by Daniel Stone
Italy, Fairchild in, 20–23, 130–133, 170–172
Itamaraca mango, 123–124
J
Jamaica, Fairchild and Lathrop in, 102–104
Jannovitch (Egyptian) cotton, 135–139
Japan. See also cherry trees
Fairchild and Lathrop in, 190–193
U.S.-Japan relations, 227–237
war with China (1937), 313
Java. See also Malay Islands
Fairchild and Lathrop in, 140–142
Marian Fairchild’s interest in, 241
Jefferson, Thomas, 29, 113
Johnson, Hiram, 264
June Bug (biplane), 253
K
kale, 170–171
“Kampong” (Fairchilds’ Florida home), 308–310, 317–318
Kansas State University (Kansas State Agricultural College), 14, 77
karyokinesis, 32, 34
kava ceremony, 73
Kellogg, John Harvey, 13
knapsack sprayer, 18
Knox, Philander, 230, 231
L
Ladies’ Garden Clubs of America, 264
ladybugs, 220–221
Lathrop, Barbour. See also food exploration destinations
biographical information, 47–48, 52
Bohemian Club home of, 48, 54–55, 76, 122, 157, 250
characterization of, 51–55, 66–67, 82, 157, 162
collection expedition plans of, 55–64, 74–76, 90
death of, 310
decline of, 249–251
Fairchild’s first meeting with, 20–23
Fairchild’s Java sponsorship by, 33–36, 37–38, 46–50
on Fairchild’s marriage, 241–243
first meeting with Marian, 214–215
friendship with Fairchild, 156, 178, 213–214, 310
Java sponsorship offered to Fairchild by, 33–38, 40–41, 46–50
late life of, 308–310
Meyer Medal awarded to, 305
photos of, 216, 309, 323
sexual orientation of, 48, 54–55
tension between Wilson and, 96–98, 100–102, 128–130, 198
as USDA “special agent,” 283
yellow fever of, 109–110, 125–126
Lathrop, Bryan (brother), 46–49
Lathrop, Florence (sister), 178, 225
Lathrop, Jedediah Hyde (father), 47–48
Lease, Mary Elizabeth, 108
LeDuc, William G., 30
lemons
Ichang lemon, 302
Meyer lemon, 259
seedless, 173–174
Lili’uokalani (queen of Hawaii), 73–74
Lincoln, Abraham, 17, 29
Lombok (Malay Islands), Fairchild and Lathrop in, 142
M
USS Maine, 86–87
Malay Islands
Fairchild and Lathrop in, 140–147
Fairchild’s early interest in, 19–23
Fairchilds’ trip to (1940), 311–316
Marian Fairchild’s interest in Java, 241
Wallace and, 14–16
mangoes
carabao mango (“champagne mango”), 148
Douglas Bennett Alphonso mango, 182–183
growth of Florida industry, 267–268
Itamaraca mango, 123–124
mangosteens compared to, 190
original Florida trees, 318
mangosteens, 43, 62–63, 90, 190–191, 319–320
Mario (servant), 45
Marlatt, Charles
biographical information, 14, 220–222
on cherry trees, 228, 230–233, 236–237
as Fairchild’s best man, 220
Federal Horticultural Board, 273
legislative efforts of, 262–268
on Meyer’s exploration, 248, 261–262, 292
National Geographic articles by, 269–270, 307
Plant Quarantine Act and, 274–276
Woodrow Wilson administration and, 272–274
Maxim, Hudson, 298
Mayer, Paul, 32
McCormick, Carrie, 46, 48–50
McCormick, Robert, 49
McCurdy, Douglas, 252
McKinley, William
assassination of, 176–177
economic problems of farmers during presidency of, 107–108
election of (1896), 81–82, 86, 91–92
election of (1900), 168–169
Hawaii policy and, 66
Philippines policy and, 147–149
Spanish-American War and, 87
Wilson as secretary of agriculture to, 89, 272
Mediterranean fruit fly, 264
Meyer, Frank
agricultural practices researched by, 280–282
biographical information, 244–245
characterization of, 245–247, 258, 260, 267, 277–278
in China, 244, 246, 247–249, 255–259, 256, 265, 274–280, 279, 292–298, 300–305
death of, 303–305, 306
despondency of, 291–298, 300–303
hiring of, 243–244
James Wilson’s approval of, 274
Marlatt’s criticism of work by, 261–262, 265, 268–270
Meyer Medal named for, 305
plant pathology work of, 274–275
Roosevelt and, 259–260
Meyer lemon, 259
Mitra, Rajendralal, 182
Modern Cook, The (Francatelli), 10
Montgomery, Robert, 311
N
Napheys, George, 11
Naples, Fairchild in, 20–23
National Agricultural Hall of Fame, 29
National Geographic (magazine)
Grosvenor as editor of, 194
Marlatt’s article (1921), 307
on Meyer’s travels, 259
“New Plant Immigrants” (Fairchild), 270
“Pests and Parasites” (Marlatt), 268–270
National Geographic Society
Bell as president of, 194–196, 268
Fairchild’s speech to, 194–196
inception of, 202
location of, 206
Scidmore and, 226
navel oranges, 283–285, 289
nectarines, 185
Netherlands India Steam Navigation Company, 141
