by A. A. Long
141-142 245 n2
Theophrastus (FHSG)
fr. 227 269 n26
fr. 227D 41 n24
fr. 233 43 n46
fr. 241A 41 n24
Metaphysics
11 84
On the senses (De sensibus)
1ff. 247 n17, 248 n31
2 265
3 255, 270 n38
3-4 36
7 263–5
8 263
9 265–6
10 248 n29, 256–7, 270 n43
11 243, 263
15 265
22 266
25 257–8, 265–6
26 263–4
27 263–4, 266
28 265
29 263
36 263–4
37 266
38 257, 264
39 252
39–45 xx
40 263–5
42 263
43 258, 265
43-45 254
44 257–8, 268 n16
44-45 265
50 263–5
50-54 264
55-56 263, 265
58 257, 259
72 265
Thucydides
I.10.3 343
I.11.1 288 n12
I.23.5 277
I.23.6 277
I.39.3 277
I.69.6 277
I.146 277
II.37.1.3 321
II.48.3 278
II.49.2 287 n11
II.53 322
II.60.4-7 277
II.65.8 288 n12
III.13 287 n11
III.37.3-4 323
III.45 322
III.82-83 322
III.82.8 288 n12
III.89.5 278
IV.114.5 277
V.89 323
VI.105.2 287 n11
VIII.68 xix, 331 n31
Xenophon
Memorabilia
I.1.13-14 41 n18
1.6 330 n29
1.6. 1–5, 10-15 xix
II.1.21-34 xxv
IV.4 xxiii
IV.4.12-18 330 n20
INDEX OF NAMES AND SUBJECTS
Note: names of modern scholars are included in this index only if their views are cited in the main text or discussed in footnotes.
abstraction, 15, 93
Academics, 1, 18, 32–3
on Pythagoras and Pythagoreans, 66, 68–9
account, see logos
Adkins, A. W. H., 275
Aenesidemus, 23, 34
Aeschylus,
on co-responsibility, 283, 288 n17
Eumenides, 311
Aetius, 23–6, 30–1, 33, 35, 37, 41 n24
agôn, see competition
aidôs (“mutual respect”), 319
air (see also elements)
in Anaxagoras, 163
in Anaximander, 48
in Anaximenes, 57–9, 176–7, 252
in Diogenes of Apollonia, xx, 206, 252, 258
aither, 46, 79, 163, 240
aitia, aition, see cause
Alcidamas, 292
Alcmaeon, 28, 257–8, 264, 267
“all things,” accounting for, 10–14, 79, 211, 229, 232, 273, 348
allegorical interpretation, see poetics
Ameinias, and Parmenides, xxiv
analogy,
in Democritus, 201
in Empedocles, 160, 356–7
in Heraclitus, 92–3, 96, 107
inherited from Homer, 351
in Milesians, 48, 59, 62, 65 n38, 351
in Philolaus, 82–3
Anaxagoras, 159, 162–8, 170–80, 182
apeiron, 79
basic postulates, 163–4
changing ratios, 174
cosmogony, 162–3
elements, 163–5, 170–1, 173–4
“everything mixed with everything,” 163–5, 173
on Homer, 11, 340
homoiomereity, 163–4
infinite divisibility, 163, 175
life and writings, xvii
mind (nous), xx, 162–4, 172, 206, 228, 251, 260–1, 266, 273, 348
mixture, 162–5, 171
no becoming or perishing, 163, 167, 174–5
reflected in Derveni papyrus, 341
relation to
atomists, 182
later Eleatic objections, 172–6
Parmenides, 165–72, 174–6
Plato, 273
seeds, 54, 180 n37, 273
sources for, 38–9
thought and sensation, 255, 259, 264, 266
Anaxarchus, 181
Anaximander,
apeiron, 47, 53, 56–7, 348
as first philosopher, 8–9
astronomy, 47–8, 55–6
compared with Hesiod, 47–9
cosmology, 55–7, 228, 272–3
on divinity of first principle, 53, 205–7
on evolution of human beings, 11, 48–9
equilibrium, 55
life and writings, XVII–XVII, 349–51
