by Gerald Horne
Europe, 6, 11, 20, 109, 142–43, 211n87; alliance with, 65; atomic weapons dropped in, 161; invasion of, 37; starvation taking place in, 97
Europeans, 26, 29–30, 169n23, 172n54; colonialism, 6, 22, 42–43, 50–53, 76; religion designated by, 22
EWF. See Ethiopian World Federation
Fagen, David, 28, 157
Fair, Harrison, 108, 117
Far West, 39, 126–27
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 8, 12–13, 15, 89, 102–3, 114; BB Plan known about by, 96; Briggs-Bey noticed by, 97; Butler telling, 59, 108, 109; Holness arrested by, 95–96; internment orders given by, 125; KKK investigated by, 155; on MST, 82–83, 106; real estate dealer reported about to, 88
Filipinos, 10, 15, 27–29, 51, 88, 203n10; in California, 130; as colored races part, 36; Tillman reproving, 36; as Tokyo agents, 36, 132, 193n5. See also Manansala, Policarpio
Fletcher, T. Thomas Fortune, 27–28, 30, 46, 156–57, 182n42
Florida, 129, 139
Foreign Ministry (Japan), 4, 46
France, 72, 90, 127, 137, 142–43, 197n49
Freeman, Linn. See Karriem, Linn
“Fu Manchu” (fictional character), 12, 173n60
Garvey, Marcus, 4, 6, 15, 19–22, 38, 40; Bilbo influenced by, 178n114; Gordon influenced by, 66; PME as reminiscent of, 100
Garveyism, 41–56, 170n33
Georgia, 39, 73, 122, 130, 148, 160
Germans, 9, 87–88, 89–90, 132–33, 144, 201n39; agents, 38; Americans, 123; Nazis, 17–18, 119, 178n121, 203n14; propaganda, 128; unrest as due to, 38
Germany, 5, 47–48, 78–79, 119, 145, 213n96. See also Berlin, Germany
Gordon, Mittie Maude Lena, 19, 20, 21, 53, 66–67, 99; Bilbo told by, 74–75, 92, 178n109, 192n87, 192n88; Cox on, 172n49; Jim Crow influencing, 106; on resettlement, 173n61; Tokyo funding, 78–79, 101, 106; trial stood by, 100–102, 105–6
Granger, Lester, 9, 137, 156
Gray, Wolcie, 115–16
Great Britain, 42–43, 48, 55, 90–91. See also London, England
Great Depression, 20, 71, 172n49
Gregory, Edwin, 154–55
Guiana, 56, 84
Haiti, 2, 50–51, 173n60
Hancock, Gordon, 72–73, 90, 91, 94–95, 134; on atom bomb, 144–45; on Japanese, 121
Harlem, 2, 3, 40, 53–54; Addis Ababa and, 41–56; Bilbo support in, 20–21, 22; congressman of, 122; EPM’s meetings in, 85; Holness arrested in, 95–96; migrants to, 84; NOI marching in, 148; PME in, 79–80; press, 142; race riot in, 108; Tokyo and, 41–56
Harlem Bard. See Hughes, Langston
Harlem Mikado. See Jordan, Robert
Hart, Stokley Delmar, 104, 197n47
Hawaii, 26–27, 42–43, 65, 88, 128–29, 164; Butoku-Kai societies in, 174n83; Pearl Harbor in, 2–3, 90, 107, 108, 164, 199n7; Pickens bedazzled by, 51–52. See also Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Hayakawa, S. I., 162, 210n79
Heart, S. D. See Hart, Stokley Delmar
Henry, Milton, 140–41
Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II (Tanaka), 172n54
Hideki Tojo, 83, 103–4, 182n41
Hill, Herbert, 122–23, 124
Hiroshima, Japan, 14, 144–45, 174n78
Hitler, Adolf, 21, 119, 130, 132; California influenced by, 207n21; Dunbar using stationery of, 143; Hart on, 197n47; Jim Crow studied by, 178n121; Negroes would benefit from, 103–4; PME on, 100–101
Holness, Lester Eugene, 95–96
Honolulu, Hawaii, 42–43, 52, 164
Hoover, J. Edgar, 12, 102
Huff, L. B., 109–10
Huggins, Willis N., 69–70
Hughes, Langston, 14–15, 68–69, 144
