36. DGW, 5:155–85.
37. Ibid., 5:163, 171; “Accts. & Vouchers,” GWP., ser. 5, reel 117.
38. DGW, 5:173–75; Silverman, Cultural History, 429, 571–73.
39. GW to Humphreys, Oct. 10, 1787, WW, 29:287; GW to Knox, Aug. 19, 1787, ibid., 29:261.
40. Jensen, American Revolution within America, 206–12.
41. DGW, 5:164; Cooke, Hamilton, 51; GW to Hamilton, July 10, 1787, WW, 29:245–46; GW to Randolph, Jan. 8, 1788, ibid., 29:358.
42. Rossiter, 1787, 222.
43. Ibid., 170, 174–75, 221–24, 230.
44. GW to Col. John Cannon, Sept. 16, 1787, quoted in Risjord, Chesapeake Politics, 632n; DGW, 5:185; Rossiter, 1787, 237.
45. DGW, 5:185–87.
46. Ibid., 5:193, 204.
47. McDonald, Formation of the American Republic, 209–10; GW to Humphreys, Oct. 10, 1787, WW, 29:287.
48. GW to Henry, Sept. 24, 1787, WW, 29:278; GW to Madison, Jan. 10, 1788, ibid., 29:373; DGW, 5:205, 339; Freeman, GW, 6:134–35.
49. GW to Ch. Carter, Dec. 14, 1787, WW, 29:339; GW to Lafayette, Apr. 28, 1788, ibid., 29:479–80; Freeman, GW, 6:125–30.
50. GW to Lafayette, May 28, 1788, WW, 29:507–508; Freeman, GW, 6:135–36.
51. Jonathan Elliot, ed., The Debates in the several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution ..., 5 vols. (New York, 1888), 3:44, 151, 278–90, 365–71, 403, 493, 505, 653–55; Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 519–24, 527–28, 536–43.
52. DGW, 5:349, 351–52, 352n; Freeman, GW, 6:139; GW to Ch. C. Pinckney, June 28, 1788, WW, 30:9.
53. GW to Pettit, Aug. 16, 1788, WW, 30:42; GW to Hamilton, Aug. 28, 1788, ibid., 30:66–67; GW to C. Lee, Sept. 22, 1788, ibid., 30:97–98; GW to Lincoln, Oct. 26, 1788, ibid., 30:118–20; Freeman, GW, 6:145–47.
54. Hamilton to GW, Sept.[?], 1788, Syrett and Cooke, Papers of Hamilton, 5:220–22; GW to Lincoln, Oct. 26, 1788, WW, 30:119, 121.
55. GW to Gordon, Dec. 23, 1788, WW, 30:169; GW to Lafayette, Jan. 29, 1789, ibid., 30:185–86.
56. GW to Samuel Vaughn, Mar. 21, 1789, ibid., 30:237; GW to Harrison, Mar. 9, 1789, ibid., 30:224; GW to Conway, Mar. 6, 1789, ibid., 30:222; GW to Madison, Mar. 30, 1789, ibid., 30:255; GW to G.A. Washington, Mar. 31, 1789, ibid., 30:256–60; GW to Knox, Apr. 1, 1789, ibid., 30:268.
57. GW to Thomson, Apr. 14, 1789, ibid., 30:285–86; DGW, 5:447n; Freeman, GW, 6:165.
58. DGW, 5:447–48; Freeman, GW, 4:167–84; Stephen Decatur, Private Affairs of George Washington: From the Records and Accounts of Tobias Lear, Esquire, his Secretary (Boston, 1933), 5.
59. GW, Inaugural Address, Apr. 30, 1789, WW, 30:291–96; Edgar S. Maclay, ed., Journal of William Maclay, United States Senator from Pennsylvania, 1789–1791 (New York, 1890), 9, 14. On the Inaugural, see: Thomas E.V. Smith, The City of New York in the Year of Washington’s Inaugural (New York, 1889), 228–35, and Decatur, Private Affairs of GW, 7–11.