misinterpreted by Aristotle, 50–1, 57–8
on shape of the earth, 55, 351
sources for, 33
zoogony, 48–9
Anaximenes,
apeiron, 57–8
condensation and rarefaction, 57–9
and Diogenes of Apollonia, 43 n36
divine air as basic stuff, 53, 57–9, 176–7, 348
on the earth and astronomy, 59
life and writings, XVIII, 351
misinterpreted by Aristotle, 176–7
soul as air, 11, 59, 252
anthropology,
Democritus on, 12
sophists on, 291, 318
anthropomorphism,
criticism of, 16, 46, 209, 212,
replaced by naturalism, 48, 53
Antiphon,
arguments from eikos, 296–7
as inspiration for Glaucon’s argument in Republic 11, 316, 325
contrasted with
Protagoras, 317, 324; with Socrates, 330 n29
on human nature, 324–8
on law and justice, 198, 275, 323–8
life and writings, XVIII–XIX, 275, 292, 317, 329, n9, 331 n31
On truth, 317, 323–7
opposition to democracy, 323, 327–8
psychological language, 327
Antisthenes, 143–4
apeiron (“boundless,” “unlimited”)
in Anaxagoras, 79
in Anaximander, 56–7, 79
in Anaximenes, 57–8, 79
in atomists, 184
in Melissus, 126
in Philolaus, 79–82
in Zeno, 139–41
Apollodorus, 42 n32
apothegms, 37, 43 n44
appearance vs. reality
in allegorical interpretation, 340
in discussion of justice, 315, 318, 321
in Parmenides, 117–18, 120–1, 123–5
sophists on, 291, 324
archê (see also principle), 80, 349
Archelaus, 43 n35
Archytas, 28, 84, 117
Areopagus, 311
arguments (see also Parmenides; Melissus; Zeno of Elea; eikos; sophists)
against change, 128
against corporeality, 129
against divisibility, 119
against generation and destruction, 118–19
against motion, 119, 129
against plurality, 130, 135–9
against “what is not,” 114–16
defeasible, 297
Aristophanes Clouds, xx, 6, 12, 224 n4, 290, 293, 323
Aristotle, 193–5 26–33,
on arguments from eikos, 296–8
on atomists, 179 n24, 181, 84–7, 189, 193–5
Categories, 29
on causes, 7, 28, 50–1, 271–2, 274, 282, 284–6
and early Greek philosophy, 1, 5, 7–8, 11, 22, 26–36, 41 n21, 54, 57, 176–7, 217, 244–5, 253, 255–60, 332–3
on Heraclitus, 97, 99, 101, 108
on Hesiod, 8
<
br /> Metaphysics, 28, 49–52
on Milesians, 49–55, 57, 176–7
on Parmenides, 124
Physics, 29–30, 38, 41 n24, 272, 274
on physiologoi vs. poets, 50, 332, 360
on project of philosophy, 17
on Protagoras, 302
on psychology, 250
on Pythagoras and Pythagoreans, 67–9, 72, 78
Topics, 28–30
unmoved mover and Xenophanes, 211
on Zeno’s paradoxes, 140–2, 145, 151–3
Aristoxenus, 67, 317
Arnold, M., 18
Asia, 16
astronomy, xvii, xix, xxiii, xxvii, 12, 45, 47–9, 55–6, 83, 100, 106, 123–4, 291
Athens, xvii–xviii, xx, xxiv, xxvi, xxviii, 293–4, 301, 311, 314, 317–18, 321, 323–5, 327
atomists (see also Democritus; Leucippus), 33, 54, 58, 181–204
Aristotle on, 181–7, 189, 193–5
atoms, 16, 182–85, 221
on chance and necessity, 185–89
compared with Anaxagoras and Empedocles, 182
on indivisibility, 182–3
on motion, 183–5
never mentioned by Plato, 7, 181
principle of Sufficient Reason, 182–3
