6. PGW, 1:1–4n; Jonathan Boucher, Reminiscences of an American Loyalist, 1737–1789: Being the Autobiography of the Revd. Jonathan Boucher (Boston, 1925), 49; Flexner, GW, 1:23–24; Freeman, GW, 1:64n.
7. Charles Moore, ed., George Washington’s Rules of Civility and Decent Behaviour in Contemporary Conversation (Boston, 1926), 3–21. Washington was so influenced by Addison’s Cato, that at Valley Forge he even had the play performed in order to rally the morale of his men. See: Trevor Colbourn, ed., Fame and the Founding Fathers: Essays by Douglass Adair (New York, 1974), 284–85n.
8. Elkanah Watson, Men and Times of the Revolution (New York, 1857), 43; George Washington Parke Custis, Recollections of Washington (New York, 1860), 131.
9. Freeman, GW, 1:76.
10. Ibid., 1:64–70; Douglas Edward Leach, Arms for Empire: A Military History of the British Colonies in North America, 1607–1763 (New York, 1973), 217–19.
11. Freeman, GW, 1:70.
12. GW, “Biographical Memoranda” [Oct. 1783], WW, 29:37; Freeman, GW, 1:39.
13. Flexner, GW, 1:30; Charles C. Wall, “Notes on the Early History of Mount Vernon,” WMQ, 3d ser., 2 (1945), 173–90.
14. Paul L. Ford, The True George Washington (Philadelphia, 1898), 60–75; Fitzpatrick, GW Himself, 40.
15. Flexner, GW, 1:28; Rupert Hughes, George Washington: The Human Being and the Hero, 1732–1762, 3 vols. (New York, 1926), 1:37–38.
16. GW, “Biog. Memo.,” WW, 29:36; Flexner, GW, 1:30; Knollenberg, GW, 5.
17. Joseph Ball to Mary Washington, May 19, 1747, Freeman, GW, 1:198–99.
18. Ibid., 1:200–18.
19. DGW, 1:6–23.
20. Wilson M. Cary, Sally Cary: A Long Hidden Romance of Washington’s Life (New York, 1916), 15–26.
21. Samuel E. Morison, “The Young Man Washington,” in Samuel E. Morison, By Land and By Sea: Essays and Addresses by Samuel Eliot Morison (New York, 1953), 169; Fitzpatrick, GW Himself, 34; Thomas P. Abernathy, Western Lands and the American Revolution (New York, 1937), 25; Freeman, GW, 1:224, 228, 234.
22. PGW, 1:8–37n; GW to Richard [1749–50], ibid., 1:43–44; Abernathy, Western Lands, 25; DGW, 1:15, 19.
23. Freeman, GW, 1:243–44.
24. Ibid., 1:230–33, 241–42, 244, 247.
25. DGW, 1:43–72.
26. Ibid., 1:74–83.
27. Ibid., 1:26–29; Lawrence Washington to Col. Fairfax, n.d., in Jared Sparks, ed., The Writings of George Washington 12 vols. (Boston, 1834–37), 1:422; Lawrence Washington to a Friend, Apr. 6, 1752, ibid., 2:423.
28. DGW, 1:93–116; Freeman, GW, 1:256–57.
29. Freeman, GW, 1:260.
30. GW to Wm Fauntleroy, May 20, 1752, WW, 1:22; Lawrence Washington to a Friend, Apr. 6, 1752, and ND, Sparks, Writings of GW, 2:423.
31. Freeman, GW, 1:264–66.
32. Ibid., 266–70; Flexner, GW, 1:53.
33. PGW, 1:57n; Abernathy, Western Lands, 8; Charles Ambler, George Washington and the West (New York, 1936), 32–36.
34. John Alden, Robert Dinwiddie: Servant of the Crown (Charlottesville, Va., 1973), 1–15.
35. Hughes, GW, 1:37–38; Fitzpatrick, GW Himself, 147; Knollenberg, GW, 87; William S. Baker, Early Sketches of George Washington (Philadelphia, 1893), 13–14; Tobias Lear, Letters and Recollections of Washington . . . With a Diary of Washington’s Last Days, Kept by Mr. Lear (New York, 1906), 137.
