as Extremadura native, 18–19, 23, 26, 35, 37, 317
as governor of New Castile, 4, 34–37, 62, 77–79, 85, 88–90, 93–94, 102, 103, 120–24, 125, 140–41, 152–53, 155, 162–64, 167–68, 179, 230–33, 261, 265, 266, 270–71, 291–94, 296, 299, 302, 310–18, 333–36, 339, 350, 352, 470n
Incan empire discovered by, 27–37
La Ciudad de Los Reyes (Lima) founded by, 163, 230–32, 241–42, 244, 245–46, 250–55, 268, 295, 301, 330, 331–44
“legal” procedures used by, 77–79, 93, 94, 97–99, 112, 152–53, 188, 291–94, 336–38
Manco’s relationship with, 140–41, 159–60, 175, 232, 268, 349
as military commander, 57, 69–71, 81, 84–85, 102, 107–8, 116–17, 129–30, 134–56, 159–64, 196, 203, 232–34, 240–43, 256, 292, 295, 296, 315–18, 333, 368
personality of, 17–18, 28–29, 135–36, 333–35, 339–40
power consolidated by, 92–94, 105–6, 140–41, 143, 152–53, 159–60, 162–64
reinforcements of, 102, 107–8, 116–22, 143, 159–60, 162, 165–67, 203, 216, 233–42, 250, 268, 283–85, 295, 310, 325, 326, 327
royal license granted to, 34–37, 48, 71, 77, 89, 93, 94, 120, 121, 124, 160, 162–64, 169, 187–89, 261, 265, 334
Taboga encomienda of, 23
wealth of, 28, 30, 68, 153–57, 171, 242, 334
Pizarro, Francisco Martín, 37, 57, 124, 146, 341, 342, 343, 349
Pizarro, Gonzalo, 21n, 37, 57, 154, 167–68, 172–76, 182–91, 202, 217, 220, 223–24, 233, 244–45, 264, 268, 273, 274, 283–84, 286, 292–93, 316, 318, 319–30, 331, 349–52, 358–59, 368, 369–70, 391
Pizarro, Hernando, 3, 37, 56, 57, 63–72, 74, 106, 124, 126, 136, 141, 154, 187–91, 197–211, 216–17, 218, 222, 223–24, 233, 244–50, 259, 261, 265–74, 283–87, 291–304, 316, 317–19, 326–27, 331, 337–38, 339, 350, 352, 391, 470n
Pizarro, Juan, 37, 57, 141, 145, 154, 167–68, 172, 173, 182–91, 197–200, 202–3, 217–23, 240, 268, 299, 319, 331, 349, 381
Pizarro, Pedro, 73, 76, 106–7, 112, 117, 122, 130, 131, 154, 193, 200, 205, 217, 219, 227–28, 247, 248–50, 264, 267, 279, 318–19, 324, 329–30, 342
Pizarro (ship), 380n
Pocona tribe, 316
Polo y la Borda, Braulio, 388
Poma de Ayala, Felipe Huamán, 2, 4–5, 16, 63, 114, 193, 331
Ponce de León, Hernán, 202, 207–8, 220
Ponce de León, Juan, 18, 22–23
porras (clubs), 144, 237
Portugal, 33, 380
potatoes, 11, 41, 45, 70, 110, 235n
Prescott, William, 4, 381
Prince, The (Machiavelli), 86, 118, 138, 165, 230, 259
“principle wife,” 174–75
probanzas (historical documents), 3
Project X (Savoy), 424–25
Prophesies of Jamil, The (Savoy), 424
Puerta Viejo, 107
pumas (mountain lions), 235
Puna, 65
puna (grasslands), 235, 307
punchao (golden disk), 356, 373, 377
Puncuyoc Mountains, 429, 432–33
Puquiura, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 387–88, 390, 401, 408, 420
Puyu Vilca, 195
Qhapaq ayllu (descent group), 49–50
qompi cloth, 206
Qoricancha temple (temple of the Sun), 17, 115, 198, 223n, 274, 291, 300, 438–39, 456–59
qori (gold), 94–95
Quechua language, 8, 11, 45n, 62n, 235n, 400, 438, 456, 460, 461
queens, Incan, 174–76, 178, 264, 268, 289–90, 309, 313, 319–20, 321, 325–26, 328–30, 357n
Quillabamba, 400
quipucamayocs (knot authorities), 80n, 281, 366–67, 444