responding to Eleatics, 181–3
on secondary qualities, 190–3
theology, 220–2
void, 183–4
Babylon, 16
Baconian theory of science, 61–3
Barnes, J., 19 n6, 20 n21, 44 n48, 177 n1, 178 n13, 203 n12
Being (see also Parmenides; Gorgias), 27, 54, 170, 306
Bias, 89
biographies of early philosophers, 34
relation to doxography, 22, 35
blood, 80, 219, 251, 261
body, and soul, 251–3
brain, 80, 252–3
Burkert, W., 68–9, 73
Burnet, J., 19 n8, 19 n12, 64 n19, 122
Butler, J., 198
calendar, 45
Callicles, 198, 324, 328 n2
cause(s) (see also Aristotle; Hippocratics; explanation; principles; prophasis), 271–89
as treated by historians, 276–9
aitia, aition, aitios, 271, 274–84
in atomists, 185–9
conceived as culpability, 274–7, 281, 282–3, 285
conceived as power, 273, 286
and concomitant factors, 283
denial of spontaneity, 283
and effect, 277, 279, 284, 348
few in number, 348
in Hippocratics, 279–86
Humean conception of, 272
new conception in On ancient medicine, 284–6
not explicitly theorized by early philosophers, 271–2, 274–6
chance, 185–9, 223
Chaos, 46
Cherniss, H., 41 n23
Christian transmission of early Greek philosophy, 37–8, 108
Chrysippus, 31, 35
Cicero, 23, 25, 40 n4, 42 n30
Cleanthes, 17
Clement of Alexandria, 37
Clidemus, 257, 264
competition (agôn), as feature of early Greek philosophy, 10, 16, 352
compounds,
in Anaxagoras and Empedocles, 159–62, 163–4, 166–7, 171–5
in the atomists, 182
condensation and rarefaction, 57–9
contradiction, impossibility of, xxv, 300, 302
convention (nomos; see also nature), 190, 198–9, 300–1
Cornford, F. M., 122
cosmogony, 46
cosmology,
Anaxagoras, XVII, 162–3
atomists, 185–9
Empedocles, 159–63
Heraclitus, 89, 98–101
Milesian beginnings, 5, 11, 47–65
Parmenides, 122–5, 169–70
Philolaus, 79, 82
scope, 11
theological dimension, 205–7
Cratylus, 43 n35, 99
Critias, 222–3, 292, 330 n17
criticism
of anthropomorphic gods, 59–60, 209–11
of authorities, 9–11, 88–90, 231, 233–4, 334, 337–8, 353
of law, see Antiphon
of popular beliefs, 2, 13, 15, 88, 95
Cudworth, R., 53
Cynics, 33
daimôn, 71, 103–4, 273
day, see night
death, 47, 70, 101–3, 213, 325, 357–8
democracy (see also law; Athens; Protagoras; Antiphon), xx, 294, 317–18, 323
Democrates, xix–xx
Democritus (see also atomists), 181–204
on aitia, 275, 287 n5
compared to Socrates, 7, 197
on conscience, 198–9
cosmology, 186–9
epistemology, 189–96, 257
ethics and politics, 197–9, 222, 253
ethics in relation to atomism, 200–1
life and writings, XIX–XX
on mind, soul, and thought, 196–7, 252–3
on necessity, 185–9, 228
poetics, 339, 353
relation to
Leucippus, 181; to Protagoras, 8, 33, 189, 193, 195, 199, 307
and scepticism, 18, 33, 190–6
scope of interests, 12
on sensation, 190–6, 257, 264
sources for, 28, 30, 34, 37, 39
theology, 220–2
“truth is in the depths,” 190
on vision, 264
Derveni papyrus, 112 n35, 341
Descartes, R., 215, 250
Diels, H.
