by R J Andrews
Chapter 9: Create to Explore
99 When the human realm seems doomed… Calvino (2016) p. 8. 100 Histograms reduce information… Cleveland (1985) p. 125. See Izenman (1991) for work on “optimal” histogram bin-sizing. 101 Four Grand Canyon sites are marked in blue, from left-to-right: North Rim (North Kaibob Trailhead), Phantom Ranch, Colorado River, and South Rim (Bright Angel Trailhead). • “Hinge diagram” see Tukey (1977) pp. 32–37. Howard Wainer (2018) shared, Why did Tukey call them Hinges? The first and fourth quartiles are, in German “die fliegenden Viertel”, or ‘the flying quarters’ or ‘wings’. But wings flap and so the place where they join the main body of the distribution must be hinges. 102 simplifies the images without diminishing… Bertin (1983) p. 36. • Reordered category illustration cells inspired by Ibid. 103 “Smooth and Rough” see Tukey (1977) p. 205. • Seasonal analysis inspired by Armstrong (2016). • Not everything is a straight line Tukey (1977) p. 207. 104 A changed approach is precisely the goal… Sousanis (2015) p. 27. • The entire problem is one of… Bertin (1983) p. xiv. • Most of modern statistics is built around… Wainer (2017) in correspondence with author. 105 “content and form” framing was also made by Bertin (1983) p. 4. • If the way numbers were gathered… Tukey (1977) p. 57. 106 It is an unusual data set indeed that yields… Wainer (2005) p. 96. • If we want to learn more we must think more. Tukey (1977) p. 141. 108 “Tukey’s sum-difference graph” Cleveland (1985) pp. 136–138. • Augment human capabilities rather than… Munzer (2014) p. 1. 109 Temperature anomaly data from climate.NASA.gov, CO2 data from NOAA ESRL. Global Mean Sea Level variation data from NASA MEaSUREs program. • And chaos theory teaches us… Crichton (1990) p. 171. 110 “In the words of Italian writer Italo Calvino…” see page 99. • Our brains, wired to detect patterns… Silver (2012) p. 63. • For if vision be… Browne (1646) p. 124. • certain of the evidence… Popper (1959) p. 24.
Chapter 10: Uncertain Honesty
111 Doubt is not a pleasant condition… Voltaire (1770). 112 observations can give us… Popper (1959) p. 79. • The desire for truth is so prominent… Eddington (1929) p. 246. • I say not that it is… Alyea cited in Wainer (2009) p. 210. 113 A true story: I, too have turned to lying… Lucian in Casson (1962) p. 15. • “CIA analyst Sherman Kent…” see Kent (1964). • Part of our knowledge we obtain direct… Keynes (1921) pp. 3–4. 114 “But, neither do our minds!…” motivated by Tetlock and Gardner (2015) p. 80. • Die rolls are predictable, see Kapitaniak et al. (2012). • Stare at the world… Kling (2017) article. 115 • Wizard and Toto characters are inspired by W.W. Denslow’s illustrations for Baum (1900). • Just as the ability to devise simple but evocative models is the signature of the great scientist… Box (1976) p. 792. • If a meteorologist says there is a 70% chance of rain… Tetlock and Gardner (2015) p. 57. • “prediction horizon” see Gaspard (2005) p. 7. 116 Science never pursues the illusory aim of… Popper (1959) p. 281. • Measurements are only useful for… Stigler (2016) p. 64. • We very soon got to… Carroll (1893) p. 169. 117 If there is no possible way to determine… Friedrich Waismann, Erkenntnis 1 (1903) p. 229 cited in Popper (1959) p. 17. • Science does not rest upon… Popper (1959) p. 94. • If I were to suggest that between the Earth and Mars… Russell (1952) pp. 547–548. 118 estimate, which presumably does not differ… Neyman (1937) p. 346. • No theory that involves just the probabilities… Howard (1966) p. 22. • “A 95% confidence interval conveys…” motivated by Cox and Hinkley (1974) pp. 49, 209. 119 The more money… Huff (1954) p. 91. 120 “ Howard Wainer taught…” see Wainer (2009) p. 121. • Sigma… Savage (2009) p. 78. • The truthful art: Truth is unattainable… Cairo (2016) p. 15. • If a man will begin… Bacon (1605) The First Book V.7. • The only certainty is… Pliny the Elder’s Naturalis Historia (79) Book II Sec. 5 quoted in Savage (2009) p. 1. • It’s time to leave behind any presumption of… Lupi (2017). 121 I am convinced that this is as good as we can do so far. related to author by Wainer (2018). • We shall not cease from exploration… Elliot (1942) Little Gidding V. 123 Alice going through the looking-glass illustration inspired by John Tenniel’s illustrations for Carroll (1871).