15
The Early Presidency
1. David Hackett Fischer, Growing Old in America (Oxford, Eng., 1978), 99–112; Richard D. Brown, Modernization in the Transformation of American Life, 1600–1865 (New York, 1976), 74–121.
2. Smith, City of New York, 24–25, 91–125, 175–83, 195–208; GW to Capt. Randall, Aug. 30, 1790, WW, 31:108.
3. GW to Lincoln, Oct. 26, 1788, WW, 30:121.
4. Wills, Cincinnatus, 23.
5. GW to Rutledge, May 5, 1789, WW, 30:309.
6. GW to Bowdoin, May 9, 1789, ibid., 30:313; GW to Heath, May 9, 1789, ibid., 30:316.
7. GW, “Queries ...,” May 10, 1789, ibid., 30:319–20.
8. Hamilton to GW, May 5, 1789, Syrett and Cooke, Papers of Hamilton, 5:335–37. On his views at the Constitutional Convention, see: ibid., 4:178–207.
9. Smith, Adams,2:75 2–54.
10. Maclay, Journal of Maclay, 351; Flexner, GW, 3:196. Forrest McDonald, The Presidency of George Washington (Lawrence, Kans., 1974), 28–30; John C. Miller, The Federalist Era, 1789–1801 (New York, 1960), 5–10.
11. Freeman, GW, 6:203–204; GW to Gabriel Van Home, May 31, 1789, WW, 30:341; Decatur, Private Affairs, 19.
12. GW to Biddle, June 22, 1789, WW, 30:348; GW to de Neufville, June 29, 1789, ibid., 30:350; GW to McHenry, July 3, 1789, ibid., 30:351; GW to R.H. Lee, Aug. 2, 1789, ibid., 30:369; GW to Craik, Aug. 8, 1789, ibid., 30:396; Freeman, GW, 6:214–15; Maclay, Journal of Maclay, 341.
13. McDonald, Presidency of GW, 37–38.
14. GW to Lincoln, Aug. 11, 1789, WW, 30:379–80; GW to Bushrod Washington, July 27, 1789, ibid., 30:366.
15. Hamilton to GW, Mar. 10 and Nov. 25, 1785, Oct. 11–15, 1787, Syrett and Cooke, Papers of Hamilton, 3:598, 635–36; 4:280–81; GW to Hamilton, Oct. 18, 1787, WW, 29:290–91.
16. GW to G. Morris, Oct. 13, 1789, WW, 30:443; Dumas Malone, Thomas Jefferson and his Time, 6 vols., (Boston, 1948–1981), 2:245.
17. McDonald, Presidency of GW, 38; GW to the Assoc. Justices, Sept. 30, 1789, WW, 30:424–25, 425n; GW to Hamilton, Sept. 25, 1789, ibid., 30:413; Freeman, GW, 6:253n.
18. Miller, Federalist Era, 20–21; GW to McHenry, July 31, 1788, WW, 30:28–30; GW to Lincoln, Aug. 28, 1788, ibid., 30:63.
19. GW, “Proposed Address ...,” WW, 30:304.
20. GW to Betty Lewis, Oct. 12, 1789, ibid., 30:436; DGW, 5:451, 454, 457, 458, 459n.
21. DGW, 5:460–73.
22. Ibid., 5:474–75, 475n.
23. Ibid., 5:476; GW to Hancock, Oct. 26, 1789, WW, 30:453.
24. DGW, 5:477–92.
25. Ibid., 5:493–97.
26. Ibid., 5:498, 504, 508–509; GW to McHenry, Nov. 30, 1789, WW, 30:470–72; GW to the Emperor of Morocco, Dec. 1, 1789, ibid., 30:474–76.
27. MW to Frances Washington, June 8 and Oct. 22, 1789, MVL; MW to Mercy Warren, June 12, 1790, ibid.,; MW to Sally Fairfax, Nov. 26, 1798, ibid; Decatur, Private Affairs, 21; Custis, Recollections, 372.
