An Army at Dawn

by Rick Atkinson

  Rance, A. J. “Corps Artillery—How It Was Employed.” Field Artillery Journal 33, no. 12 (Dec. 1943): 886+.

  Raymond, Edward A. “France Fights Again.” Field Artillery Journal 33, no. 5 (May 1943): 381+.

  ———. “Long Toms in Action.” Field Artillery Journal 33, no. 11 (Nov. 1943): 803+.

  ———. “Slugging It Out.” Field Artillery Journal 34, no. 1 (Jan. 1944): 14+.

  ———. “Some Battle Lessons.” Field Artillery Journal 34, no. 2 (Feb. 1944): 104+.

  “Red Oak, Iowa, Has 23 Boys Missing in Action in North Africa.” Life 14, no. 18 (3 May 1943): 26+.

  Sadkovich, James J. “Of Myths and Men: Rommel and the Italians in North Africa, 1940–1942.” International History Review 13, no. 2 (May 1991): 284+.

  Sahlin, Arvid W. “A Hell of a Place for a Farm Boy.” Naval History 6, no. 4 (winter 1992): 57+.

  “Sedjenane-Bizerte: April 8–May 7, 1943.” Field Artillery Journal 33, no. 10 (Oct. 1943): 783+.

  Semmes, Harry H. “General George S. Patton, Jr.’s Psychology of Leadership.” Armor 64, no. 1 (Jan.–Feb. 1955): 1+.

  Slocum, A. N., Jr. “The Armored Division in Exploitation.” Military Review 24, no. 10 (Jan. 1945): 49+.

  Smith, Howard A., Jr. “Among Those Baptized.” Field Artillery Journal 34, no. 4 (April 1944): 214+.

  Smith, Kingsbury. “Unrevealed Facts About Robert Murphy.” American Mercury 59, no. 251 (Nov. 1944): 528+.

  Smith, Mickey C., and Dennis Worthen. “Soldiers on the Production Line.” Pharmacy in History 37 (1995): 183+.

  Stephens, F. “Collapse in Tunisia.” Military Review 25, no. 1 (April 1945): 69+.

  Stewart, Richard W. “The ‘Red Bull’ Division: The Training and Initial Engagements of the 34th Infantry Division, 1941–43.” Army History, no. 25 (winter 1993): 1+.

  Strong, C. L. “Allo, Moroc.” Bell Telephone Magazine (Sept. 1943).

  Strong, Evert E. “Thala Engagement.” Field Artillery Journal 33, no. 8 (Aug. 1943): 573+.

  Thompson, P.W. “Close Support in Tunisia.” Field Artillery Journal 33, no. 7 (July 1943): 489+.

  Thornton, Milton M., and R. G. Emery. “Try the Reverse Slope.” Infantry Journal (Feb. 1944): 8+.

  Tunley, Roul. “A Frenchman Returns.” Sea Power 5, no. 1 (Jan. 1945): 13+.

  Van Urk, J. Blan. “Norfolk—Our Worst War Town.” American Mercury 56, no. 230 (Feb. 1943): 144+.

  “W.R.P.” “Mission to Morocco.” Navy 1, no. 7 (Nov. 1958): 7+.

  Wallace, Robert. “Africa, We Took It and Liked It.” Saturday Evening Post 215, no. 29 (16 Jan. 1943): 20+, and no. 30 (23 Jan. 1943): 16+.

  Wanke, Paul. “American Military Psychiatry and Its Role Among Ground Forces in World War II.” Journal of Military History 63, no. 1 (Jan. 1999): 127+.

  “The War in Gibraltar.” After the Battle 21 (1978): 1+.

  Welker, Robert H. “GI Jargon: Its Perils and Pitfalls.” Saturday Review of Literature (Oct. 1944): 7+.

  Wesbrook, Stephen D. “The Railey Report and Army Morale, 1941: Anatomy of a Crisis.” Military Review 60, no. 6 (June 1980): 11+.

  Young, Leilyn M. “Rangers in a Night Operation.” Military Review 24, no. 4 (July 1944): 64+.

  Newspapers

  “37 in Company Missing in Africa.” Red Oak (Iowa) Express, 11 March 1943: 1.