Huks, 156, 157
Illinois, 7, 62, 98, 106, 138; Huff in, 109–10; Mounds in, 109–11, 115. See also Cairo, Illinois; Chicago, Illinois; East St. Louis, Illinois
Immigration Act, 45, 110, 164
India, 11–12, 47, 48, 55, 101, 135; colored citizens emulating, 98; England fearing, 72; Fletcher in, 156–57; McMillan in, 170n33; Nazis driving to, 119; South influenced by, 150. See also New Delhi, India
Indiana, 8–9, 30–31, 32–33, 47, 67
Indians, 15, 135, 157. See also Native Americans
Indonesia, 48, 150
Islam, 29, 48; Ahmadiyya as sect of, 110; as Christianity’s alternative, 86; movement in Detroit, 81, 82, 83–84. See also Muslims; Nation of Islam
Italy, 11, 14, 42, 49, 72–73, 80
Ito Hirobumi, 42–43
Jackson, Mississippi, 8, 53, 106, 129
Jamaica, 40, 84
Japanese, 75, 100, 167n7, 168n15, 169n18, 181n35; agents, 85, 88, 100, 113; air force, 52; alliance with, 163–65; ANP on, 160; Army, 1, 33, 50–51, 54–55; as Asia’s masters, 72; Asiatics fought for by, 106; attorney general on, 44; Bilbo on, 193n1; Black Nationalist rhetoric invoked by, 6; bombardment, 35, 61–62, 81–82, 114; in Brazil, 8, 98, 115, 199n7; as brown, 130–46; Buck on, 118–19; captains, 4–5, 87; in Chicago, 153–54, 210n79; China incursions of, 37, 42–43, 50–51, 52, 69, 73–74, 110, 191n50; colonialism, 33, 42–43; colored people and, 34, 36, 50–51, 106–7, 211n89; colored races belonging of, 124–25; deportation of, 153; diplomats, 26, 43, 46, 47, 67–68; emissary, 37; as Ethiopians, 76; Euro-Americans on, 121, 165; Europeans persecuted by, 172n54; evacuation, 176n90, 201n39; Filipinos’ axis with, 28–29; government, 1–2; Hancock on, 121; in Hawaii, 88; Hitler hooking up with, 21; hotels, 5; Imperial Consul, 34; intellectuals, 45–46, 162; invasion, 83, 102–3, 112, 114, 116, 117, 149, 155; Jim Crow flouted by, 73; journalists and, 4, 45, 151; during Korea, 158–59; League of Nations influencing, 195n45; London and, 83–84; in Los Angeles, 70, 162, 174n83; Manila occupied by, 131–32; Marines collecting teeth of, 136; McDowell hailing, 42; migrants, 63; military, 1, 6–7, 110; nation, 35; Navy, 110; Nazis turning on, 119; Negrito tinge of, 35; at Olympics, 70; opera, 34; Philippines dominated by, 44, 203n10; photographer, 117; PME allied with, 79; at PMEW meeting, 61; Powell denouncing, 161; problem, 44; propaganda, 82, 98–99, 133; question, 36, 39; race hatred of, 104–5, 122; racialism forgotten by, 165; racial violence responsibility of, 198n60; Robb on, 197n49; sailors, 88; St. Louis contact, 109; in San Francisco, 161–62; scare, 35; segregation of, 32; ships, 4–5, 52, 87, 98; in Sikeston, 113; snipers, 3; soldier, 206n70; on South, 36, 161; South Africa conquered by, 91; speakers, 47; sterilizing of, 189n13; students, 47; submarines, 9; Taylor encountering, 25–26; textile exporters, 75; Tokyo meeting of, 36; Washington, B., received by, 34; in Washington, D.C., 34, 37, 176n97; white people persecuted by, 172n54, 213n96; workers, 32–33, 34; as yellow Negro, 39
Japanese Americans, 17, 147, 161–62, 164, 201n39, 210n79; Black Dragon Society training, 174n83; California influenced by, 44, 87, 123–27, 145, 152, 207n21, 211n84; as citizens, 14, 38, 123–24; colored people and, 145; deportation of, 123–24; espionage, 87–89; Euro-Americans on, 207n21; internment of, 112–29, 145; Jim Crow flouted by, 87, 211n84; in Los Angeles, 207n21; migrants, 26–27; segregation of, 31–32; on South, 152; students, 31–32