28. DGW, 5:497–512; GW, “Thanksgiving Proc,” WW, 30:427–28.
29. GW, Address, Jan. 8, 1790, WW, 30:491–94; DGW, 6:4–5.
30. Cooke, Hamilton, 75.
31. Ibid., 73–84; McDonald, Presidency of GW, 47–65; Miller, Hamilton, 155, 160, 163–68, 219–37; Gerald Stourzh, Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government (Stanford, Calif., 1970), 38–75. The Report is printed in Syrett and Cooke, Papers of Hamilton, 6:51–168.
32. Miller, Hamilton, 122, 311–12; Cooke, Hamilton, 78–79; Miller, Federalist Era, 41–42.
33. Irving Brant, James Madison, 5 vols., (Indianapolis, 1941–61), 3:306–309.
34. DGW, 6:26n, 37; Decatur, Private Affairs, 118, 121–23.
35. DGW, 6:26–37; Freeman, GW, 6:225, 251–53; Decatur, Private Affairs, 3.
36. Decatur, Private Affairs, 35, 39, 40, 42, 48, 101–103, 114, 122–24, 133–34, l52, 164, 190, 328–32; Flexner, GW, 3:199n, 202.
37. GW to Stuart, June 15, 1790, WW, 31:55; DGW, 6:9, 77; Freeman, GW, 6:259–61; Decatur, Private Affairs, 28; Maclay, Journal of Maclay, 265.
38. David L. Lewis, District of Columbia: A Bicentennial History (New York, 1976), 4–5; William N. Chambers, Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776–1809 (New York, 1963), 38; “Editorial Note,” Boyd, Papers of Jefferson, 19:6–7.
39. On the Compromise of 1790, see: Jacob E. Cooke, “The Compromise of 1790,” WMQ, 3d ser., 27 (1970), 523–45; Kenneth R. Bowling, “Dinner at Jefferson’s: A Note on Jacob E. Cooke’s ’The Compromise of 1790,’ [With a Rebuttal by Jacob E. Cooke]”, ibid., 28 (1971), 629–48; Norman K. Risjord, “The Compromise of 1790: New Evidence on the Dinner Table Bargain,” ibid., 28 (1976), 309–14; “Editorial Notes,” Boyd, Papers of Jefferson, 17:452; 19:6–7; Maclay, Journal of Maclay, 312, 328.
40. GW to Rochambeau, Aug. 10, 1790, WW, 31:84.
41. GW to Lafayette, Aug. 11, 1790, ibid., 31:85, 85n.
42. GW to Luzerne, Apr. 29, 1790, ibid., 31:40.
16
The End of the First Term
1. Lear
to Biddle, Aug. 26, 1790, WW, 31:101; Freeman, GW, 6:278.
2. GW to Lear, Sept. 5 and 20, 1790, WW, 31:110–11, 120.
3. Jefferson to GW, Sept. 14, 1790, Boyd, Papers of Jefferson, 19:463; “Editorial Note,” ibid., 19:3–5, 21–22.
4. GW to Lear, Sept. 17, 20, 27, Oct. 3, 10, 27, 31, Nov. 7, 14, and 23, 1790, WW, 31:116–18, 120–24, 125–27, 128–30, 132–34, 135–37, 139–41, 146–49, 152–54, 159–60.
5. GW, Second Annual Address, Dec. 8, 1790, ibid., 31:164–69.
6. Hamilton, “First Report on . . . Public Credit,” Feb. 13, 1791, and “Second Report ...,” Feb. 13, 1792, Syrett and Cooke, Papers of Hamilton, 7:210–342; McDonald, Presidency of GW, 61–62; Miller, Hamilton, 255–77, 396; Cooke, Hamilton, 85–89.
7. Ralph Ketchum, James Madison: A Biography (New York, 1971), 319; Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography (New York, 1970), 433–35.