  Alexander, Field Marshal the Viscount. “The African Campaign from El Alamein to Tunis.” London Gazette, 3 Feb. 1948.

  “An American Story: The Life and Times of a Midlands Family.” Omaha (Neb.) World-Herald, 9 Nov. 1997: 1.

  Blair, William M. “Non-Stop Air Armada of Allies Flew 1,400 Miles to North Africa.” New York Times, 10 Jan. 1943: 1.

  Bracker, Milton. “Rangers Toughen but Are Still Boys.” New York Times, 6 March 1943.

  Buttry, Stephen. “An American Story.” Omaha (Neb.) Sunday World-Herald, 9 Nov. 1997: 1.

  Clifton, C. C. “How Iowans Fought in Africa.” Des Moines Sunday Register, 18 July 1943: 1.

  De Luce, Daniel. “All the Fight Knocked Out of Germans.” Washington Post, 13 May 1943: 1.

  Frye, William. “‘Terrible Terry’ of the 1st Division Is Getting Tougher as He Goes Along.” Kansas City Star, 17 June 1943.

  “Gen. Marshall Smashing Army’s Caste System in Quest for Best Leaders.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 19 Dec. 1940: C1.

  “German Tanks Trapped.” Times of London, 5 May 1943: 1

  “How Major Allen Beat Cowboy Champ in 300-Mile Race.” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 31 Dec. 1922.

  Howe, Marvine. “In Marrakesh.” New York Times, 3 March 2002.

  Kluckhorn, Frank L. “Tunisian Resistance Ends in Rout of Germans.” New York Times, 12 May 1943: 1.

  Middleton, Drew. “The Battle Saga of a Tough Outfit.” New York Times Magazine, 8 April 1945: 8+.

  Munday, William. “Prison Ship Escapes.” Tunis Telegraph. 10 May 1943: 1.

  Norgaard, Noland. “Major Moore Escapes from Nazi Lines.” Red Oak (Iowa) Express, 22 Feb. 1943: 1.

  Petroski, William. “50 Years Later, Defeat by Rommel Still Clear.” Des Moines Sunday Register, 21 March 1993: 1B.

  Thompson, John H. “Kasserine Fiasco Laid to British.” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 1948.

  Vogel, Steve. “The Battle of Arlington: How the Pentagon Got Built.” Washington Post, 26 Apr 1999: 1.

  Wilson, Richard. “The Gallant Fight of the 34th Division in the North African Campaign.” Des Moines Register and Tribune, 1943.

  I also draw extensively on issues of the following Iowa newspapers from February through March 1941: Clarinda Herald-Journal; Council Bluffs Nonpareil; Red Oak Express; Sioux City Journal; Villisca Review.

  Manuscripts

  “18th Infantry Draft Regimental Wartime History.” MRC FDM.

  “701st Tank Destroyer Battalion: North African Campaign Diary.” MHI.

  “The Administrative History of the Eighth Fleet.” N.d., NHC, World War II Command File, Fleets.

  Anderson, K.A.N. “Operations in North West Africa, 8 November 1942 to 13 May 1943.” 1946. London Gazette.

  Anderson, Roland. “The Operations of the 135th Infantry Regiment in the Vicinity of Fondouk el Okbi.” 1948. Fort Benning, Ga. Infantry School.

  Bailey, Leslie W. “The Operations of the 3rd Battalion, 135th Infantry at Algiers, North Africa, 7 November–10 November, 1942.” 1948. Fort Benning, Ga. Infantry School.

  “Battle Analysis of the Battle of Sidi bou Zid, 14 February 1943.” 1984. CSI.

  Baumgartner, John W., et al. “History of the 16th Infantry, 1798–1946.”

  Bielakowski, Alexander M. “Calmer Heads Will Prevail: The Interwar U.S. Cavalry and the Issue of Mechanization.” Paper delivered before the Society for Military History, April 2000.

  Blumenson, Martin, et al. “Airborne Operations.” 1964. CMH.

  Boehm, Edward. “My Autobiography During World War II.” 1997.

  Brandt, Arnold N. “The Operations of the 1st Battalion, 135th Infantry at Hills 609 and 531.” 1948. Fort Benning, Ga. Infantry School.

  “British Commandos.” 1942. War Department, Military Intelligence Service.