Japanese and Korean Expulsion League, 34–35
Japanese Consul, 58, 69
Japanese-Negro Front organizations, 84–87
Japanese tea, 34
Jews, 19, 67, 72, 95, 144, 151; Brewer on, 153; Israel fought for by, 157; Nazis influencing, 178n121; Selective Service bias toward, 168n14; as soldiers, 154–55; South dominated by, 177n105; Watkins on, 152
Jim Crow, 4–5, 11–12, 37, 158–59; alliance influenced by, 164; Army, U.S., insisting on, 135; Asians upholding, 73–74, 164; Bilbo as prime minister of, 19–22; CRC struggling against, 147–48; eroding of, 17–18, 22–23, 125, 131, 147, 150–51, 156–57; Gordon influenced by, 106; Hawaii influenced by, 164; Hitler studying, 178n121; imperialism combined with, 75; Japanese Americans flouting, 87, 211n84; Japanese flouting, 73; in Manila, 131–32; marines influenced by, 163; national security jeopardized by, 106–7, 131–46; sedition caused by, 94–95; Squadron, 137; Tokyo influenced by, 90; Virginia
, 127, 132–33; war influenced by, 89–91, 93, 132–46; Washington, D.C., moving away from, 150; white supremacy influenced by, 107
Johnson, George, 78, 79, 81
Johnson-Bey, R., 78, 79
Jones, Seon Emmanuel, 101–2
Jordan, Robert, 13, 15, 84, 85, 96
Jun Fujita, 169n21
Kansas City, Missouri, 3, 131–32
Karriem, Linn, 102–3
Kathrada, Ahmed, 6–7
Kirkman-Bey, Charles, 81–82
KKK. See Ku Klux Klan
Knight Commander of the Distinguished Order of Ethiopia, 4
Konoe Fumimaro, 38–39
Korea, 29–30, 150, 157–60, 163
Kotane, Moses, 170n33
Krause, Charles, 152–53
Kubie, Lawrence, 139–40
Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 20, 90, 155, 158–59
Larremore, John, 126–27
League of Nations, 39, 54, 195n45
Lee, Wallace, 120–21
Liberia, 50–51, 53, 66–68, 101, 178n113, 192n88
Little, Malcolm. See Malcolm X
Little Dixie, 62–63
Little Tokyo, 124, 125
London, England, 22, 32, 37, 46–47, 55, 63; Dunbar in, 143; groveling of, 72; Japanese and, 83–84; Sullivan in, 55; Tokyo as seen by, 182n41; war debts desire of, 127; West Indians with grievances against, 86
Long Beach, California, 123–24
Los Angeles, California, 90, 124–26, 151–52; Japanese Americans in, 207n21; Japanese in, 70, 162, 174n83; radio station, 76
Louisiana, 127–29, 141; New Orleans in, 3, 6, 95, 98
Low Countries, 87–88
Lubby, Charles. See Newby, Charles
Madagascar, 91, 119–20
Malaya, 8, 169n23
Malcolm X, 1, 15, 19, 79, 84, 147–49; NOI importance of, 149; Tokyo relationship continued by, 150–51
Manansala, Policarpio, 57–62, 64–65, 79, 83, 98. See also Takis, Ashima
Manchuria, 11, 51
Manhattan, 1, 147
Manila, Philippines, 27–28, 35, 131–32, 155–56, 203n10
Maoism, 94, 195n1, 211n89
Marines, U.S., 133, 136, 163
Mart, Frank, 61, 117
Massachusetts, 29, 73
Mays, Artie, 60–61
McCoy, Ollie, 63–64
McMillan, James B., 170n33
Mexicans, 50–51, 117, 124
Mexico, 34–35, 37, 126–27, 137; Erwin visiting, 63, 109; Tokyo signing treaty with, 182n53
Miami Beach, Florida, 129
Michigan, 12, 13, 48–50, 88–89, 108, 140–41
Miller, Henry, 141–42