quipus (knot strings), 1–2, 54, 80, 116, 145, 158, 197, 237, 278, 281, 366–67, 443, 444, 460
Quispi Cusi, 405
Quisquis, 51–53, 113–15, 140, 141, 145–47, 148, 149, 156, 160–61, 170, 186
Quito, 46, 49, 126, 127, 132, 140, 147, 148, 162, 181, 310
Quizo Yupanqui, 195, 196, 203, 231, 234–58, 259, 289, 324
qullqi (silver), 95
Raimondi, Antonio, 387–88, 448, 449–50, 451
Ranrahirca, 415
reciprocal negotiations, 187–89
redistributive economy, 100–101, 156–59
relaciones (historical documents), 3
Relación (Molina), 305
Relación (Pizarro), 193, 279
Relación (Sancho de la Hoz), 279
religion, Incan, 1, 2, 47, 53, 100, 103–7, 112–16, 131, 132, 133, 150–52, 158, 159, 171, 176–78, 180, 190, 196, 197, 205–6, 211, 272n, 277–78, 281, 290, 302, 309, 310, 356, 359–60, 361, 363–64, 369, 370, 377, 438–39, 461
Requerimiento (Requirement), 77–79, 93, 152–53
Richarte, Anacleto, 395
Rimac River, 232, 335
Riquelme, Alonso, 126, 128, 130
Rivas Plata, Juan Manuel, 384
roads, Incan, 57, 112, 233, 234, 235, 311–12, 315, 357, 361, 421, 428, 433, 437, 442, 443, 444, 447, 461
Rodadero Foote, 403
Rodríguez Barragán, Juan, 343
Rodríguez de Figueroa, Diego, 450, 489n
Rojas, Gabriel de, 202
Roman Empire, 374
Romero, Carlos Alberto, 384–87, 393, 431n
Root, Elihu, 382
Rosaspata site, 400–402, 403, 405, 420, 427
Rowe, John H., 447n, 451
royal estates, 437–44, 445n, 447, 459
“royal fifth,” 124
Royal Geographical Society, 383
royal licenses, 34–37, 48, 71, 77, 89, 93, 94, 120, 121, 124, 160, 162–64, 169, 187–89, 261, 262–64, 265, 270, 292, 294, 334
Rucana tribe, 109, 281
Ruiz de Arce, Juan, 145–47
Rumifiñavi, 127, 138, 156, 161–62, 179, 181
runa (monkeys), 276
runasimi language (“people speech”), 62–63, 74, 97, 114, 203–4, 232, 235n, 262, 373, 377
runners, native, 42, 53–54, 96–97, 101, 102, 103, 197, 203, 207, 234, 237, 243, 257, 261, 287–88, 290, 315–16, 443, 444
Saavedra (local planter), 406–7, 420
sacred royal fringe, 61, 113, 288, 295, 328, 357
sailors, Spanish, 99, 115–16
St. James (Santiago), 81n, 211
St. Matthew’s Day, 373
Samanez, Jose Benigno, 384
Sánchez, Hernán, 225–26
Sancho de la Hoz, Pedro, 101, 134, 140–41, 146, 147, 148–49, 152, 279
San Francisco de la Victoria de Vilcabamba, 404–5
San Juan River, 27
San Miguel, 102, 118–20, 230, 232–33, 310
San Miguel bridge, 388, 389
Santa Ana hacienda, 399, 448
Santander, Antonio, 419
Santiago, Chile, 261
Sapa Inca (“Unique Emperor”), 156, 196, 320, 356, 364
Saqsaywaman fortress, 52, 175, 198, 200, 207, 213, 216–29, 230, 245, 247, 299–300, 321, 381–82, 403n
Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro, 38, 44, 281, 282
Sarpay, 205–6
Sartiges, M. Eugene de, 383
Savoy, Elvira “Dolly,” 415
Savoy, Gene, 412–36, 447, 452–54, 488n
Savoy, Jamil, 415–17
Savoy, Sean, 454
Sayri–Tupac Inca, 349, 356–57, 406
“secondary wife,” 174
Seneca, 15
serfs, 24
Serra de Leguizamón, Mansio, 327–28, 368
Setiel, Gregorio, 264
Shakespeare, William, 48–49, 331
Sharon, Douglas, 419
shields, 142, 222, 295
ships, 16, 37, 99, 115–16, 143, 172–73
short grass, 57