36. “Commission from Robert Dinwiddie” and “Instructions from Robert Dinwiddie,” Oct. 30, 1753, PGW, 1:56–61.
37. Ibid., 1:151–54; William M. Darlington, ed., Christopher Gist’s Journal, with historical, geographical and ethnological notes (Pittsburgh, 1893), 83; Hughes, GW, 1:113.
38. DGW, 1:154–56; Darlington, Gist’s Journal, 84–87.
39. DGW, 1:161n.
40. On the early days of the Virginia Regiment, and for GW’s views on Colonel Fry, see: Dinwiddie to James Patton, Jan. 1754, in Robert A. Brock, The Official Records of Robert Dinwiddie, Lieutenant Governor of Virginia, 1751–1758, 2 vols. (Richmond, 1883–84), 1:50–51; Dinwiddie to Lord Holdernesse, Mar. 12, 1754, ibid., 1:93–94; James R. W. Titus, “Soldiers When They Chose to Be So: Virginians at War, 1754–1763” (Ph.D. diss., Rutgers Univ., 1983), 151–85; GW to Loudoun, Jan. 10, 1757, PGW, 4:81–87; GW to Dinwiddie, March, 20, 1754, ibid., 1:35–36; Freeman, GW, 1:328–29, 337; Flexner, GW, 1:81.
41. Dinwiddie to GW, March 15, 1754, PGW, 1:75–76. On Fry’s inactivity, see: ibid., 1:93n.
42. DGW, 1:174–83, 187–88; GW to Dinwiddie, March 9, May 18, and 29, 1754, PGW, 173–74, 99–100, 116–17; Dinwiddie to GW, March 15, and May 4, 1754, ibid., 1:75–76, 91–92.
43. GW to Fry, May 23, 1754, ibid., 1:100–101; GW to Dinwiddie, May 27, 1754, ibid., 1:104–106; Dinwiddie to GW, March 15, 1754, ibid., 1:75–76; DGW, 1:191–94; Freeman, GW, 1:366, 375.
44. GW to Dinwiddie, May 29 and June 3, 1754, PGW, 1:73–74, 122–25; DGW, 1:194–96; Gilbert Leduc, Washington and “The Murder of Jumonville” (Boston, 1943), 94–101; Ambler, Washington and the West, 64, 67; Freeman, GW, 1:331–33. Contemporary accounts of this clash vary. The memoir of an Indian translator who was present, as well as the account by Dinwiddie, who of course was not an eyewitness, maintained that all the French casualties occurred at the hands of the Indians; Washington and the French, however, agreed that the Virginians were primarily responsible for the French casualties. See: Worthington C. Ford, ed., The Writings of George Washington, 14 vols. (New York, 1889–93), 1:124n; PGW, 1:114–15n.
45. Dinwiddie to GW, May 25 and June 4, 1754, PGW, 1:102–104, 126–27; GW to Dinwiddie, May 29, 1754, ibid., 1:116–17.
46. DGW, 1:187n; Dinwiddie to GW, May 4, 1754, PGW, 1:91–92; GW to Dinwiddie, June 10 and 12, 1754, ibid., 1:129–38; GW, “Biog. Memo.,” WW, 29:40.
47. DGW, 1:203–207.
48. Freeman, GW, 1:399–400; Ambler, Washington and the West, 214; “Minutes of a Council of War,” June 28, 1754, PGW, 1:155–56, 125–26n; J. C. Harrington, “The Metamorphosis of Fort Necessity,” Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, 37 (1954–55), 181–88.
49. Dinwiddie to the Lords of Trade, July 24, 1754, Dinwiddie, Official Records, 1:239–40; GW, “Biog. Memo.,” WW, 29:40.
50. Dinwiddie to Lords of Trade, July 24, 1754, Dinwiddie, Official Records, 1:240–42; Freeman, GW, 1:404–409; PGW, 1:163, 165–68.
51. GW to Dinwiddie, June 3, 1754, PGW, 1:123–24; Ford, Writings of Washington, 1:124n.
52. PGW, 1:161–62n.
53. Ibid., 1:162–64n; GW, “Account. . . .” [1786], ibid., 1:172–73.
54. Dinwiddie to GW, Aug. 1 and Sept. 11, 1754, ibid., 1:180–81, 206–207; GW to Wm. Fairfax, Aug. 11, 1754, ibid., 1:183–87; Dinwiddie to Earl of Halifax, Oct. 25, 1754, WW, 1:160n.