Mississippi, 3, 8, 9–10, 23, 53, 130; Centerville in, 106–7, 198n60; congressman of, 76; PMEW membership of, 63; senator from, 162. See also Bilbo, Theodore; Jackson, Mississippi
Mississippi River, 9–10, 92–93, 95, 109
Missouri, 3, 62, 98, 99–100, 131–32; Sikeston in, 112–13. See also St. Louis, Missouri
Mohammed, Elijah, 49, 105–6
Monrovia, Liberia, 67–68
Moore, Arthur J., 71–72
Moorish Science Temple (MST), 12, 78, 79, 81–83, 86, 97; FBI on, 106; NOI compared with, 149
Moors, 2, 81
Moros, 29, 51
Moscow, Russia, 14, 21, 22, 47, 128, 156; alliance with, 104–5; atom bomb acquired by, 144–45; Cold War with, 149; Tokyo clashing with, 72, 149; white supremacy threatened by, 145
Moses, 42, 102
Moten, Etta, 124–25
Mounds, Illinois, 109–11, 115
MST. See Moorish Science Temple
Muhammad, Elijah, 102, 105, 147, 148
Muslims, 3, 15, 48–50, 80, 85, 95. See also Nation of Islam
NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Nagasaki, Japan, 14, 46, 144–45, 149–50
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 1–2, 15, 16, 74, 105, 211n89; in Alabama, 118, 137; Boraster information of, 95; Chicago told about to, 107; Halsey berated by, 90; internment influencing, 122–23, 125; on Korea, 158; propaganda, 152–53; segregation protested by, 137; Smythe, H., reporting to, 160. See also Pickens, William; White, Walter
National Urban League, 9, 137, 156
Nation of Islam (NOI), 14, 48–50, 81, 84, 94, 105–6; Malcolm X’s importance to, 149; MST compared with, 149; Oliver on, 147; overview of, 147–48; whites focused on by, 148. See also Malcolm X
Native Americans, 12, 26, 32, 35, 130
Navy, U.S., 117, 130, 189n24
Nazis, 9, 17–18, 90, 119, 178n121, 203n14
Nazism, 89–90
Negro Question, 91, 107
Newby, Charles, 103–4, 106
New Delhi, India, 146, 156–57, 212n94
New Orleans, Louisiana, 3, 6, 95, 98
New York, 20, 52, 85
New York City, New York, 1, 2–3, 19, 20, 53, 55; Bilbo speaking in, 67; De Guzman working in, 58; EPM detained in, 95–97. See also Harlem
Nicaraguan bandits, 50–51
NOI. See Nation of Islam
non-Europeans, 7, 156–57
North America, 15, 17, 29
North Carolina, 16, 19, 54, 73, 75, 149
North Korea, 158–59
Officer, William, 65–66
Ohio, 119–20; Cleveland in, 16, 19–20, 36, 86
Oliver, Revilo, 49, 147
Pacific Movement of the Eastern World (PMEW), 12–16, 83, 84, 97–99, 112; Blanton on, 113; fire responsibility of, 117; Garvey reminiscence of, 100; military of, 108–11; trial of, 113–19; in U.S. v. Pacific Movement of the Eastern World, 7, 57–66
“Pacific Problem,” 5
Pacific War, 8–10, 14–23, 100, 120–22; brown Americans fighting, 130–46; brown Japanese fighting, 130–46; colored races benefiting from, 103–7, 111; overview of, 130–46; PMEW looking askance at, 112; racial policies influenced by, 148–57; Washington, D.C.’s, attention on, 150; white supremacists seeing, 91–93
Palestine, 19, 67
Pan-Asianism, 27, 32, 45, 48
Paris, France, 72, 90, 127
Peace Movement of Ethiopia (PME), 76–80, 97, 100, 101–2, 172n49, 177n100. See also Gordon, Mittie Maude Lena
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 2–3, 90, 107, 108, 164, 199n7
Pennsylvania, 25, 29
Philippines, 10, 27–29, 32, 35, 51, 131–32; Euro-Americans ousted from, 75; hysteria in, 157; Japanese dominating in, 44, 203n10; Manila in, 155–56, 203n10; Pan-Oriental Society formed in, 36; Wade in, 107; Washington, D.C., collaborated against by, 155–56, 157; White visiting, 90