  Buchholz, Ulrich. “Supply by Air of the Enlarged Bridgehead of Tunis.” 1947. U.S. Army European Command. FMS D-071.

  Bürker, Ulrich. “Commitment of the 10th Panzer Division in Tunisia.” 1947. U.S. Army European Command. FMS, D-174.

  ———. “Einsatz der 10. Panzer-Division in Tunesien.” Part II. 1947. U.S. Army European Command. FMS, D-310.

  Cairns, Bogardus S. “Employment of Armor in the Invasion of Oran.” 1946. Fort Leavenworth, Kan. CARL N-2253.26.

  Cameron, Robert S. “Americanizing the Tank: U.S. Army Administration and Mechanized Development Within the Army, 1917–1943.” Ph.D diss., Temple University, 1994.

  Camp, T. J., ed. “Tankers in Tunisia.” 1943. Fort Knox, Ky. Armored Replacement Training Center.

  Carter, Sam. “The Operations of the 1st Battalion, 18th Infantry at El Guettar.” 1948. Fort Benning, Ga.: Infant
ry School.

  Carter, William A. “Carter’s War.” 1983. CEOH.

  Cochran, Alexander S. “Chickens or Eggs? Operations TORCH and HUSKY and U.S. Army Amphibious Doctrine.” Paper for Fourteenth Naval History Symposium, Sept. 1999.

  ———. “Constructing a Military Coalition from Materials at Hand: The Case of Allied Force Headquarters.” Paper delivered before the Society for Military History Conference, 1999.

  ———. “Crisis at AFHG: Ike, Kasserine, and Coalition Command.” Comments presented at Society for Military History annual meeting, Apr. 2002.

  Craven, Virgil. “The Operations of Company I, 133rd Infantry, in the Attack at Fondouk Gap.” 1950. Fort Benning, Ga. Infantry School.

  Daniel, Derrill M. “Landings at Oran, Gela and Omaha Beaches.” 1947. Norfolk, Va. Armed Forces Staff College.

  Daubin, Freeland A., Jr. “The Battle of Happy Valley.” 1948. Fort Knox, Ky. Armored School. MHI.

  Davidson, Garrison H. “Grandpa Gar: The Saga of One Soldier as Told to His Grandchildren.” 1979. USMA Arch.

  Davison, Donald. “Aviation Engineers in the Battle of Tunisia.” 1943. Orlando, Fla. Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics. MHI.

  Deichmann, Paul. “Mission of OB Süd with the Auxiliary Battle Command in North Africa.” N.d. U.S. Army European Command. FMS, D-067.

  Dickson, Benjamin A. “G-2 Journal: Algiers to the Elbe.” Unpublished memoir, N.d. MHI. (A version of this material may also be found in USMA Arch.)

  Dray, Dennis B. “Regimental Commander of the 168th Infantry, Colonel Thomas Davidson Drake: Battle of Sened and Sidi bou Zid, Tunisia.” 1977. Iowa GSM.

  Drea, Edward J. “Unit Reconstitution: A Historical Perspective.” 1983. CSI.

  Durno, George E. “Flight to Africa: A Chronicle of the Casablanca Conference Between President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill in January, 1943.” N.d. FDR Lib.

  Eckhard, Christian. “Considerations at Supreme Headquarters Concerning the Overall Conduct of the War in North Africa After the Allied Landing.” 1947. U.S. Army European Command. FMS, D-145.

  ———. “OKW Reaction to the Allied Landing in North Africa.” 1947. U.S. Army European Command. FMS, D-145.

  ———. “Study of the Situation in the High Command of the Wehrmacht.” 1947. U.S. Army European Command. FMS, D-066.

  Edwards, Harry W. “A Different War: Marines in Europe and North Africa.” 1994. Marines in World War II Commemorative Series.

  Erbes, John. “Hell on Wheels Surgeon.” N.d. John Erbes Collection, USMA Arch.

  Feige, Richard. “Relationship Between Operations and Supply in Africa.” 1947. U.S. Army European Command. FMS, D-125.

  “The First Phase of the Engagements in Tunisia.” Part I. N.d. U.S. Army European Command. FMS, D-086.