55. GW to Wm. Fitzhugh, Nov. 15, 1754, PGW, 1:226.
56. Ibid., 1:227–35; Charles Cecil Wall, George Washington: Citizen-Soldier (Charlottesville, Va., 1980), 17.
2
The Frontier Warrior
1. GW to John Robinson, Oct. 23, 1754, PGW, 1:219; GW to Fitzhugh, Nov. 15, 1754, ibid., 1:225–26.
2. GW to Fitzhugh, Nov. 15, 1754, ibid., 1:225–26.
3. Freeman, GW, 2:1–7.
4. GW to Wm. Byrd, Apr. 20, 1755, PGW, 1:250–51; GW to Carter Burwell, Apr. 20, 1755, ibid., 1:252–53; GW to John Augustine Washington, May 14 and June 28, 1755, ibid., 1:271–72, 319–24.
5. GW to Robert Orme, Mar. 15, 1755, ibid., 1:243–45; GW to Byrd, Apr. 20, 1755, ibid., 1:250–51; GW to Burwell, Apr. 20, 1755, ibid., 1:252–53; GW to Maj. John Carlyle, May 14, 1755, ibid., 1:274; GW to J.A. Washington, May 14 and June 28, 1755, ibid., 1:277–78, 319–24; Orme to GW, Mar. 2 and Apr. 3, 1755, ibid., 1:241, 249; GW to Loudoun, Jan. 10, 1757, WW, 1:18. GW’s letter to Carlyle, as well as his May 14 letter to his brother, were never sent.
6. Paul E. Kopperman, Braddock at the Monongahela (Pittsburgh, 1977), 7–8; GW to J.A. Washington, May 6, 1755, PGW, 1:266–67; GW to Wm. Fairfax, June 7, 1755, ibid., 1:298–300; GW, “Biog. Memo.,”
WW, 29:41–42.
7. Orme to Lt. Gov. Robt. Morris, July 18, 1755, Hamilton, LGW, 1:71; Oliver L. Spaulding, “The Military Studies of George Washington,” AHR, 29 (1924), 677.
8. GW, “Poetry,” 1749–50, PGW, 1:46–47.
9. GW to Wm. Fauntleroy, May 20, 1752, ibid., 1:49; Freeman, GW, 1:261–62.
10. GW to Sally Fairfax, Apr. 30, May 14, and June 7, 1755, PGW, 1:261, 276–77, 308; GW to Sarah Fairfax, May 14, 1755, ibid., 1:279–80; GW to J.A. Washington, June 28, 1755, ibid., 1:319–24; Fitzpatrick, GW Himself, 75.
11. For a more extensive analysis of Washington’s attitude and behavior toward Sally Fairfax, see ch. 10.
12. GW to J.A. Washington, June 28, 1755, PGW, 1:321, 326n; GW, “Biog. Memo.,” WW, 29:42; Lawrence Henry Gipson, The British Empire Before the American Revolution, 14 vols. (New York, 1958–68), 6:82.
13. Freeman, GW, 2:55, 57, 60–61, 64; GW, Memorandum [July 8–9, 1755], PGW, 1:331; Kopperman, Braddock, 13–14.
14. GW, “Biog. Memo.,” WW, 29:42; Kopperman, Braddock, 18, 31.
15. Kopperman, Braddock, 32–45.
16. Ibid., 50–76, 164, 176; Stanley Pargellis, “Braddock’s Defeat,” AHR, 40 (1936), 259–62; GW to Dinwiddie, July 18, 1755, PGW, 1:339–40; Leach, Arms for Empire, 365–66.
17. Kopperman, Braddock, 76–77; GW to Dinwiddie, July 18, 1755, PGW, 1:339–40; GW to Mary Ball Washington, July 18, 1755, ibid., 1:336. For the casualty figures, see: PGW, 1:337n, 342n.