doxographical work, 23–6, 30, 33, 35–6
and Presocratics, 5–6, 19 n11
dikê, see justice
Diller, H., 286, 288 n21
Diogenes Laertius, 24, 32–6, 67
Diogenes of Apollonia,
on air, 252–3, 258, 348
on divinity of first principle, 18, 206–7, 221
life and writings, xx, 350
reflected in Derveni papyrus, 341
on sensation and thought, 258–9, 264–5
on soul and mind, 252, 260
sources for, 33, 38–9
Dissoi logoi (“Twofold arguments”), 292, 318, 329 n13
divine inspiration,
Democritus on, 339, 353
divinity (see also theology)
in Anaximander, 53, 120
in Anaximenes, 53, 120
in atomists, 221–2
Critias on, 222
in Diogenes of Apollonia, 221
in Empedocles, 216–20, 355–6
in Heraclitus, 120, 212–14
as human invention, 222–3
interpreted allegorically, 340
in Melissus, 120
in Parmenides, 113–14, 123, 214–16, 353–5
Prodicus on, xxv
Protagoras on, 306–7
in Thales, 53
in Xenophanes, 209–12, 338
divisibility, see arguments against; Anaxagoras; Zeno of Elea
doxography (see also Aetius; Theophrastus; Placita), 22–44
dialectical aspect
in Aristotle, 28–31
in Hippocratics, 285
in Plato, 27–8
in Seneca, 31–2
in Theophrastus, 30–1
doxai (“tenets”), 23, 29
relation to biography, 22, 35
dry and wet, 48, 79, 100, 102, 162–3, 251, 254
dualism, see Parmenides; body, and soul
earth, the (see also elements),
in Anaxagoras, 163
in Anaximander, 47–8
in Anaximenes, 57–9
in Hesiod, 46
stability of, 52, 59
in Thales, 50–2
in Xenophanes, 60, 209
education,
based on Homer and Hesiod, 4, 334
as philosophical goal, 13–15
by sophists, 12, 290–3
Egypt, xix, xxvi, 16, 70–1
eikos (“probable,
plausible”) (see also relativism; sophists; Thucydides), 272, 296–8, 301, 304, 308
Elea, 2
Eleatics (see also Melissus; Parmenides; Zeno), 2, 15, 32–3, 54, 144, 166, 172–6, 181–2, 258
refuted by Gorgias, 306
elements (see also pinciple(s)), 50, 57, 347
of Anaxagoras, 163–5, 170–1
of Empedocles, 76, 160–1
of Parmenides, 123–4, 237
Eliot, T. S., 18
emanations, 264
Empedocles, 2, 14, 159–62, 164–78, 182, 207–8
as self-proclaimed god and miracle worker, 75, 77, 220, 355, 361 n29
cosmic cycle, 160–2, 216–19, 349, 356
cosmic Sphere, 160, 216–19, 267
criticized, 285
fate of daimones, 77, 217–18, 252, 356
four-element theory, 54, 76, 159–60, 164, 173, 216–17, 267, 348
holy mind, 260
life and writings, xx–xxi, 350
“like knows like,” 243–4, 269 n23
Love and Strife/Hate, 76, 160–1, 164, 216–20, 266–7, 273
on mixture, 159–62, 165–7
on natural selection, 161
no becoming or perishing, 166–7, 174–5, 242
on one and many, 161–2
on physiology of sensation, 264–7
poetry, 4, 162, 333, 353, 355–7, 359–60
on psychê, 251–2
rejection of blood sacrifice, 2, 76–7
relation to
atomists, 182
later Eleatic objections, 172–6
Parmenides, 165–72, 174–6, 241–2
Pythagoras, 72, 75–8, 162,
on sense perception, 262, 266–7
sources for, 28, 33–4, 36, 38–9
theology, 216–20
on thought, mind, and knowledge, 219–20, 241–45, 256, 258, 266–7
on transmigration of souls, 70–1, 75, 162, 217
unity of thought, 75
zoogony, 161, 216, 224 n10
Epaminondas, 84
Epicharmus, 226
Epicureans, 23, 33–4, 198–9
Epicurus, 17–18, 33, 59, 61, 181
debt to Democritus, 17, 181
epistemology (see also criticism; relativism; scepticism; sensation; truth; wisdom; Democritus; Empedocles; Gorgias; Heraclitus; Parmenides; Protagoras; Xenophanes), 225–49
a priori versus empirical, 238–41
divine versus human, 228–31
empirical inquiry, 230–1, 234–5
grasping causal origin, 349
grasping essential nature, 235–6, 244–5
philosophical optimism, 226–8
pluralist, 245
poetic pessimism, 225–6
poets’ claims to knowledge, 343
equality before the law, 321
Eros, in Hesiod, 46–7
ethics (see also justice; Socrates; sophists),
in Democritus, XIX, 197–9, 222
in Heraclitus, 103–4
of Homer, 340
and theology, 222–3
in Xenophanes, 209–11, 337–8, 353
euboulia (“good judgement”) (see also Protagoras), 296–8, 308, 320
Eudemus, 52, 127
Euripides, 14, 222
Eurytus, 78, 84