Galileo's Middle Finger
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Noble Savages: Napoleon Chagnon, Noble Savages: My Life Among Two Dangerous Tribes—the Yanomamö and the Anthropologists (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013).
Washington Post: Sebastiao Salgado, “The Yanomami: An Isolated Yet Imperiled Amazon Tribe,” The Washington Post, July 25, 2014, at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/world/yanomami/.
ended up resigning: David Cyranoski, “Controversial Bioethicist Quits Stem-Cell Company,” Nature blog, Mar. 1, 2012, www.nature.com/news/controversial-bioethicist-quits-stem-cell-company-1.10151, doi:10.1038/nature.2012.10151.
had mysteriously died: Jiyeon Lee, “South Korean Company Cleared in Deaths Following Stem Cell Therapy,” CNN, Dec. 14, 2010, www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/12/14/south.korea.stem.cell.
investigation by the FDA: See the warning letter from FDA to Celltex Therapeutics Corporation, Sept. 24, 2012, www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2012/ucm323853.htm.
Summer herself resigned: See Christian Munthe, “Further on What’s Cookin’ at AJOB and Bioethics.net,” Philosophical Comment blog Sept. 16, 2012, http://philosophicalcomment.blogspot.com/2012/09/further-on-whats-cookin-at-ajob-and.html.
AJOB had essentially been forced to publish: William Heisel, “Ethics Journal Corrects Record, Reveals Conflicts of Interest,” Reporting on Health, Aug. 15, 2012, www.reportingonhealth.org/2012/08/14/ethics-journal-corrects-record-reveals-conflicts-interest.
One recent laboratory study: Marine Poulain et al., “Dexamethasone Induces Germ Cell Apoptosis in the Human Fetal Ovary,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 97, no. 10 (Oct. 2012): e1890–97.
study from Finland: Natasha Khalife et al., “Prenatal Glucocorticoid Treatment and Later Mental Health in Children and Adolescents,” PLOS One 8, no. 11 (Nov. 2013): e80194.
Theresa Defino: Theresa Defino, “Big Drop in OHRP Letters, Open Cases Raise Questions of Agency Commitment,” Report on Research Compliance 8, no. 3 (Mar. 2011): 1–3, www.reportonresearchcompliance.com/rrc0311_reprint.pdf; and Theresa Defino, “‘SUPPORT’ Backlash Prompts Meeting, Guidance as Debate Moves Beyond OHRP” and “HHS Asked Oversight Agency, NIH to ‘Align’ About Disputed Study,” Report on Research Compliance, vol. 10, no. 7 (July 2013): 1–6.
only one investigation: Theresa Defino, “With Just One Investigation in 2013, OHRP Seems ‘Invisible’ After SUPPORT Dust-Up,” Report on Research Compliance, May 2014, www.reportonresearchcompliance.com/rrc-reprint-0514.pdf.
Kari Christianson: quoted in Alice Dreger, “IVF on Steroids: The Dangerous Off-Label Use of ‘Dex’ During Pregnancy,” The Atlantic, Jan. 16, 2013, www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/01/ivf-on-steroids-the-dangerous-off-label-use-of-dex-during-pregnancy/267187.
the Nazis: I will forever be grateful to Ellen Feder for our long discussions of Hannah Arendt during the years we lived together with dex.
INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. To find the corresponding locations in the text of this digital version, please use the “search” function on your e-reader. Note that not all terms may be searchable. Additionally, page numbers beginning with 281 refer to endnotes.
activism, 186, 188–89, 219, 260, 275
evidence-based, 257
intersex rights, 6–8, 26–36, 38, 40–52, 55, 73, 264
medical, 6
patient, 7–8, 38, 52, 218, 267
pro-life, 2
sexual, 6–11
social, 257
transgender rights, 9, 62, 63, 65, 72, 73,81, 86–88, 95, 101, 127–29, 131–32, 266–68, 322
truth vs., 136–39, 141, 153, 183, 262
Adams, John, 16
adrenal glands, 191–92, 193, 223–24
Advocate, 105
Age of Gonads, 25, 28, 283
AIDS, 186
treatment of, 137
AJOB, see American Journal of Bioethics
AJOB—Primary Research, 247
Alice in Genderland (Novic), 61
alien abductions, 1, 108
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), 203–4, 210, 215
Urology Section of, 46–48
American Anthropology Association (AAA), 108, 142, 143–44, 151, 162–64, 167, 174–76, 183–85
El Dorado Task Force of, 143, 145, 150, 175–76, 178, 271, 299
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 114, 150
Committee on Scientific Freedom and Responsibility of, 114
American Journal of Bioethics (AJOB), 216–17, 219–20, 227, 229, 246–47, 249, 272–74
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 197–98
American Museum of Natural History, 4
American Philosophical Society (APS), 143–44, 148, 172, 174, 261
American Psychological Association (APA), 106, 110, 112–14, 133
American Society of Human Genetics, 143
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Support Group, 33
androgens, 187, 192–94, 225, 263
see also congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 225