8. GW to Hamilton, Feb. 16, 1791, WW, 31:215–16; Hamilton, “Opinion ...,” Feb. 23, 1791, Syrett and Cooke, Papers of Hamilton, 7:63–134; Jefferson, “Opinion . . . ,” Feb. 15, 1791, Boyd, Papers of Jefferson, 19:275–80; Miller, Hamilton, 264.
9. Maclay, Journal of Maclay, 378, 401; GW, Proclamation, Jan. 24, 1791, WW, 31:202–204; “Editorial Note,” Boyd, Papers of Jefferson, 19:26–29, 34–40.
10. “Editorial Note,” Boyd, Papers of Jefferson, 19:47–58.
11. Sturdevant, “Quest for Eden,” 256–62.
12. GW to Stuart, Apr. 8, 1792, WW, 32:19.
13. DGW, 6:102–105; GW, Proclamation, Mar. 30, 1791, WW, 31:254–55; Freeman, GW, 6:300–301.
14. GW to Wm. Washington, Jan. 8, 1791, WW, 31:Archibald Henderson, Washington’s Southern Tour, 1791 (Boston, 1923), 1.
15. DGW, 6:107–12.
16. Ibid., 6:113–22, 157
17. Ibid., 6:123–32, 140n.
18. Ibid., 6:124–40, 158.
19. Ibid., 6:140–63; Henderson, GW’s Southern Tour, 269; GW to Humphreys, July 20, 1791, WW, 31:318.
20. GW to Lear, June 12, 1791, WW, 31:291–92; GW to Stuart, Nov. 20, 1791, ibid., 31:420; David L. Lewis, District of Columbia: A Bicentennial History (New York, 1976), 7; H. Paul Caemmerer, Life of Pierre Charles L’Enfant (Washington, D.C., 1950), 27–28; Elizabeth S. Kite, ed., L’Enfant and Washington, 1791–1792 (Baltimore, 1929), 1–13.
21. Malone, Jefferson, 2:374–75; L’Enfant to Jefferson, n.d., Kite, L Enfant, 47–48; GW to L’Enfant, Apr. 4, 1791, WW, 31:270–71; “Editorial Note,” Boyd, Papers of Jefferson, 20:7–9.
22. Jefferson to L’Enfant, Apr. 10, 1791, Boyd, Papers of Jefferson, 20:86; Jefferson to GW, Apr. 10, 1791, ibid., 20:87–88; “Editorial Note,” ibid., 20:15–16, 18–19, 23–29; L’Enfant to Hamilton, Apr. 8, 1791, Syrett and Cooke, Papers of Hamilton, 8:253; GW to Jefferson, Mar. 31, 1791, WW, 31:257.
23. DGW, 6:164–65; “Editorial Note,” Boyd, Papers of Jefferson, 20:29–32; “Report of L’Enfant,” June 22, 1791, Kite, L’Enfant, 52–58, and see 16, 18–19.
24. DGW, 6:167–69.
25. On GW’s testimony, see ch. 13 and WW, 26:374–98.
26. Francis Paul Prucha, The Sword of the Republic: The United States Army on the Frontier, 1783–1846 (Bloomington: Ind., 1977), 3–18; Knox to GW, May 5, 1789, WPPV
27. GW to Clinton, Sept. 14, 1791, WW, 31:369.
28. GW to G. Morris, Dec. 17, 1790, ibid., 31: 174; GW to Humphreys, July 20, 1791, ibid., 31:320; GW to Jefferson, Mar. 6, 1792, ibid., 31:501; GW to Pierce Butler, Aug. 10, 1789, ibid., 30:379; GW, “Proposed Address,” Apr. [?], 1789, ibid., 30:303.
29. GW to R.H. Lee, Dec. 14, 1784, ibid., 28:12.
30. GW to the Cherokee Nation, Aug. 29, 1796, ibid., 25:193–94. GW to Duane, Sept. 7, 1783, ibid., 27:133–40.
31. GW, Second Annual Address, Dec. 8, 1790, ibid., 31:166; GW to St. Clair, Oct. 6, 1789, ibid., 30:430–31; GW to Lear, Apr. 3, 1791, ibid., 31:267; GW to Jefferson, Mar. 6, 1792, ibid., 31:501.