Sixpac Manco: Travels Among the Incas (Lee), 435–36
slavery, 1, 3, 21, 22–23, 24, 31, 58, 79, 89, 138, 142, 182, 187, 201, 209–10, 220, 229, 232, 238, 240, 251, 261, 311, 329, 353–56, 373
slings, 144, 199, 200, 201, 2
05, 208, 209, 249
smallpox, 38–40, 39, 46–48, 55, 134, 143, 150, 326, 357
Smith, Joseph, 416
snakes, 272n, 452, 453
social contract, 100–101
Solano, Hernando, 368
Solares, Francisco de, 264
Soto, Hernando de, 18, 56, 57–68, 71–72, 91, 94, 103, 106, 128, 135–36, 145, 149, 163, 168, 169, 172, 179, 202, 256, 268, 273, 285
South America, 150–51
Spain:
architecture of, 250–51, 321, 370, 409, 422, 430, 431
civilization of, 1–5, 15–37, 58, 59–68, 92–93, 99, 100, 102–3, 112, 123–24, 155, 366–67
economy of, 24–27, 99, 100, 102–3
Extremadura region of, 18–19, 23, 24–27, 35, 37, 59, 225, 304, 317, 319
feudalism in, 20–21, 24, 92–93, 123–24, 155
landmass of, 96
monarchy of, 3, 4, 18n, 20, 22, 25, 28, 34–37, 62–63, 66, 71, 76–79, 89, 93, 94, 97n, 120, 121, 124, 129n, 152–53, 160, 162–64, 169, 187–89, 242, 261, 262–64, 265, 267, 270, 292, 294, 302–3, 304, 334, 336–37, 343–44, 350, 356, 374
monetary system of, 99, 102–3
nobility of, 154–57, 284, 285, 333
territorial conquests by, ix, 1, 21–23, 33–37, 77n, 121–22, 143, 145, 162–64, 187–89
see also conquistadores, Spanish
Spanish language, 1, 8, 40, 62, 143, 237, 246–47, 374, 400
Spartacus, 374
spider monkeys, 322, 408
Spondylus shells, 28n
steel, 143–44
storehouses, 101, 112, 157, 444, 458, 473n
Suárez de Carvajal, Illán, 312–13
Sun God (Inti), 100, 132n, 150, 153, 158, 180, 196, 198, 211, 356, 361–62, 369, 408, 410, 411, 438–39, 440, 454
Suntur Huasi, 207–11
Supreme Council, 158
Susurpuquiu (spring), 438
suyus (four quarters), viii, 9, 95, 112, 131, 144–45, 158, 179–80, 186–87, 193–95, 316–17, 356, 376, 382–83
swords, 144, 145, 148, 171, 201, 225, 237–38, 254, 295, 322, 368, 460
Taboga, 23
Taipi, 202
Tambo people, 439
tambos (storehouses), 444, 458
Tambo Valley, 44
Tapia, Gonzalo de, 234, 235–37
taptana (chess), 106
Tarama tribe, 253
tarantulas, 452, 453
Tarma, 186, 317
Tawantinsuyu empire, 45, 87, 95, 116, 144, 150, 156, 157, 159, 162, 178, 179, 182, 193, 223, 232, 256, 268, 269, 276, 284, 299, 310, 320, 321, 353, 356, 365, 373, 374
taxation, 42, 45, 92–93, 94, 101, 155, 158, 162, 283, 308, 355–56, 442, 445, 447
Tecsi Viracochan (creator god), 184, 244
Tejada, Jose Maria, 383
Téllez de Guzmán, Antonio, 168–69
Tello, Julio C., 415
temples, Incan, 17, 100, 112–16, 159, 180, 198, 317, 356, 361–62, 369, 370, 377, 384, 397, 408, 410, 411, 447, 456–59
Tenochtitlán, 110
Thomson, Hugh, 458
Thucydides, 38, 55, 353
Tiso, 185–86, 195, 237, 317, 330
Titu Cusi, 2, 142–43, 173, 175, 184, 202, 205, 209, 210, 244, 276, 290, 314–15, 324, 325, 328, 345, 346, 347, 349, 356–68, 370, 373, 374, 377, 384–85, 387, 398, 402, 405, 406, 420, 445
Tiwanaku civilization, 42
Tocori (idol), 302
tocrico apus (imperial governors), 158–59
tokoyrikoqs (inspectors), 158
Toledo, Francisco de, 366–68, 369, 374–75
Tono River, 282
Toraco, Antonio de, 302–3
Tordesillas, Treaty of, 77n
