35. Stalin himself may have selected Zhukov for command on the Mongolian frontier in late May. Ruslanov, “Marshal Zhukov,” 189.
36. Shimada, Kanto Gun, 150.
37. Tsuji Masanobu has been accused of instigating the murder of thousands of pro-British Chinese in Singapore, and of atrocities in the Philippines, including the Bataan “death march.” Toland, The Rising Sun, 336–37ff. Tsuji was on the mainland at the time of Japan’s surrender and went into hiding in Southeast Asia, returning to Japan in May 1948, after the end of the IMTFE. He received amnesty for alleged war crimes in January 1950 and was elected to the Lower House of the Diet in 1952, where he served until election to the Upper House in 1959. While on a fact-finding tour in Southeast Asia, he disappeared mysteriously in the jungles of Laos in April 1961 and officially was declared dead seven years later. Shiro Yoneyama, “Disappearance of Masanobu Tsuji Remains a Mystery,” The Japan Times, July 26, 2000.
38. Tsuji, Nomonhan, 80–81.
Epilogue
1. The Soviet Union fought limited wars against Japan in mid-1939 and Finland in the winter of 1939–40, fought Germany from June 1941 to May 1945, and three months after Germany’s surrender, attacked Japan in August 1945.
2. Coox, Nomonhan, 1,070–73.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Unpublished Documents
German Foreign Ministry Archives. Microfilms of documents on German foreign policy, 1937–1939. Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Archives and Records Service.
German Navy Ministry Archives. Microfilms of documents of German Navy Ministry, 1937–1939. Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Archives and Records Service.
Japan Army Ministry Archives. Microfilms of documents of Imperial Japanese Army, 1937–1939. Kyokai Jiken Toku Hokoku (Special Report on Border Incidents). Alexandria, Va.: U.S. National Archives and Records Service. December 1938.
Japan Defense Agency Archives. Operations Log of Kwantung Army, Nomonhan Jiken Keiko no Gaiyo (Summary of the Course of the Nomonhan Incident), Colonel Hattori Takushiro, November 1939; and Nomonhan Jiken Kankei Tzuzuri (Nomonhan Incident Files). Tokyo.
Proceedings of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. Tokyo: 1946–48.
The Saionji-Harada Memoirs. Trans. by Supreme Command Allied Forces (Pacific). Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service, 1930–1940.
U.S. Department of the Army, Forces in the Far East. Japanese Special Studies on Manchuria. 13 vols. Tokyo: 1954–56.
U.S. Department of the Army. Military Intelligence Reports, Record Group 165. Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Archives and Records Service.
U.S. Department of State. Unpublished diplomatic papers, 1935–1939. Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Archives and Records Service.
Published Documents
Degras, Jane. Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy. 3 vols. New York: Oxford University Press, 1951–53.
Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945. Series D. 13 vols. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949–64.
Dokumenty Vneshnei Politiki. 1939 god. vol. 22, 2 vols. (Documents on Foreign Policy, 1939).
Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniia (published by the Russian Federation after the dissolution of the USSR), 1992.
Great Britain. Foreign Office. Documents on British Foreign Policy, 3rd Series. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1919–1939.
Hertslet, Godfrey E. P. Treaties, Conventions, Etc., Between China and Foreign States, 3rd ed. London: Harrison & Sons, for His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1908.
Hidaka Noburo, ed. Manchukuo-Soviet Border Issues. Harbin: Manchuria Daily News, 1938.
Il’ichev, L., et al., eds. God Krizisa, 1938–1939 (Year of Crisis, 1938–1939), 2 vols. Moscow: Izd-vo polit. Lit., 1990.
Nihon Kindai Shiryo Kenkyuka. Nippon Riku-Kaigun no Seido. Shoshiki.Jinji (System, Personnel, and Organization of the Japanese Army and Navy). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1971.
Tsunoda Jun, ed. Gen Dai Shi X (Modern History Documents), vol. X, Nichi Senso (Japan-China War), Pt. 3. Tokyo: Misuzu Shobo, 1964.
VII (Seventh) Congress of the Communist International. Abridged Stenographic Report of Proceedings (in English). Moscow: 1939.
U.S. Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office: 1948–present.
USSR Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. Dokumenty Vneshnei Politiki (Documents on Foreign Policy). Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel’stvo Politicheskoi Literatury, (published by the USSR): 1958–1991.
Autobiographies, Memoirs, and Other Primary Sources
Churchill, Winston S. The Gathering Storm. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1948.