“New Plant Immigrants” (Fairchild), 270
Newton, Isaac (Department of Agriculture), 17
Niemann, Albert, 115
Nordhoff, Charles, 99
North German Lloyd, 68
O
ocean travel
accommodations of Fairchild and Lathrop, 157
disease among passengers and, 153-154, 183–184
in 1890s, 102
Meyer on SS Feng Yang Maru, 303
in 1940, 313–314
by Popenoe, 284–285
RMS Titanic, 278–280
Office of Seed and Plant Introduction (USDA). See also Meyer, Frank; Popenoe, Wilson
changing administrators of, 161–162, 174–175
Fairchild’s early resignations from, 96–98, 99–102, 106, 128–130
Fairchild’s final resignation from, 306–308
Fairchild’s third hiring by, 197–198
inception of, 88–92, 92–96
Lathrop’s recognition by, 128–129, 305
Los Angeles office of, 178–180
state of exploration by (1915), 282
Oglethorpe, James, 28
opium poppy seeds, 293
Oregon, Willamette Valley of, 167
Ozaki, Yukio, 228, 234
P
Padua (It
aly), Fairchild and Lathrop in, 130–133
Page, Florence Lathrop, 178, 225
Page, Thomas Nelson, 225
Pakistan, Fairchild in, 185
Pan-American Exposition (1901; Buffalo, New York), 175–177
papaya, 123, 315
Papua New Guinea, Fairchild and Lathrop in, 141
pears, diseases of, 17, 19, 59
Perrine, Henry, 93–94
“Pests and Parasites” (Marlatt), 268–270
Philippines
food exploration in, 147–149, 174
independence of, 314
as U.S. possession, 147, 149, 169, 230–232, 272–273, 313
pineapples, 201
pistachios, 172–173
Pitkin, William, 263
places visited for food exploration. See food exploration destinations
Plant Immigrant Bulletin, cessation of publication, 306
plant introduction. See also agricultural practices; food exploration destinations; inspection of plants; Office of Seed and Plant Introduction (USDA); plant pathology; quarantine of plants; U.S. Department of Agriculture; individual names of fruits and vegetables
of avocado, 116–121, 118, 120
dehydration of food and, 287–288
Fairchild’s and Lathrop’s early collection expedition plans, 55–64, 74–76, 90
fruits and vegetables, defined, 25–26
history of plant domestication, 24–28
market acceptance required for, 13, 175, 287, 319–320
packing and shipping methods of Fairchild, 9, 104–105, 130–131, 136–137
plant adaptation difficulty and, 111
plant espionage and, 3–9, 6, 38–39, 164–167, 175
program popularity at turn of twentieth century, 179–180
propagation process, 27, 63, 118, 161, 164, 245, 277, 284
receiving and inventorying plants, 179, 197–198, 277, 285
seed distribution program of U.S. government (late nineteenth century), 30, 38–39, 89
Spanish-American War and, 88
U.S. diet of nineteenth century and, 9–13, 60–62, 90
plant pathology. See also quarantine of plants
chestnut blight fungus, 262
early USDA on, 16–20
Fairchild on globalization benefits, 269–270
Fairchild’s study of fungus and, 45
inspection of plants, 222, 230–232, 263–264, 314
Meyer’s work in, 274–275
of pears, 17, 19, 59
Plant Quarantine Act. See also inspection of plants; quarantine of plants
effects on USDA, 285–288, 289–290
inception of, 274–276
political issues. See agricultural practices; Hawaii; McKinley, William; Philippines; quarantine of plants; Roosevelt, Teddy; Spanish-American War; Taft, William Howard; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Wilson, Woodrow; World War I
pomelo, 146–147
Poore, Ben Perley, 10
Popenoe, Fred, 291
Popenoe, Wilson
in Brazil, 284–285, 289–290
characterization of, 280, 282
as Fairchild’s protégé, 275–276, 282–283
family business of, 275, 291
in Guatemala, 281, 291
navel orange exploration in Brazil, 283–285
at United Fruit Company, 307
Populist Party, 91–92
Poros (Greece), Fairchild in, 173–174
potatoes, 113–114, 287
Prinz Heinrich, 157
processed foods, in 1870s, 12
Progressive Farmer, The, on economic issues of agriculture, 106
Prohibition, 166–168
Pulitzer, Joseph, 86–88, 178
Pumpelly, Raphael, 21, 33–34
Q
quarantine of plants
Marlatt’s early legislative efforts, 262–268
Meyer’s reaction to, 292, 296
National Geographic articles by Marlatt and Fairchild, 268–272
“New Plant Immigrants” (Fairchild), 270
“Pests and Parasites” (Marlatt), 268–270
Plant Quarantine Act, 274–276, 285–288, 289–290
Quarantine #37, 306
Woodrow Wilson administration and, 272–274
Quetta nectarines, 185
quinoa, 112–113
R
red corn, 114
red strawberry spinach, 137
rice, 152–153
Roosevelt, Kermit, 284