  Fosdick, Roger Barry. “A Call to Arms: The American Enlisted Soldier in World War II.” Ph.D. diss., Claremont Graduate School, 1985.

  Fountain, Ray C. “Notes on the Movement and Actions of the 133rd Infantry.” N.d. Iowa GSM.

  Friedman, Abraham. “Operation TORCH: The Dispatch of Aircraft from the United Kingdom by Eighth Air Force.” 1944. U.S. Strategic Air Forces in Europe, Historical Section.

  Frierson, William C. “The Pentagon.” 1944. CMH.

  ———. “Preparations for ‘TORCH.’” 2 vols. 1945. CMH.

  Gabel, Christopher R. “Seek, Strike, and Destroy: U.S. Army Tank Destroyer Doctrine in World War II.” 1985. CSI.

  Gardiner, Henry E. “Tank Commander.” Unpublished memoir. 1956. Paul M. Robinett Papers. GCM Lib. (A version of this material may also be found in USMA Arch.)

  Gause, Alfred. “Army Group Africa.” 1953. U.S. Army European Command. FMS, D-385.

  Gugeler, Russell A. Unpublished biography of Orlando Ward. N.d. Orlando Ward Papers. MHI.

  Haggerty, Jerome Joseph. “A History of the Ranger Battalions in World War II.” Ph.D. diss., Fordham University, 1982.

  Hayes, Harold G. “Operations on Signal Intelligence Gained from North African Theater of Operations.” 1943. NARA, NSA SRH-409.

  Hazen, David W. “Role of the Field Artillery in the Battle of Kasserine Pass.” Master’s thesis, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1973.

  Hendricks, Charles. “A Time of Testing: U.S. Army Engineers in the Tunisia Campaign of World War II.” Colloquium on Military Fortifications and Infrastructure in Tunisia. 1999. CMH.

  Hewitt, H. Kent. “Reminiscences of a World War II Admiral.” N.d. NHC.

  “History of Allied Force Headquarters.” 3 vols. 1945. MTOUSA Historical Section.

  “History of Planning Division, Army Service Forces.” 1946. CMH.

  “History of the 26th Infantry in the Present Struggle” N.d. MRC FDM.

  House, Jonathan M. “Toward Combined Arms Warfare: A Survey of 20th-Century Tactics, Doctrine, and Organization.” 1984. CSI.

  Howe, George F. “Allied and Axis Command in the Mediterranean.” Delivered to American Historical Society meeting, Chicago, Dec. 1950.

  ———. “American Signal Intelligence in Northwest Africa and Western Europe.” 1980. United States Cryptologic History, World War II, vol. 1. NSA.

  Howze, Hamilton H. “Tank Action,” 1943. OW, MHI.

  Hudel, Major, and Paul McD. Robinett. “The Tank Battle at Sidi bou Zid.” MHI.

  Husinpiller, Herschel H. “Armored Infantry in Africa.” N.d. Fort Benning, Ga. Infantry School. MHI.

  Huston, James A. “Airborne Operations.” 1955. CMH.

  Jarrett, G. B. “Ordnance: The Theme Song of Military History.” N.d. MHI.

  “Kasserine Pass Battles.” 7 vols. N.d. CMH.

  Kern, W.B. “Account of French near Fondouk El Okbi on January 16, 1943.” N.d. PMR, GCM Lib.

  ———. “Account of the Battle Between U.S. and German Forces near El Bathan,” 1950. PMR, LOC.

  Kesselring, Albert. “Concluding Remarks on the Mediterranean Campaign.” N.d. U.S. Army European Command. FMS, C-104.

  ———. “The Events in Tunisia.” 1949. U.S. Army European Command. FMS, D-066.

  ———. “Final Commentaries on the Campaign in North Africa, 1941–1943.” 1949. U.S. Army European Command. FMS, C-075.

  ———. “Italy as a Military Ally.” N.d. U.S. Army European Command. FMS, C-015.

  ———. “The War in the Mediterranean Area, Part I.” N.d. U.S. Army European Command. FMS T-3.

  ———. “The War in the Mediterranean, Part II: The Fighting in Tunisia and Tripolitania.” N.d. U.S. Army European Command. FMS, T-3.

  King, Michael J. “Rangers: Selected Combat Operations in World War II.” 1985. CSI.