Craigie, Robert L. Behind the Japanese Mask. London: Hutchinson, 1946.
Eden, Anthony. Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon, Vol. I, Facing the Dictators, 1923–1938. London: Cassell, 1962.
Feiling, Keith. The Life of Neville Chamberlain. London: Macmillan, 1946.
Grigorenko, Petro G. Memoirs. Trans. Thomas Whitney. New York: W. W. Norton, 1982.
Hayashi Saburo. Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War. Trans. Oswald White, ed. Alvin D. Coox. Quantico, Va.: The Marine Corps Association, 1959.
Hilger, Gustav, and Alfred G. Meyer. The Incompatible Allies. New York: Macmillan, 1953.
Inada Masazumi. “Soren Kyokutogun to no Taiketsu” (“Confrontation with the Soviet Far Eastern Army”). Chisei, Special Issue no. 5 (December 1956).
Shigemitsu Mamoru. Japan and Her Destiny. Trans. Oswald White, ed. F. S. G. Piggott. New York: Dutton, 1958.
Tanaka Ryukichi. Nihon Gunbatsu Anto Shi (History of the Hidden Feuds Within the Japanese Army). Tokyo: Seiwada Shoten, 1947.
Tsuji Masanobu. Nomonhan. Tokyo: Ato Shobo, 1950.
Weizsacker, Ernst von. Memoirs. London: Victor Gollancz, 1951.
Zhukov, Georgy Konstantinovich. Memoirs of Marshal Zhukov. New York: Delacourt Press, 1971.
Aster, Sidney. 1939: The Making of the Second World War. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973.
Baabar. History of Mongolia. Trans. D. Suhjargalmaa et al. Cambridge, UK: White Horse Press, 1999.
Bell, P. M. H. The Origins of the Second World War in Europe. London: Longman, 1986.
Beloff, Max. Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1929–1941. 2 vols. London: Oxford University Press, 1949.
Borg, Dorothy, and Shumpei Okamoto, eds. Pearl Harbor as History. New York: Columbia University Press, 1973.
Borton, Hugh. Japan’s Modern Century. New York: Ronald Press, 1970.
Boyce, Robert, and Joseph A. Maiolo, eds. The Origins of World War Two. New York: Palgrave Macmillian, 2003.
Brogan, Dennis W. The Development of Modern France, 1870–1939. 2 vols. New York: Harper and Row, 1966.
Brown, Anthony Cave, and Charles B. MacDonald. On a Field of Red: The Communist International and the Coming of World War II. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1981.
Butow, Robert J. C. Tojo and the Coming of the War. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961.
Byas, Hugh. Government by Assassination. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1942.
Cattell, David T. Soviet Diplomacy and the Spanish Civil War. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957.
Clubb, Edmund O. “Armed Conflict in the Chinese Borderlands.” Raymond Gartoff, ed. Sino-Soviet Military Relations. New York: Praeger, 1966.
Colbert, Evelyn S. The Left Wing in Japanese Politics. New York: Institute for Pacific Relations, 1952.
Coox, Alvin D. The Anatomy of a Small War: The Soviet-Japanese Struggle for Changkufeng/Khasan, 1938. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1977.
———. Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939. 2 vols. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1985.
Craig, Gordon A., and Felix Gilbert. The Diplomats. 2 vols. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1953.
Crowley, James B. Japan’s Quest for Autonomy: National Security and Foreign Policy, 1930–1938. Princeton, N.J.
: Princeton University Press, 1966.
Crozier, Andrew J. The Causes of the Second World War. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1997.
Dallin, David. Soviet Russia and the Far East. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1948.
Deakin, F. W., and G. R. Storry. Richard Sorge: Die Geschichte eines Grossen Doppelspiels. Trans. Ulrike von Puttkamer. Munich, FRG: R. Piper, 1965.
Deborin, A., et al. Istoriia Velikoi Otechtestvennoi Voiny Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1941–1945 (History of the Great Fatherland War of the Soviet Union, 1941–1945). Moscow: Akademiia Nauk SSSR, 1960.
Dobb, Maurice. Soviet Economic Development since 1917. New York: International Publishers, 1966.
Drea, Edward J. Nomonhan: Japanese-Soviet Tactical Combat, 1939. Fort Leavenworth, Kans.: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1981.
Erickson, John. The Soviet High Command. London: Macmillan, 1962.
Eubank, Keith. Origins of World War II. New York: Crowell, 1969.
Friters, Gerard M. Outer Mongolia and Its International Position. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1949.