Roosevelt, Teddy
early presidency of, 204
foreign policy of, 227–228
James Wilson and, 272
presidential election of 1912 and, 264
River of Doubt expedition by, 108, 195, 284–285
second term of, 218, 225–226
Selfridge and, 251
in Spanish-American War, 88
Rorer, Sarah Tyson, 11
Royal Geographical Society, 199
Royal Palm (hotel), 94
Rural Wealth and Welfare (Fairchild), 170
S
Saigon, Fairchild in, 190
St. Johnston, Alfred, 71–72
sakura cherry trees, 224, 226, 236. See also cherry trees
sand flies, 186
San Francisco Morning Call, Lathrop’s job with, 47–48
San Jose scale, 220
Saunders, William, 283–284
Scidmore, Eliza, 226–227, 236
Scientific American, award for flight by, 252–254
seedless grapes, 130–133
seedless lemons, 173–174
Sekar (Malay Islands), Fairchild and Lathrop in, 144–145
Selfridge, Tom, 251–252
Seminole Indians, Perrine and, 93–94
Semš, Walter, 164–166
Semš red hop, 164–168
sesame seeds, 134
Shepheard’s Hotel (Cairo), 133–134
Siam (Thailand), wampi of, 67–68
Smith, Jared, 174
Smith, Theobald, 17
Smithsonian Institution, 20–23, 32, 212
Sokobin, Samuel, 304
soybeans, 255, 278
Spanish-American War, 85–88, 210
spinach, 137, 255
Spreckels, Claus, 75
Standard Oil Company, 94, 257, 314
star fruit, 88, 151
Stiles, Charles Wardell, 20
sugar, of Hawaii, 66, 73
Sulawesi (Malay Islands), Fairchild and Lathrop in, 143
Sultanina grapes, 130–133
Sumatra
Fairchild and Lathrop in, 51–60, 53, 58, 62–64
Lathrop in (1902), 191–192
Sumatra (steamer), 68
Suzuki, Uhei, 223
Swingle, Walter
biographical information, 82–85, 83
citrus studied by, 302
food exploration by, 162, 174
as National Geographic associate editor, 268
Office of Seed and Plant Introduction inception and, 88–92
packing and shipping methods of, 104
T
Taft, Helen, 227, 236
Taft, William Howard, 149, 227–237, 228, 230, 272
Takahira, Kogoro, 229
Takamine, Jokichi, 235
Taylor, W. A., 38–39
Technical World, on food exploration, 267
temperance movement, 166–168
termites, Fairchild’s study of, 45–50, 57
RMS Titanic, 278–280
tobacco, 191–192
tomatoes, of Jamaica, 103
train travel, in 1890s, 99–102
Treub, Melchior, 40, 49
Trinidad, Fairchild and Lathrop in, 105
True, A. C., 88–89
typhoid fever, 154–157
U
United Fruit Company, 307
United States. See also agricultural practices; Hawaii; McKinley, William; Philippines; quarantine of plants; Roosevelt, Teddy; Spanish-American War; Taft, William Howard; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Wilson, Woodrow; World War I
Committee on Public Information, 298–299
Department of State, 229
diet of nineteenth century, 9–13, 60–62, 90
Food Administration, 288
international views of American travelers (early twentieth century), 186–188, 257, 316
Supreme Court on food classification, 26
U.S.-Japan relations, 227–237
World War I entered by, 290–291, 295–296, 298–299
World War II, 306–307, 313
U.S. Department of Agriculture. See also inspection of plants; Office of Seed and Plant Introduction (USDA); plant pathology; quarantine of plants
Division of Entomology, 221, 248 (See also insects)
experiment stations in Hawaii and Puerto Rico (1902), 181
Fairchild’s early positions and resignations, 16–20, 76–78, 81–82, 88–98, 99–102, 128–130, 161–162, 197–198
Fairchild’s trip to Corsica for, 3–9, 6, 38–39
farmers’ frustration with economic problems, 106–108
growth of (1903), 197–198
Houston as secretary of agriculture, 274–275, 306
inception of, 16–20
Meyer Medal, 305
post–World War II changes to, 306–307
presidential election of 1900 and, 169
quinoa and, 112
tension between Wilson and Lathrop, 96–98, 100–102, 128–130, 198
work of, in 1890s, 63
during World War I, 298–299
V
SS Vandyck, 284–285
vegetables, defined, 25–26
Venezuela, Fairchild and Lathrop in, 108–110
Venice, Fairchild and Lathrop in, 126–131, 127
W
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 14–15, 221, 311–313
wampi (wampee), 67–68
Warner, Ezra, 12
wasabi, 193
Washington, George, 28–29
Washington Charity Ball, 208–209
Washington pie, 12
Washington Society of Fine Arts, 225
water chestnuts, 152
Wednesday Evening salons (Bell), 196, 202, 204
wheat, excessive crops of, 107–108
Willamette Valley (Oregon), 167
Wilson, James. See also U.S. Department of Agriculture
on cherry trees shipped from Japan, 229