Chapter 11: Encounter
126 “good management of visitor attention” motivated by Bitgood (2013). • Objects are where we deposit information… Hidalgo (2015) p. 178. • The exhibition-maker’s job is to arrange… Robert Storr, MoMA Painting and Sculpture Curator, quoted in Marincola (2006) p. 24. 127 One may think of an information forager… Piroilli and Card (1991) p. 646. • What information consumes is rather obvious… Herber Simon’s Designing Organizations For An Information Rich World in Greeberg (1971) pp. 40–41. 128 You-are-here-maps… Levine (1982). • In a general way, I have come to the conclusion that… Dean (1915) p. 173. 129 Space is the medium… Robert Storr, MoMA Painting and Sculpture Curator, quoted in Marincola (2006) p. 23. 130 The most important… Ware (2008) p. 24. • “More distance…” motivated by Ingrid Schaffner (2003) quoted in Marincola (2006) p. 163. 131 the standard placement… Ingrid Schaffner (2003) quoted in Marincola (2006) p. 163. An anecdotal look into the galleries of Arabic museums, via Google Arts & Culture’s museum gallery explorer, showed that left-reading Arabic labels match Schaffner’s convention. They appear to the left of the museum object. • If the concluding sentences of a label… Laurence Coleman Manual for Small Museums (1927) quoted in Marincola (2006) p. 164. • never overestimate the… Virgil Thomson quoted in Marincola (2006) p. 28. • Appeal to someone who… Ingrid Schaffner (2003) cited in Marincola (2006) p. 165. • Just as people can tell a good steak from… Paola Antonelli, MoMA Curator of Architecture and Design, R&D cited in Marincola (2006) p. 89. • The Atlantean statue illustration is motivated by the pillars (c. 1000) that stand over 4.8 meters tall from the ancient Toltec city of Tula. 132 Cabinet of curiosity illustration adapted from Levinus Vincent’s Het Wondertooneel der Natuure (1706) Plate III. • organize and explain… Obrist (2014) p. 42.