Fujiwara Akira. “The Role of the Japanese Army.” Trans. Shumpei Okamoto, eds. Dorothy Borg and Shumpei Okamoto. Pearl Harbor as History. New York: Columbia University Press, 1973.
Gartoff, Raymond L., ed. Sino-Soviet Military Relations. New York: Praeger, 1966.
Haslam, Jonathan. The Soviet Union and the Threat from the East: Moscow, Tokyo, and the Prelude to the Pacific War, 1933–1941. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992.
Hata Ikuhiko. Reality and Illusion: The Hidden Crisis Between Japan and the U.S.S.R., 1932–1934. New York: East Asian Institute of Columbia University, 1967.
Higgins, Trumbull. Hitler and Russia: The Third Reich in a Two-Front War, 1937–1943. New York: Macmillan, 1966.
Hofer, Walter. Die Entfesselung des Zweiten Weltkrieges (The Outbreak of the Second World War). Frankfurt, FRG: Fischer, 1960.
Imai Takeo. Kindai no Senso, XV, Chugoku to no Tatakai (Modern Wars, Vol. XV, War Against China). Tokyo: Jinbutsu Orai Sha, 1965.
Japan Defense Agency, Defense Institute, Military History Office. Kanto Gun I, Tai So Sen Bi: Nomonhan Jiken (Kwantung Army, Vol. I, War Preparations Against the U.S.S.R.: The Nomonhan Incident). Tokyo: Asa Gumo Shinbun Sha, 1969.
Johnson, Chalmers. An Instance of Treason: Ozaki Hotsumi and the Sorge Spy Ring. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1964.
Jones, F. C. Japan’s New Order in East Asia: Its Rise and Fall, 1937–1945. London: Oxford University Press, 1954.
———. Manchuria Since 1931. London: Oxford University Press, 1949.
Kutakov, Leonid N. Japanese Foreign Policy on the Eve of the Pacific War. Trans. and ed., George A. Lensen. Tallahassee, Fla.: Diplomatic Press, 1972.
Kuzmin, Nikolai Fedorovich. Na Strazhe Mirnovo Truda (On Guard for the Workers of the World). Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1959.
Lattimore, Owen. The Mongols of Manchuria. New York: John Day, 1934.
Lee, Bradford. Britain and the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1939. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1973.
Lensen, George A. The Damned Inheritance: The Soviet Union and the Manchurian Crises, 1924– 1935. Tallahassee, Fla.: Diplomatic Press, 1974.
———. Japanese Recognition of the U.S.S.R.: Soviet-Japanese Relations, 1921–1930. Tallahassee, Fla.: Diplomatic Press, 1970.
Malozemoff, Andrew. Russia’s Far Eastern Policy, 1881–1904. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1958.
Maxon, Yale Candee. Control of Japanese Foreign Policy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957.
McLane, Charles B. Soviet Policy and the Chinese Communists, 1931–1946. New York: Columbia University Press, 1958.
McSherry, James E. Stalin, Hitler, and Europe: The Origins of World War II, 1933–1939. Cleveland, Ohio: World Publishing, 1968.
Moore, Harriet L. Soviet Far Eastern Policy, 1931–1945. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1945.
Morley, James W. The Japanese Thrust into Siberia. New York: Columbia University Press, 1957.
Nagorski, Andrew. The Greatest Battle: Stalin, Hitler, and the Desperate Struggle for Moscow That Changed the Course of World War II. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007.
Nekrich, Aleksandr M. Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German-Soviet Relations, 1922–1941. Ed. and trans. Gregory L. Freeze. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
Nevolin, P. A., ed. Geroi Khalkhin-Gola (Heroes of Khalkhin-Gol). Perm, USSR: Perm Publishing House, 1966.
Nihon Kokusai, Seiji Gakai, Taiheiyo Senso, and Genin Kenkyubu. Taiheiyo Senso e no Michi IV, Nichu Senso 2 (Road to the Pacific War, Vol. IV, Sino-Japanese War, Pt. 2). Hata Ikuhiko, Usui Katsumi, and Tomoyoshi Hirai. Tokyo: Asahi Shinbun Sha, 1963.
Nogueres, Henri. Munich. Trans. Patrick O’Brian. New York: McGraw Hill, 1965.
Nove, Alec. An Economic History of the U.S.S.R. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1969.
Ogata, Sadako. Defiance in Manchuria. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964.
Parrish, Michael. Sacrifice of the Generals: Soviet Senior Officer Losses. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2004.