  Kirkpatrick, Charles E. “Filling the Gaps: Reevaluating Officer Professional Education in the Inter-war Army, 1920–1940.” Paper, 1989.

  ———. “Orthodox Soldiers: Army Formal Schools Between the Two World Wars.” Paper. 1990.

  Knoche, Wilhelm. “Meine Erlebnisse im Tunesien-Feldzug.” 1998. U.S. Army European Command. FMS, D-323.

  Krause, Fritz. “Decision to Occupy the Mareth Line.” N.d. U.S. Army European Command. FMS, D-012.

  ———. “Studies on the Mareth Position.” N.d. U.S. Army European Command. FMS, D-046.

  Lang, Rudolf. “Battles of Kampfgruppe Lang in Tunisia.” 1947. US. Army European Command. FMS, D-173.

  ———. “Report on the Fighting of Kampfgruppe Lang.” Part II. N.d. U.S. Army European Command. FMS, D-166.

  Lange, Herman Walter Wright. “The Battle of Thala.” Thesis. George Washington University, 1966.

  Larson, Ann, ed. “The History and Contribution to American Democracy of Volunteer ‘Citizen Soldiers’ of Southwest Iowa, 1930–1945.” 1981. National Endowment of the Humanities.

  Lavoie, Leon F., et al. “The First Armored Division at Faid-Kasserine.” 1949. Fort Knox, Ky. Armored School. MHI.

  Loerzer, A. D. “Verhandlung Mit dem Stellvertreter von General Barré und dem Residenten von Tunis Admiral Estéva.” N.d. U.S. Army European Command. FMS, D-
040.

  “Logistics in World War II: Final Report of the Army Service Forces.” 1947. Washington, D.C. War Department.

  Marshall, Jack A. “The Battle That Wasn’t.” N.d. ASEQ, 34th ID, MHI.

  McKinney, Leonard L. “Portable Flame Thrower Operations in World War II.” 1949. Washington, D.C. Office of the Chief, Chemical Corps. MHI.

  Meyer, Leo J. “Strategy and Logistical History: Mediterranean Theater of Operations.” 1962. CMH.

  Millett, John D. “Overseas Movement of the First Infantry Division and the First Armored Division.” 1993. CMH.

  Moore, Robert R. “Tunisian Stand.” N.d. NARA RG 319, OCMH, Box 103.

  Mortensen, Daniel R. “A Pattern for Joint Operations: World War II Close Air Support North Africa.” 1987. Washington, D.C. Office of Air Force History and CMH.

  Nehring, Walter. “The Development of the Situation in North Africa.” 1947. U.S. Army European Command. FMS, D-120.

  ———. “The First Phase of the Battle in Tunisia.” 1947. U.S. Army European Command. FMS, D-147.

  Nicholson, Cameron. “The Battle of Kasserine, February 1943.” N.d. Microfilm. IWM.

  “The Ninth Infantry Division: Adventures by Men of the 60th Infantry Regiment in WWII.” 1993. MHI.

  Ochsner, Herman. “History of German Chemical Warfare in World War II.” 1949. Washington, D.C. Historical Office of the Chief of the Chemical Corps.

  “A Partial History, 135th Infantry Regiment.” N.d. Iowa GSM.

  Phillips, Edwin Allen. “Destroyer Experiences in the Atlantic and Pacific in World War II.” NHC.

  Prigge, Christopher N. “Crossed Sabers in Steel: The Evolution of World War II Mechanized Cavalry Doctrine.” Paper delivered at Society for Military History meeting, April 2000.

  “Proposed Mission Against Fondouk Gap, Tunisia, on 7 April 1943.” 1951. Air University Library, Historical Division.

  “Psychological Warfare in the Mediterranean Theater.” Part I. 1945. Naples, Italy. U.S. Army MTO.

  Ralph, Stephen V. “The Operations of the 2nd Battalion, 16th Infantry in the Invasion of North Africa.” 1947. Fort Benning, Ga. Infantry School.

  “Reports Received by U.S. War Department on Use of Ultra in the European Theater, World War II.” NARA. NSA, SRH-037.

  Robinett, Paul M. “Among the First.” N.d. GCM Lib.