Chapter 12: Listen
134 I am a storyteller… Karen Blixen 1957 interview quoted in Arendt (1958). • If we have our own why… from Frederich Nietzsche’s Twilight of the Idols, or, How to Philosophize with a Hammer (1889) Maxims and Arrows 1.12. 135 “The world we are wired for” motivated by Austin (2010) pp. 56, 120–121. • Modern man is in fact… Jung (1964) p. 86. • Useful fictions: We perceive truth and utility to be… Austin (2010) pp. 136, 137, 99. • The character of a society… Shahn (1957) p. 39. 136 “Every story arrives…” motivated by Glass (2009). • “Narrative flow puts content…” motivated by Ware (2008) p. 139. • Before the word became synonymous with… Gabler (1998) pp. 16, 21. • Narrative logic and the visual connection between… Katz (1991) p. 121. • I find that most people know… O’Connor (1969) p. 66. 137 “Story sequence can…” motivated by Pinker (2014) pp. 160–166. • Story structures inspired by CineFix (2016). • A linear ordering of phrases which… Pinker (2014) p. 83. • [The narrated story is always] more than mere… Paul Ricoeur Life: A Story in Search of a Narrator in Doeser and Kraay (1986) p. 122. 138 “Endings satisfy…” motivated by Ware (2008) p. 142. • Question and answer illustrations inspired by Katz (1991) pp. 148–150. • “Even more structures exist…” see Nancy Duarte’s TED Talk The Secret Structure Of Great Talks (Feb 2012) https://www.ted.com/talks/nancy_duarte_the_secret_structure_of_great_talks 139 Endings, frankly, are a… Goldman (1983) pp. 118–119. • [A] familiar pattern merely shows… Katz (1991) p. 151. • The art of creating suspense… Truffault (1983) p. 16. • Comics panels fracture both… McCloud (1993) p. 67. 140 The king died and then… Forster (1927) p. 130. • Our knowledge and impressions of… Sklar (2005) p. 159. • The meaning or the significance of… Paul Ricoeur Life: A Story in Search of a Narrator in Doeser and Kraay (1986) p. 122. • Meaning is derived from context… Hidalgo (2015) p. xvi. • We don’t see things as they are… Anaïs Nin referenced these “Talmudic words” in Seduction of the Minotaur (1961) p. 124. The quote has a complicated history which can be read at https://quoteinvestigator.
com/2014/03/09/as-we-are/ 141 “Symbols imply more than is obvious …” see Jung (1960) pp. 3–4. • A text is not an entity closed in… Paul Ricoeur Life: A Story in Search of a Narrator in Doeser and Kraay (1986) pp. 126, 127. • On myths and mythology: What would we be without the help of… Valéry (1950) p. 201 142 [Archetypes] are pieces of life itself… Jung (1960) pp. 87, 88. • It is precisely the colouring… Tolkien (1964) p. 126. • The universal is that unique thing which… Shahn (1957) p. 54. • Myths, told for their own sake… Carse (1986) p. 142.• Special effects are just a tool… Lucas (1983).
Chapter 13: Freeze
143 “Freeze”: An early draft title for this chapter was “Frieze,” a pun which references both the stillness of graphic design and the horizontal band of sculpted or painted decoration. • Narrative art is art that tells… Lucas Museum of Narrative Art http://lucasmuseum.org/about/what-is-narrative-art 144 “Advertising has always been on the cutting edge of attracting attention…” see Wu (2016). • “David Ogilvy has advice…” Ogilvy (1985). • Illustrators have to tell a lot in one frame… Lucas (2013). • When telling a story with just one image… Lupton (2015) p. 160. • I do not regard advertising as… Ogilvy (1985) p. 7. 145 The surrealist knight illustration is a tribute to Magritte’s painting Le Blanc Seing (1965). • If a scene with clearly expressed gist… Ware (2008) p. 122. • A superficial feature… Hofstadter and Sander (2013) p. 340. • An imitation may be described… Stevens (1951). 146 “Glossy magazine pages…” and following illustrations motivated most by Lupton (2015). • The arrow-apple story illustration is inspired by the painting by Thomas Woodruff on the cover of Prigogine (1996). • What did these old-fashioned advertising men mean by… Munari (1971) pp. 84–86. 147 “Psychologist George Miller introduced us to the idea that we can only hold seven…” see Miller (1956). • We can only hold in mind just a few of the letters… Pinker (2014) p. 351. • A category pulls together many phenomena… Hofstadter and Sander (2013) p. 14. 148 “Visual pop-out occurs…” see Healey and Enns (2012). • “Pop-out is a pre-attentive effect…” see Treisman and Gormican (1988). • The De Stijl rider illustration is after Bart van Der Leck’s De Ruiter (1919). 149 they are concrete… Shlain (1998) p. 4. • write as if they have something important to show. Pinker (2014) p. 26. • “There are numerous…” see Meggs (2016) p. 20. • “The Hangul Korean…” see Ibid. p. 32. • Image is, text is always about. Sousanis (2015) p. 58. • Language can convey complex logical relationships… Ware (2008) p. 145. • How do we integrate figures and text?… Wainer (1997) p. 144. 150 See McCloud (1993) pp. 152–161 for a tour of how comics combine words and pictures.