32. GW to St. Clair, Oct. 6, 1789, ibid., 30:429.
33. Ibid., 30:430–31.
34. Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 127, 99–100; Maclay, Journal of Maclay, 227, 239–40.
35. Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 100, 102; GW to Lear, Apr. 3, 1790, WW, 31:267; GW to G. Morris, Dec. 17, 1790, ibid., 31:174.
36. Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 102–103.
37. Randolph G. Adams, “The Harmar Expedition of 1790,” Ohio State Archives and History Quarterly, 50 (1941), 60–62; Howard Peckham, “Josiah Harmar and his Indian Expedition,” ibid., 55 (1946), 227–41; Prucha, Sword of the Republic, 21.
38. GW to Knox, Nov. 19, 1790, WW, 31:156.
39. GW, Second Annual Address, Dec. 8, 1790, WW, 31:166–73; GW to Jefferson, Apr. 1, 1791, ibid., 31–260; GW to Clinton, Sept. 14, 1791, ibid., 31:370; Knox to GW, June 4 and Dec. 10, 1790, and Jan. 22, 1791, WPPV; Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 108–10; Wiley Sword, President Washington’s Indian War: The Struggle for the Old Northwest, 1790–1795 (Norman, Okla., 1985), 131.
40. GW to Col. Wm. Dark, Apr. 4, 1791, WW, 31:268–69; Custis, Recollections, 282–83; Freeman, GW, 6:329; Kohn, Eagle and Sword, no.
41. Frazer E. Wilson, “St. Clair’s Defeat,” Ohio Archives and History Quarterly, 11 (1902), 30–43; Sword, GW’s Indian War, 195.
42. Prucha, Sword of the Republic, 21–22, 26–27.
43. GW, “Errors of Government Toward the Indians, [Feb. 1792], WW, 31.491; GW to Knox, Aug. 1, 1792, ibid., 32:104; Wilcombe E. Washurn, The Indian in America (New York, 1975), 162.
44. Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 122–24.
45. GW, “Opinion of the General Officers,” Mar. 9, 1792, WW, 31:509; GW to H. Lee, June 30, 1792, ibid., 32:32; Nelson, Wayne, 222–26.
46. On the turbulent southwestern frontier, see: Arthur P. Whitaker, The Spanish–American Frontier: 1783–1795. The Westward Movement and the Spanish Retreat in the Mississippi Valley (Boston, 1927), 78–139; Thomas P. Abernethy, The South in the New Nation, 1789–1819 (Baton Rouge, La., 1961), 43–101.
47. Knox to GW, Feb. 15, 1790, GWP, ser. 4, reel 99; John W. Caughey, McGillivray of the Creeks (Norman, Okla., 1938), 42, 261.
48. DGW, 6:42, 82–83.
49. Callahan, Knox, 330–35; Arthur P. Whitaker, “Alexander McGillivray, 1783– 1789,” North Carolina Historical Review, 5 (1928), 181–203, 289–300; Caughey, McGillivray, 42–45.
50. GW, Proc, Aug. 26, 1790, WW, 31:99; GW, Annual Address, Oct. 25, 1791, ibid., 31:397–98.
51. GW to Moultrie, Aug. 9, 1791, ibid., 31:334; GW to Lafayette, Sept. 10, 1791, ibid., 31:363; GW to Lear, Sept. 26 and Oct. 2, 1791, ibid., 31:377–78, 392; Decatur, Private Affairs, 245; Freeman, GW, 6:323–24n, 330.
52. GW to Vaughn, Aug. 25, 1791, WW, 30:346.
53. Hamilton, “Report on Manufactures,” Syrett and Cooke, Papers of Hamilton, 10:230–340; Miller, Hamilton, 278–95; Cooke, Hamilton, 97–102. For a different view, see: John R. Nelson, Jr., “Alexander Hamilton and American Manufacturing: A Reexamination,” Jrnl. Am. Hist., 65 (1979), 971–95.
