthy; intolerable
indūcō, indūcere, indūxī, inductum − induce
inertia, -ae (f.) – idleness
infāmia, -ae (f.) − disgrace
inferō, inferre, intulī, illātum – bring in; introduce
infestus, -a, -um – hostile
infirmus, -a, -um – weak
infitiātor, -ōris – bad debtor; defaulter
ingenium, ingeniī (n.) – quality; nature; character
inhorreō, inhorrēre – grow spiky
iniciō, inicere, iniēcī, iniectum (+ dat.) – bring into; instill
inimīcitia, -ae (f.) – enmity
inīquus, -a, -um – unjust
initium, initiī (n.) – beginning
iniūria, -ae (f.) – injury; injustice
innātus, -a, -um – inborn; innate
innocens, -entis – innocent; harmless
inopia, -ae (f.) – scarcity; lack
inquit – he (she, it) says
insector, insectārī, insectātus sum – pursue
inserō, inserere, insēvī, insitum – implant
insidiae, -ārum (f. pl.) – trap; ambush; plot
insitus, -a, -um – implanted; fixed
insolenter – unusually; immoderately; insolently
instituō, instituere, instituī, institūtum – build; set up; establish
institūtum, -ī (n.) – custom
insula, -ae (f.) – island
intelligō, intelligere, intellēxī, intellēctum – understand
inter (+ acc.) – between
interdictum, -ī (n.) – provisional decree
interdum – from time to time
interest − it matters (see Chapter 18)
interficiō, interficere, interfēcī, interfectum – kill
intermittō, intermittere, intermīsī, intermissum – leave out; discontinue; interrupt
intrā (+ acc.) – within
intus – inside
inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventum – find
invideō, invidēre, invīdī, invīsum – envy
invidia, -ae (f.) – envy; ill-will; hatred
Īphicrates, -is (m.) – Iphicrates, a famous Athenian general (4th century bc)
ipse, ipsa, ipsum – -self; -selves (see Appendix 2)
īra, -ae (f.) – anger
irascor, irascī, irātus sum – be angry with
is, ea, id – he; she; it; this; that, etc.
iste, ista, istud – that (of you/of yours); (pl.) those (for declension, see Appendix 2)
ita – in this way; so; thus
Ītalia, -ae (f.) – Italy
iter, itineris (n.) – road; journey
iter fac
iō, -ere – march
iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum – order; bid
iucundus, -a, -um – sweet
iūdex, -icis (m.) – judge
iūdicium, iūdiciī (n.) – judgment; trial; sentence; court
iūrō, -āre – swear (an oath)
iūs, iūris (n.) – right; law; custom
iustus, -a, -um – just
iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī, iūtum – help
Ixīon, -onis (m.) – Ixion, punished in the Underworld, attached to an eternally revolving wheel
L. Opimius, -iī – Lucius Opimius, consul 121 bc
labor, -ōris (m.) – labor; toil
Lacedaemoniī, -ōrum (m. pl.) – the Spartans
lacrima, -ae (f.) – tear
lactēns, -entis – milky
laetitia, -ae (f.) – joy
laetus, -a, -um – happy; joyful
lapis, -idis (m.) – stone
lateō, latēre, latuī – lie hidden
latus, lateris (n.) – side
laudātio, -ōnis (f.) – praise
laudō, -āre – praise
laus, laudis (f.) – praise
Lāvīnius, -a, -um – belonging to Lavinia; Lavinian (city in Italy, founded by Aeneas in honor of his wife, Lavinia)
laxō, -āre – spread out
lectus, -ī (m.) – bed
legātus, -ī (m.) – ambassador; envoy
legō, legere, lēgī, lectum – read
lēnitās, -ātis (f.) – kindness; leniency
Lentulus, -ī (m.) – Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus, consul 56 bc
lepidus, -a, -um – fine; charming
libellus, -ī (m.) – little book
libenter – willingly
līber, -era, -erum – free; (m. pl.) līberī, -ōrum – children
liber, librī (m.) – book
līberālitās, -ātis (f.) – generosity; kindness
līberius – more freely
līberō, -āre – set free; (+ abl.) free (from)
lībertās, -ātis (f.) – freedom
libīdō, -inis (f.) – lust
Libitīna, -ae (f.) – the goddess of corpses; Death
Licinius, Liciniī – Publius Licinius, a friend of Caelius
lignum, -ī (n.) – wood; (pl.) logs; firewood
līmen, -inis (n.) – threshold
lingua, -ae (f.) – language
Liscus, -ī (m.) – Liscus, a Gallic leader (from the Haedui/Aedui)
littera, -ae (f.) – letter; (pl.) letters, letter (i.e., epistle); written records; document; report
lītus, -oris (n.) – shore
locus, -ī (m.) place; position; opportunity; in the plural the gender is neuter – loca, locorum
longē – far; a long way
longus, -a, -um – long
loquor, loquī, locūtus sum – speak
Lūcīlius, -ii (m.) – Lucius Lucilius, an assistant to Aquilius (above)
lūna, -ae (f.) – moon
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