Chapter 14: Connect
152 “we are wired to recognize shimmering…” see Meert (2014). • “How lines and shapes are drawn…” motivated by McCloud (1993) p. 125 and Bang (2000) pp. 70–71. • The abstract illustrations are inspired by the bouba/kiki effect, a non-arbitrary mapping between speech sounds and the visual shape of objects, first observed by psychologist Wolfgang Köhler in 1929. • The healthy brain does not waste space… Rumsey (2016) p. 118. • [Emotion] comes from the Latin verb… Geary (2011) p. 21. • One of the first things I like to do… film designer Tony Walton interviewed in Goldman (1983) p. 549. 153 The seemingly rough solution… Alexander (2002) p. 211. 154 The portal illustrations are adapted from Alexander (2002) p. 89. • Data is alive… Roam (2016) p. 84. • Austerity may serve certain purposes… Wainer (2007) p. 150. 155 “a single dot can change…” Alexander (2002) p. 81–82. • When I think of them as centers… Alexander (2002) pp. 85–88. • A beautiful thing is something that would… Eco (2004) p. 10. 156 Gallery illustration is a tribute to Mark Rothko’s Untitled (Yellow on Orange) No. 579 (1957). • I’m not an abstractionist… Mark Rothko Notes from a conversation with Selden Rodman, 1956 cited in Rodman (1957) p. 93. • Visual design [has the] power to… Lupi (2017). • Not everything that can be counted… The full quote is It would be nice if all of the data which sociologists require could be enumerated because then we could run them through IBM machines and draw charts as the economists do. However, not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted. Cameron (1963) p. 13.
Chapter 15: Make
158 The ability of geometric representations to rapidly convey… De Landa (2000) p. 33. 159 Thrust line illustrations adapted from Gordon (1978) pp. 181–186. 160 When we abstract… McCloud (1993) p. 30. • Face illustrations are a tribute to McCloud (1993). 161 “A key component of many diagrams is the arrow…” motivated by Alikhani and Stone (2018). • All the things we experience in life… McCloud (1993) pp. 39, 41. 162 The chair is the iconic Eames Lounge Chair • The horse is a tribute to Eadweard Muybridge’s Horse In Motion (1878). 163 Airplane emergency exit diagram inspired by RYANAIR Boeing 737–200 Safety Information card. • “Dan Roam shows…” Roam (2016) pp. 88–89. • A diagram of things is derived from depictions… Tversky (2015) p. 105. • [A diagram is] particularly useful because… Peirce (1998) p. 13. • Now is the time to rise from the dark… King (1963).
Chapter 16: Inspire Trust
167 Handshake illustration is adapted from the throne base from Fort Shalmaneser, which shows king of Assyria Shalmaneser III (on the left) grasping the hand of Marduk-zakir-šumi, king of Babylonia. It is one of the oldest surviving depictions of a handshake. • Mankind are not held together by lies… Douglass (1869). 168 “One striking spread illustrated an elephant…” the spread described was drawn by Mark Hallett and painted by Barbara Hoopes for Zoo-books: Elephants (1980). • “Many people have been slow to accept…” 38 percent of U.S. adults believe in the strict creationist view according to Gallup (2017). • “Our mind is able to operate with scant input experience because it already holds a wealth of information…” motivated by Tenenbaum et al. (2011) p. 1279. • The moral I guess is this… Goldman (1983) p. 145. • As people invented new tools… Kolbert (2017). 169 “Everyone has a unique perspective…” motivated by Kling (2017) book pp. 26, 72. • When it comes to perceiving the physical world… Matthew D. Lieberman Naïve Realism in Brockman (2018) p. 101. • We rarely expend the time and energy… Rumsey (2016) p. 119. 170 Truth is therefore a function of… Lakoff and Johnson (1980) p. 179. • Coalitional instincts: To earn membership in a group you must… evolutionary psychology founder John Tooby Coalitional Instincts in Brockman (2018) p. 498–499. • Having an enemy is important… Eco (2011) p. 2. 171 Comeuppance: To give us an incentive to monitor… Flesch (2007) p. 50. • Trust does not reside… Fukuyama (1995) p. 25. 172 “Too much trust…” motivated by Covey (2006) pp. 19, 287. • The connection between style and substance… Fry (2011). 173 “We fear being insufficient. We fear not belonging.” motivated by Zander and Zander (2000) pp. 95–97. • Few things can help an individual more than… Washington (1901) p. 172. 174 The evolution of trust: In the short run, the game defines the players… Case (2017).