Pickens, William, 11, 19, 50–51, 53–54, 61, 98; Du Bois echoing, 69; on Ethiopians, 76; Tobias and, 71; Tokyo defended by, 72
Pitchfork. See Tillman, Ben
PME. See Peace Movement of Ethiopia
PMEW. See Pacific Movement of the Eastern World
Poole, Elijah, 49, 105–6
Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 15, 122, 161, 163
pro-Moscow Negroes, 72–73, 148, 149
pro-Tokyo Negroes: Cairo, Illinois, as bastion of, 7, 98, 99–100, 106, 117, 138; conviction of, 94–111; Eads Bridge blown up by, 8, 109, 112, 114; Hancock on, 94–95; imprisonment of, 94–111; Jordan as leader of, 13, 15, 84, 85, 96; Officer collaborating with, 66; overview of, 1–23; PME as, 76–80, 97, 100, 101–2, 172n49, 177n100; pro-Moscow Negroes excoriating, 148; Sampson aiding, 158. See also East St. Louis, Illinois; Gordon, Mittie Maude Lena; Moorish Science Temple
Prudence Crandall Association, 33–34
Randolph, A. Philip, 78, 160–61
Reddick, L. D., 55, 130–31
Ressoull, Mohammed. See Mohammed, Elijah
Rising Sun, 16, 22
Robb, Frederick Harold, 105, 197n49
Robeson, Paul, 69, 147, 149, 150, 151, 156
Rome, Italy, 14, 73
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 72, 88, 136
Russia, 4, 30–31, 32, 45, 58, 119; Communistic ideology of, 145; Du Bois on, 191n50; Indian yo
uth in, 157
Sampson, Edith, 105, 158, 198n51
San Angelo, Texas, 137–38
San Antonio, Texas, 33, 122
San Diego, California, 34–35, 124
San Francisco, California, 31–32, 35, 58, 65, 84, 88; Japanese in, 161–62; Peace Conference, 160
Satokata Takahashi, 16, 50, 81–82, 86
Schuyler, George, 69, 123, 144
Scottsboro case, 58, 147–48
Seattle, Washington, 33, 34, 87, 101
Selective Service, 1, 168n14
Selfridge Field, 140–41
Shanghai, China, 43, 51, 71
Shantung, China, 42–43
Sherrod, Pearl, 13, 50
Shimjiro Akimota, 67–68
Sikeston, Missouri, 99–100, 112–13
Singapore, 5–7, 93, 96, 108, 119, 143
Smith, Theodore, 176n90
Smuts, Jan, 7, 91, 119–20
Smythe, Hugh, 160–61, 165
Smythe, Mabel Murphy, 160, 165
South Africa, 6–7, 10, 45, 56, 91, 119–20; atomic bomb influencing, 174n78; Bunche visiting, 170n33; Garveyite encountered in, 170n33; Washington, D.C., using, 171n35. See also apartheid
South America, 63, 110, 199n7
South Carolina, 35–36, 140
Southern U.S. (the South), 1, 8–10, 18, 23, 25, 28; agents in, 85–86; air training in, 136–41; California influenced by, 32; after Civil War, 141; Deep, 35–36; Euro-Americans conforming to standards of, 140; Far West mirroring, 39; food served in, 132–33; Hawaii hostility of, 164; India influencing, 150; Japanese Americans on, 152; Japanese on, 36, 161; Jews dominating, 177n105; law enforcement agents in, 83; Negro Question influencing, 91, 107; passive resistance adapted in, 11–12; petitioners as from, 48; Philippines as knowing, 27; soldiers in, 127–29; Wright, R., in, 174n77
South Seas, 134–35
Soviet Union, 149, 212n94; Saint Petersburg in, 30–31. See also Moscow, Russia
Spain, 27, 157
Spaulding, Norman, 99, 100
Sproul, Robert, 89–90
Stalin, Josef, 119, 121
Standifier, Roscoe, 117–18
Star Order of Ethiopia and Ethiopian Missionaries to Abyssinia, 41–42
Steiner, Belle, 74–75
Stewart, J. R., 19–20, 177n105