54. Miller, Federalist Era, 68–69; Miller, Hamilton, 299, 311.
55. Fawn M. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History (New York, 1974), 135, 143, 155, 267, 285; McDonald, Presidency of GW, 79–80; Malone, Jefferson, 2:421.
56. John M. Murrin, “The Great Inversion, or Court versus Country: A Comparison of the Revolutionary Settlements in England (1688–1721) and America (1776–1816),” in J.G.A. Pocock, ed., Three British Revolutions: 1641, 1688, 1776 (Princeton, 1980), 368–430; Joyce Appleby, Capitalism and a New Social Order: The Republican Vision of the 1790s (New York, 1984), 70–83, 93–97; Lance Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology (Ithaca, N.Y., 1978), 78–83, 128, 171–89, 199; Noble E. Cunningham, The Jeffersonian Republicans: The Foundation of Party Organization, 1789–1801 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1957), 21–41, 89; Joseph Charles, The Origins of the American Party System (New York, 1961), 39; Robert Kelley, The Cultural Pattern in American Politics: The First Century (New York, 1979), 88, 109–115; Miller, Hamilton,
311–42; Cooke, Hamilton, 109–20; Miller, Federalist Era, 70–98; Ketcham, Madison, 310–17. That the Republicans soon included more than just American yeomen, see: Roland M. Baumann, “Philadelphia’s Manufactures and the Excise Taxes of 1794: The Forging of the Jeffersonian Coalition,” PMHB, 106 (1982), 3–40.
57. See Julian P. Boyd, Number 7: Alexander Hamilton’s Secret Attempts to Control American Foreign Policy (Princeton, N.J., 1964).
58. GW, Queries ...,” Aug. 27, 1790, WW, 31:102–103.
59. Alexander De Conde, Entangling Alliance: Politics and Diplomacy Under George Washington (Durham, N.C., 1958), 66–77; Peterson, Jefferson, 387–89, 416–67; Gilbert L. Lycam, Alexander Hamilton and American Foreign Policy (Norman, Okla., 1970), 121–31.
60. Malone, Jefferson, 2:420, 426–27, 457–77; Miller, Hamilton, 343–52; Ketchum, Madison, 326–34.
61. Malone, Jefferson, 2:461; GW to Eliz. Powel, Apr. 23, 1792, WW, 32:22; GW to Jefferson, Aug. 23, 1792, ibid., 32:130; Ford, True GW, 206.
62. McDonald, Presidency of GW, 47.
63. Jefferson, “Anas,” in Paul L. Ford, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, 10 vols., (New York, 1892–99), 1:199; GW to J. Adams, Sept. 25, 1798, WW, 26:460–61.
64. Ralph Ketchum, Presidents Above Party: The First American Presidency, 1789–1829 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1984), 89–93, 193–203. See also, Richard Buel, Jr., Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1972), 1–27.
65. GW, Farewell Address, Sept. 15, 1796, WW, 35:219, 224, 227, 234; GW, Annual Address, Dec. 7, 1796, ibid., 35:315; GW, Proposed Inaugural, 1789, ibid., 30:297, 303, 305, 307.
66. DGW, 6:132, 141, 156, 464, 468, 470, 483.
67. GW, Annual Addresses, 1790–1791, WW, 31:164–65, 396–97; GW to Lafayette, March 19, 1791, ibid., 31:248.
68. Robert Kelley, “Ideology and Political Culture from Jefferson to Nixon,” AHR, 82 (1977), 538; Gerald Stourz, Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government (Stanford, Calif., 1970), 191–92.
69. Risjord, Chesapeake Politics, 343.
70. GW to Madison, May 20, 1792, WW, 32:45–49; Brant, Madison, 3:355–56.
71. GW to Whiting, Apr. 14, 1790, and July 1, 1792, WW, 31:36; 32:80–82; Thane, Potomac Squire, 300–302, 306, 311–14.
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