18. David Humphreys, manuscript biography of GW [1788], The Rosenbach Museum & Library, Philadelphia; Kopperman, Braddock, 84–92; GW, “Biog. Memo., WW, 29:43.
19. GW to Dinwiddie, July 18, 1755, PGW, 1:339–40; GW to Mary Ball Washington, July 18, 1755, ibid., 1:336–37; GW to J.A. Washington, July 18, 1755, ibid., 1:343; GW, “Biog. Memo.,” WW, 29:44–45; Freeman, GW, 2:78–81.
20. GW to Dinwiddie, July 18, 1755, PGW, 1:339–40; GW, “Biog. Memo.,” WW, 29:45. The final toll for Braddock’s Anglo-American force was 976 casualties (456 killed and 520 wounded) out of a total army of 1,469. See, PGW, 1:338n.
21. Wm Fairfax to GW, July 26, 1755, PGW, 1:345–46; Sally Fairfax, Ann Spearing, and Eliz. Dent to GW, July 26, 1755, ibid., 1:346; Flexner, GW, 1:133.
22. Freeman, GW, 2:104–14; Dinwiddie to Col. Th. Dunbar, July 26, 1755, Dinwiddie, Official Records, 2:118–20; Ch. Lewis to GW, Aug. 9, 1755, PGW, 1:357–58; Warner Lewis to GW, Aug. 9, 1755, ibid., 1:358; GW to Warner Lewis, Aug. 14, 1755, ibid., 1:360–63.
23. GW to J.A. Washington, Aug. 2, 1755, PGW, 1:351–53; GW to Mary Washington, Aug. 14, 1755, ibid., 1:359.
24. GW, Memorandum, Oct. 8, 1755, ibid., 2:82–83; Orders, Sept. 17 and Oct. 6, 1755, ibid., 2:40, 75–76; GW to Dinwiddie, Oct. 8, 1755, ibid., 2:83–84; Stephen to GW, Oct. 4, 1755, Hamilton, LGW, 1:103; Norton, Colonial Virginia, 1:710.
25. GW to Dinwiddie, Sept. 11, Oct. 8 and 11, 1755, PGW, 2:29–30, 83–84, 101–106; Orders, Sept. 19, Oct. 5, 10, and 23, 1755, ibid., 2:51–52, 75, 94, 134; Stephen to GW, Oct. 4, 1755, Hamilton, LGW, 1:103; Norton, Colonial Virginia, 2:710; Flexner, GW, 1:140–41.
26. GW to Dinwiddie, Oct. 11, Dec. 5, 1755, and Jan. 14, 1756, PGW, 2:101–106, 200–202, 283–84; GW to Stephen, Dec. 28, 1755, ibid., 2:238–39; Robinson to GW, Dec. 16, 1755, Hamilton, LGW, 1:151; Dinwiddie to Shirley, Nov. 4, 1755, and Jan. 24, 1756, Dinwiddie, Official Records, 2:261, 330; Freeman, GW, 2:154.
27. Knollenberg, GW, 47.
28. Freeman, GW, 2:151–64; Flexner, GW, 1:145–47.
29. GW to Th. Walker, Feb. 1, 1756, PGW, 2:312; GW to Wm. Fairfax, Apr. 23, 1755, ibid., 1:257–58; Freeman, GW, 2:156.
30. Shirley to GW, Mar. 5, 1756, Hamilton, LGW, 1:201; Freeman, GW, 2:164–69; Orders, Sept. 17, 1755, PGW, 2:40–41.
31. GW, “Notes of Journey to Boston,” WW, 1:298–99; Freeman, GW, 2:167.
32. GW to Dinwiddie, Apr. 16, 18, 19, 24, May 3, 23, June, 25, Aug. 4, Sept. 8, Oct. 10, and Nov. 9, 1756, PGW, 3:1–3, 13–15, 20, 44–46, 81–84, 171–73, 222–25, 312–18, 396–400, 430–34, 4:1–6; GW to J. Robinson, Apr. 24, Aug. 5, Nov. 9, 1756, ibid., 3:48–51, 323–31; 4:11–18; GW to Loudoun, Jan. 10, 1757, ibid., 4:81–84, 86–87; GW to Henry Woodward, May 5, 1756, ibid., 3:96; Orders, May 1, July 6–8, Aug. 30–31, Sept. 1, 1756, ibid., 3:70, 238–39, 382–83; GW to Robt. Morris, Apr. 9, 1756, ibid., 2:345–46. On the composition of Washington’s armies, see: John Ferling, “Soldiers for Virginia: Who Served in the French and Indian War?,” VMHB, 94 (1986), 307–28.