Chapter 17: Imagination to Image
175 Opening door illustration was inspired by the opening credits of The Twilight Zone. • It is when we do not have to believe… Thoreau (1849) p. 146. 176 “I recently heard…” happened at the Barry Lawrence Ruderman Conference on Cartography at Stanford’s sous Rumsey Map Center, October 19–21, 2017. 178 “Different sources provide different years” one of the more comprehensive sources was Eupedia’s List of Gothic edifices by year of construction https://www.eupedia.com/europe/gothic_buildings.shtml • The Notre-Dame de Paris map illustration was made referencing OpenStreetMap and Google Maps. 180 From France to Jerusalem illustration directions were mapped using SunEarth-Tools Distance tool https://www.sunearthtools.com/tools/distance.php 181 “I stumble into a research paper…” Sparavigna (2014). 184 Form cannot be greater than content… Shahn (1957) p. 83. • As we become familiar with something… Pinker (2014) p. 71.
Chapter 18: Focus Attention
185 Vision without execution… Isaacson (2014) p. 481. 186 As the designer quickly creates… Ware (2008) p. 160. • Editing is not taking out�
�� film editor Dede Allen quoted in Goldman (1983) p. 558. 187 Whenever you feel an impulse… Quiller-Couch (1916) XII. On Style. • An artist at work upon a painting must… Shahn (1957) pp. 39–50. • A lot of the questions I ask… film director George Roy Hill quoted in Goldman (1983) p. 573. • It’s time to kill… Glass (2009) 188 From the data given in words and figures… Neurath and Kinross (2009) pp. 77–78. • People make the deepest analogies that they can… Hofstadter and Sander (2013) p. 360. 189 Any graphic which does not enlighten… the entire paragraph is Some statisticians have tried to formulate rules for the construction of graphs and to somehow fix this scientific language, as the chemical notation has been fixed. Without doubt, mathematicians have to determine the geometrical processes which best correspond to the figurative expression of numbers; but they do not have to impose definite types of representation. There is the matter to classify, as we have tried to do, rather than regulate. Any graphic which does not enlighten the subject is condemned: here is the supreme rule, which is none other than that of clarity. Levasseur (1885) p. 248. • How can we maintain clarity but add impact? Wainer (1997) p. 147. 190 “Jacques Bertin used the word energy…” Bertin (1983) pp. 60–61. • “Horror Vacui” motivated by Lidwell et al (2015) p. 70. • Most of these solutions use icons… Wainer (2005) p. 116. • If we’re going to make a mark… Tukey (1972) p. 296. 191 Watch illustrations are based on the Seagull 1963 Airforce Watch, produced by the Tianjin Watch Factory for the Chinese Air Force. • How do you know it works?… Munzer (2014) p. 14. • It must be stressed… Alexander (2002) p. 128. 192 “Ad orientem” is a Latin phrase for “to the east” and is used to describe the orientation of a priest in Christian liturgy facing the wall behind the altar, with priest and people looking in the same direction. 196 The sign is always less… Jung (1964) p. 41. • Confections stand or fall on how deeply they… Tufte (1997) p. 141.