Toro, Alonso de, 214, 264
Torontoy site, 390, 395, 396
toucans, 372
trading system, 100–101, 308–9, 445
Trujillo, Peru, 230, 233, 310, 311
Trujillo, Spain, 18–19, 37, 187, 225, 317, 333
Tumbez, 30–32, 35, 38–40, 42, 47, 55, 58, 63, 65, 69, 86, 89, 102, 107, 118, 120, 310
Tunis, Battle of, 246
Tupac, 311
Tupac Amaru, 354, 365–66, 368–78, 385, 399, 405, 406, 410, 417, 429
Tupac Huallpa, 138, 150n, 153, 239
Tupac Inca, 45–46, 150, 278, 280, 281–82, 290, 308–9, 444, 445
United Fruit Co., 9, 379
University of Cuzco, 388, 449
unqus (tunics), 114
Urcos, 265
Urubamba, 389–90
Urubamba River, 8–9, 12, 14, 283, 289, 368, 371, 385, 386, 388–89, 391–92, 393, 396, 399, 404, 418, 419, 420, 441, 448, 450, 452
uru-kusillu-kunas (spider monkeys), 322, 408
Vaca de Castro, 343
Valladolid royal court, 187–88
Valverde, Vincente de, 70, 76–79, 127, 131–33, 151, 152–53, 472n
vibora (poisonous snake), 8
Victorian Age, 4
Vilcabamba, 9, 13–14, 98, 305–12, 326–30, 343–46, 348, 352, 354, 356–71, 373, 379–80, 384–87, 389, 393, 399, 401, 402–11, 417–36, 437, 440–51, 453, 455, 457, 458, 459–60, 488n, 489n
Vilcabamba River Valley, 283, 321–22, 387–88, 389, 393, 399–400, 440–41, 444–45, 447–48
Vilcanota River, 198, 243, 269, 278, 330, 389, 439
Vilcashuaman, 233–34
Villac Umu, 171, 176–78, 189, 190, 191, 193, 197, 202, 207, 213, 220, 226–27, 316, 317–18, 330
Villadiego, Captain, 313–15
Viracocha Inca, 43, 290, 437–38
viracochas (conquistadores), 142–43, 178, 179, 182, 184, 185, 197, 240, 244, 275, 310, 355
Virgin Mary, 211, 212
Vitcos, 247–83, 286–91, 307, 309, 321–22, 345–47, 357, 365, 369, 385, 386–87, 389, 393, 398, 399, 400–404, 420, 427, 429, 440, 442, 445, 446, 455, 457
Voltaire, 334
von Hagen, Victor, 413, 418, 433
W. R. Grace and Co., 9
warak’as (slings), 144, 199, 200, 201, 205, 208, 209, 249
Wari civilization, 42
weapons:
Incan, 143–45, 199, 200, 201, 204–5, 208, 209, 215, 237, 358
Spanish, 81–85, 142–44, 145, 203, 295, 296–99, 313–14, 345, 460
Wiener, Charles, 448, 450, 451
Willcamayu River, 243n
Winchester Arms Co., 9
witchcraft, 363–64
women, 166, 173–76, 178, 180, 199, 201, 222–23, 250, 264, 268, 289–90, 302, 306, 309, 313, 319–20, 321, 325–26, 328–30, 357n
writing, 1, 97–99, 143, 145
Xerez, Francisco de, 59, 64, 65, 74–75, 82–83, 84, 102, 103, 106, 150
Xuárez, Gabriel, 447n
Yale University, 8, 9–10, 381, 386–91, 394, 398–99, 403–4, 413, 451n
yanaconas (servants), 180, 181, 190, 201, 238, 247, 250, 251
Yanama River, 458
Yauyo tribe, 253
yellow fever, 453
Yucay River, 198, 243, 269, 278, 330, 389, 439
Yucay Valley, 190–92, 197, 243, 247–50, 261, 263, 269, 271, 276, 278, 357–58, 385, 389, 399, 439
Yungay, 415
Zárate, Agustín de, 172, 235, 334–35
Zárate, Juan, 108–16
Zegarra, Alfredo Valencia, 456
Ziegler, Gary, 456–58
Zope-Zopahua, 181
Zuricara River, 64
* Extremadura at the time of the Conquest was part of the Kingdom of Castile; the nation that would later be called Spain would be formed by the gradual amalgamation of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. The region of Extremadura, comprising the modern provinces of Badajoz and Cáceres, is still the poorest region of Spain today.