33. GW to Dinwiddie, Apr. 7, 24, Sept. 23 and 28, 1756, ibid., 2:332–35; 3:44–46, 414–18, 420–21; Freeman, GW, 2:193–94, 199; Esmond Wright, Washington and the American Revolution (New York, 1962), 36–37.
34. GW to Dinwiddie, Feb. 2, Apr. 7, May 3, and Aug. 4, 1756, PGW, 2:314–15, 332–35; 3:85–86, 312–18; GW to Robinson, Apr. 16, 1756, ibid., 3:6–8; Wall, GW, 20–21.
35. “The Centinel No. X,” Virginia Gazette, Sept. 3, 1756; Knollenberg, GW, 44–45.
36. Fairfax to GW, Apr. 26, May 20, 1756, Hamilton, LGW, 1:231–32, 256, 264; A. Washington to GW, Oct. 16, 1756, ibid., 1:375–77; Officers to Col. Stephen, Oct. 4, 1756, GWP, ser. 4, reel 30, item 546; Knollenberg, GW, 45–46.
37. GW to Sally Fairfax, Sept. 23, 1756, PGW, 3:418; GW to Dinwiddie, Nov. 24, Dec. 19, 1756, ibid., 4:29–32, 62–66; Dinwiddie to GW, Nov. 16, 24, Dec. 10 and 19, 1756, Dinwiddie, Official Records, 2:507, 523–24, 553, 559–60.
38. GW to Loudoun, Jan. 10, 1757, PGW, 4:79–90. A slightly different version of this letter can be found under the date of Jan. 28, 1757, in WW, 2:6–19.
39. Edward P. Hamilton, The French and Indian Wars: The Story of Battles and Forts in the Wilderness (New York, 1962), 185; Freeman, GW, 2:234; Flexner, GW, 1:174–75.
40. GW to Stanwix, July 15, 1757, PGW, 4:306–307; GW to Robinson, May 30 and July 10, 1757, ibid., 4:174–75, 287–89; GW to Dinwiddie, Sept. 17, 24, and Oct. 5, 1757, WW, 2:140; GW, “Remonstrances to Officers,” Apr. 16[?], 1757, ibid., 2:25–27.
41. GW to Dinwiddie, Apr. 29, May 30, June 12, 27, July 12, Aug. 27, 1757, PGW, 4:149–50, 171–72, 203–204, 267–68, 299–300, 384–87; GW to Dinwiddie, Sept. 27 and Oct. 5, 1757, WW, 2:133, 141–43; Alden, Dinwiddie, 67–68; John Alden, George Washington: A Biography (Baton Rouge, La., 1984), 58. Historian Marcus Cunliffe suggested that Washington, about whom he found “something unlikeable” in these years, manifested a virtual “persecution complex.” See his George Washington: Man and Monument (New York, 1958), 55.
42. Dinwiddie to GW, Sept. 24, 1757, Dinwiddie, Official Records, 2:703; GW to Dinwiddie, Aug. 27, 1757, PGW, 4:386–87; GW to Dinwiddie, Sept. 17, Oct. 5, 1757, WW, 2:133, 141–42; Knollenberg, GW, 53–54; Alden, Dinwiddie, 102–109.
43. Dinwiddie to GW, Oct. 19, 1757, Dinwiddie, Official Records, 2:707–708.
44. GW to Mary Washington, Sept. 30, 1757, PGW, 4:430; Craik to GW, Nov. 25, 1757, Hamilton, LGW, 2:246–47; Robt. Stewart to Dinwiddie, Nov. 9, 1757, ibid., 2:231; Freeman, GW 2:264, 274–75.
45. “Invoices . . . ,” WW, 2:23; GW to Th. Knox, Jan. 1758, ibid., 2:162; Worthington C. Ford, Washington as an Employer and Importer of Labor (Brooklyn, 1889), 8–9; Flexner, GW, 1:181.