Presseisen, Ernst L. Germany and Japan, A Study in Totalitarian Diplomacy, 1933–1941. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1958.
Price, Ernst Batson. The Russo-Japanese Treaties of 1907–1916 Concerning Manchuria and Mongolia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1933.
Puzzo, Dante A. Spain and the Great Powers, 1936–1941. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961.
Ragsdale, Hugh. The Soviets, the Munich Crisis, and the Coming of World War II. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Reischauer, Edwin O. The United States and Japan. New York: Viking, 1957.
Roberts, Geoffrey. The Soviet Union and the Origins of the Second World War. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995.
———. The Unholy Alliance: Stalin’s Pact with Hitler. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.
Rothwell, Victor. The Origins of the Second World War. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2001.
Salisbury, Harrison. The Coming War Between Russia and China. New York: Norton, 1969.
Sevost’yanov, G. N. Politika Velikikh Derzhav Na Dal’nem Vostoke Nakanune Vtoroi Mirovoi Voini (Policies of the Great Powers in the Far East on the Eve of the Second World War). Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Sotsialino-Ekonomicheskoi Literatury, 1961.
Shimada Toshihiko. Kanto Gun. Tokyo: Chuo Koron Sha, 1965.
Shishkin, S. N. Khalkhin-Gol. Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1954.
Stolfi, R. H. S. Hitler’s Panzers East: World War II Reinterpreted. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.
Storry, Richard. The Double Patriots. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957.
———. A History of Modern Japan. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1960.
Suvorov, Viktor. The Chief Culprit. Annapolis. Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2008.
Swearington, Rodger, and Paul Langer. Red Flag in Japan. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952.
Tanaka Katsuhiko. Nomonhan Senso: Mongoru to Manshukoku (The Nomonhan War: Mongolia and Manchukuo). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2009.
Tang, Peter S. H. Russian and Soviet Policy in Manchuria and Outer Mongolia, 1911–1931. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1959.
Taylor, A. J. P. From Sarajevo to Potsdam. London: Thomas and Hudson, 1965.
———. Origins of the Second World War. Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett, 1961.
Toland, John. The Rising Sun. New York: Bantam Books, 1971.
Treadgold, Donald. Twentieth Century Russia. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1972.
Ulam, Adam. Expansion and Coexistence. New York: Praeger, 1968.
Watanabe Tsuneo, ed. From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor: Who Was Responsible? Tokyo: Yomiuri Shinbun, 2006.
Watt, Donald Cameron. How War Came: The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938– 1939. New York: Pantheon Books, 1989.
Weinberg, Gerhard. The Fo
reign Policy of Hitler’s Germany: Starting World War II, 1937–1939. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.
Wheeler-Bennett, J. W. The Nemesis of Power, The German Army in Politics, 1918–1945. New York: Viking, 1967.
Whymant, Robert. Stalin’s Spy: Richard Sorge and the Tokyo Espionage Ring. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996.
Wirtz, John E. From Isolation to War, 1931–1941. New York: Crowell, 1968.
Wittfogel, Karl A. “A Short History of Chinese Communism.” Seattle: Mimeographed copy of Human Relations Area Files: A General Handbook of China, Vol. II, 1964.
Yoshihashi Takehiko. Conspiracy at Mukden. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1963.
Articles
Blumenson, Martin. “Soviet Power Play at Changkufeng.” World Politics 12 (January 1960).
Coox, Alvin D. “L’Affaire Lyushkov.” Soviet Studies 19 (January 1968).
———. “Qualities of Japanese Military Leadership: The Case of Suetaka Kamezo.” Journal of Asian History 2 (1968).
Crowley, James B. “Japanese Army Factionalism in the Early 1930s.” Journal of Asian Studies 21 (May 1962).
Dalby, Tracy. “Japan’s Germ Warriors.” Washington Post, May 26, 1983.
Eshakov, V. “Boi u Ozera Khasan” (“The Battle at Lake Khasan”). Voennoe-Istoricheskie Zhurnal (July 1968).
Inada Masazumi. “Soren Kyokutogun to no Taiketsu” (“Confrontation with the Soviet Far Eastern Army”). Chisei, Special Issue no. 5 (December 1956).
Kitagami Norio and Nara Hiroshi. “Kanto Gun Tokushu Himitsu 731 Butai ni Yoru Hinjindoteki Hanzai” (“Inhuman Crimes of Kwantung Army’s Special Secret Troop 731”). Nichu 2, no. 12 (December 1972).
Nomonhan, 1939: The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II Page 31