† Cortés was a second cousin of Francisco Pizarro through Cortés’s mother, Catalina Pizarro Altamirano.
* At the time, no one could have known that ironically in this fleet rode two men—twenty-four-year-old Francisco Pizarro and eighteen-year-old Bartolomé de Las Casas—as diame
trically opposed to each other as two men would ever be. The former would conquer an empire of ten million and would distribute its native inhabitants to his fellow Spaniards as another would distribute so many heads of cattle. The latter would later become a priest and the greatest champion the natives of the New World would have during the period of the Conquest. Las Casas’s influence upon King Charles V would prove so great, in fact, that laws protecting the Indians would be introduced that would ultimately lead to the death of one of Pizarro’s brothers, Gonzalo, and to the destruction of the Pizarros’ power in Peru. Did the two men ever meet each other? It’s difficult to say. But with a population of just over one thousand on the island, most of whom lived in its capital, Santo Domingo, it’s probably safe to say that the two men whom fate and personality would soon pit against each other must have at least passed each other on the street.
* Columbus would die at the age of fifty-four in Valladolid in 1506, four years after Pizarro arrived in the New World. He died in relative obscurity, still believing that he had discovered a new route to Asia.
* The fish shells were undoubtedly those of Spondylus. These were pink bivalve shells that were highly valued and were used as offerings throughout the Inca Empire, but which were only found in the tropical waters off Ecuador.
* Four years earlier, in 1524, a Portuguese adventurer named Aleixo Garcia had actually led a group of two thousand marauding Guaraní Indians and penetrated the southeastern corner of the Inca Empire, sacking several Inca towns in what is now Bolivia. The Incas under Huayna Capac repelled the invaders and refortified the border with a chain of forts. Garcia was killed in 1525 on the Paraguay River, only a year after his raid on the Inca Empire and three years before Francisco Pizarro and his small band of men landed on the far northwestern corner of what is now Peru.
* King Charles V married his cousin Isabella of Portugal on March 10,526. She was named after her maternal grandmother, Isabella I of Castile, who was Columbus’s patron.
* Or at least certain Inca informants told the Spaniards that there had been an “uprising.” Inca conquest ideology, however, often revolved around propaganda justifying their numerous military campaigns and conquests.
* Western South America is one of only six locations in the world, after all, where the formation of a state-level society occurred. The other areas were MesoAmerica, China, Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, Egypt, and northern China.
The Last Days of the Incas Page 61