46. GW to Sally Fairfax, Nov. 15, 1757, and Feb. 13, 1758, WW, 37:479–80; Bernard Fay, George Washington: Republican Aristocrat (Boston, 1931), 131.
47. GW to John Blair, Feb. 20, 1758, WW, 2:164–65; GW to Richard Washington, Mar. 18, 1758, ibid., 2:168; Freeman, GW, 2:277–78.
48. Anne Wharton, Martha Washington (New York, 1897), 3–24; Eugene E. Prussing, The Estate of George Washington, Deceased (Boston, 1927), 96; Freeman, GW, 2:278–301; Knollenberg, GW, 26–28.
49. Freeman, GW, 2:301.
50. Elswyth Thane, Potomac Squire (New York, 1963), 37.
51. GW to Th. Gage, Apr. 12, 1758, WW, 2:177.
52. GW to Stanwix, Apr. 10, 1758, ibid., 2:173; GW to Sir John St. Clair, Apr. 12 and 18, 1758, ibid., 2:175, 179; GW to Gen. Forbes, June 19, 1758, ibid., 2:216.
53. Freeman, GW, 2:241–4
2, 242n.
54. GW to Gabriel Jones, July 29, 1758, WW, 2:249; GW to Bouquet, July 16, 1758, ibid., 2:238; Knollenberg, GW, 54.
55. GW to Bouquet, Apr. 2, July 25, and Aug. 2, 1758, WW, 2:246, 252–58; GW to Gov. Fauquier, Aug. 5, 1758, ibid., 2:261–62; GW to Mjr. Halkett, Aug. 2, 1758, ibid., 2:260; GW to Robinson, Sept. 1, 1758, ibid., 2:278; Freeman, GW, 2:327–29, 332, 335; Knollenberg, GW, 64.
56. If Washington corresponded with Martha Custis during these months, no letters have survived. Following Washington’s death, Martha attempted to destroy all remnants of her correspondence with her husband; only two or three letters escaped destruction. See Freeman, GW, 2:405–406.
57. GW to Sally Fairfax, Sept. 12, 1758, WW, 2:287–89.
58. GW to Sally Fairfax, Sept. 25, 1758, ibid., 2:292–94; Wharton, Martha Washington, 40.
59. GW to Fauquier, Sept. 28, Oct. 30, and Nov. 5, 1758, WW, 2:295, 300–301; Freeman, GW, 2:357–59.
60. Freeman, GW, 2:358–59.
61. GW to Forbes, Nov. 16 and 17, 1758, WW, 2:302–303, 305; GW to Fauquier, Nov. 28, 1758, ibid., 2:308; Freeman, GW, 2:360–66.
62. GW to Fauquier, Dec. 2 and 9, 1758, WW, 2:312, 316; Freeman, GW, 2:367.
63. GW to Fauquier, Dec. 2, 1758, WW, 2:312–14.
64. GW to David Humphreys, July 25, 1785, ibid., 28:203.
65. Freeman, GW, 2:317, 383.
66. GW to J.A. Washington, May 28, 1755, PGW, 1:289–92.
67. Mercer to GW, Aug. 17, 1757, Hamilton, LGW, 2:175.
68. GW to Henry Knox, Apr. 27, 1787, WW, 29:209.
69. GW to Richard Washington, Aug. 10, 1760, ibid., 2:345.
3
The Acquisitive Planter
1. Daniel Blake Smith, Inside the Great House: Planter Life in Eighteenth Century Chesepeake Society (Ithaca, N. Y., 1980), 151–53; Charles M. Andrews, Colonial Folkways: A Chronicle of American Life in the Reign of the Georges (New Haven, Conn., 1919), 86–89; Julia C. Spruil, Women’s Life and Work in the Southern Colonies (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1938), 86–87, 94–95; Freeman, GW, 2:302, 3:11; George W. Nordham, George Washington: Vignettes and Memorabilia (Philadelphia, 1977), 31–32; George W. Nordham, George Washington’s Women: Mary, Martha, Sally, and 146 Others (Philadelphia, 1977), 29–31.
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