anthropology, 11, 97, 108, 120, 142, 147–48, 159, 162, 165–66
cultural, 140–41
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 103, 106, 127
Aron (author’s husband); see Sousa, Aron
As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl (Colapinto), 36–37
astronomy, 12, 14, 16, 261
Atlantic, 252–53
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 144, 157
autogynephilia, 59–61, 63, 66–67, 76–77, 79–80, 82–85, 90, 94, 100–101, 268–69, 290
definition of, 59
“Bad Vibrations” (Dreger and Feder), 222–23
Bailey, Deb, 98–99
Bailey, Drew, 72–73, 108, 115–17, 271
Bailey, J. Michael, 9–10, 53–86, 149, 161, 180, 186, 227, 230
academic career of, 54–55, 68, 79–82, 93
character and personality of, 70–72, 83, 270
children of, 72–73, 88, 98–99, 115–17, 128–29
criticism and ethics charges against, 62, 65–70, 72–73, 75, 77–79, 81–100, 104–5, 127–30, 136, 137, 142, 185, 267–68
Dreger’s interviews with, 70–72, 89, 107, 129, 179, 183, 214, 270
Human Sexuality class of, 80, 93, 270–71, 291
publications of, 55–56, 60–64, 67–72, 74–76, 79, 81–83, 85–89, 98, 106, 288
Bailey, Kate, 72–73
Baskin, Larry (Laurence), 47
Bauserman, Robert, 110–11
Baylor College of Medicine, 214, 246
Beatty, John, 144
Beauvoir, Simone de, 65
Beck, Max, 34
Beeman, Jennifer, 125
Bible, 3, 138
Bijani, Ladan and Laleh, 42
Bill of Rights, 3
bioethics, 206, 211, 214, 216–20, 264, 272
Bioethics Forum, 222, 252
biological determinism, 231
biology, 4, 60, 61, 191
evolutionary, 123, 153
bisexuality, 58, 61, 104, 269
Blanchard, Ray, 56–59, 62–63, 65–68, 76–77, 82, 88, 101–4, 106, 267–68
taxonomy of, 63, 65–66, 90, 94, 96, 102, 268
“Blog I Write in Fear, The” (Dreger), 73
bodies, 26, 267
autopsy and dissection of, 12, 22, 23, 24
Bono, Chaz, 9
Boston Herald, 125
brain, 139, 229
adverse effects on, 190, 203
development of, 187, 190, 192–93, 203, 305
functioning of, 250–51
gender identity and, 54, 55, 225, 266, 268
hormon
al effects on, 269
brands (university), 258
Bray, Francesca, 178
Brazil, 140, 159, 161
Chamber of Deputies of, 271–72
Brecht, Bertolt, 15
Brody, Howard, 39
Brownmiller, Susan, 119–20, 125
Bruno, Giordano, 15
Bush, George W., 109
California, University of:
at Davis (UCD) (Rape Prevention Program), 120, 125
at Santa Barbara (UCSB), 148, 150, 161, 178
Carey, Benedict, 104
Celltex, 272
censorship, 130, 175
Centerwall, Brandon, 167–71
Centerwall, Willard “Bill,” 167–71
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 56
Chagnon, Carlene, 146, 148–49, 172–73, 179, 184
Chagnon, Napoleon, 108, 139–52, 178–81, 186, 230
academic career of, 143, 148, 178, 271
character and personality of, 141, 145, 146, 148, 150, 152, 167, 178, 183–84
children of, 172–73
criticisms of, 139, 140–46, 147–49, 151–52, 158–67, 177–78, 271, 301
Dreger’s interviews with, 146–52, 163–64, 179–81, 183–84, 271
Margaret Mead and, 151–52, 153
Yanomamö studies of, 140–50, 158–67, 172–73, 271
Chase, Cheryl, see Laurent, Bo
Cher/Chuck (pseudonym), 61–65
see also Kieltyka, Charlotte Anjelica
Chernela, Janet, 176
Chervenak, Frank, 219, 220, 227, 246–47
Chicago Public Radio, 157
childbirth, 39
harmful interventions in, 39
premature, 196, 199, 274
childhood sexual abuse (CSA), 72–73, 107, 108, 110–13, 115
“recovered memory” of, 107, 233–34, 269
studies of, 110–15
survivors of, 108, 113, 115
children, 50, 72–73
conjoined; see twins, conjoined
growth disorders in, 250
intersex, 6, 7, 19, 26, 30, 31, 33–34, 36–37, 39–42, 44,68, 263, 265–66, 269, 273
transgender, 54, 56–59, 61–63, 69–70, 102, 266–67
Christianity, 12, 60, 169
Christian Life Radio, 19–20
Christianson, Kari, 275
chromosomes, 21
XX, 192, 225
XXY, 31
Y, 263
Chronicle of Higher Education, 83–84, 89–90, 185
Churchill, Fred, 22, 23
Churchill, Winston, 20, 282
Circuit nightclub, 83–85, 90, 98
circumcision, 37
opposition to, 47
civil rights movement, 29, 264
Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, 77
Clerc, Laurent, 29
climate change, 257
ClinicalTrials.gov, 207
Clinton, Bill, 99, 100, 118
impeachment of, 112
clitoris, 24, 66
absence of, 28
large, 7, 19, 21, 30, 33, 34, 40, 43, 44, 45, 47, 192, 285
nerves of, 47
sexual sensations of, 221–22
small, 35, 195
surgery on, 7, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 38, 40, 43, 44, 45, 47, 221–22
Colapinto, John, 36–37
Columbia, Mo., 108–9, 115, 133–34, 137, 271
Coming of Age in Samoa (Mead), 151
Committee Against Racism, 231
Confessions of a Gender Defender (Ettner), 55
conflict of interest, 236, 272
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), 201–6, 208–15, 217–18, 223–26, 228, 235–39, 248–52, 274–75
abortion following prenatal diagnosis of, 194, 307
families affected by, 228–29, 233, 235, 238
women affected by, 192–97, 236, 237, 245
Congress, U.S., 2, 112–13, 115, 132, 295
see also House of Representatives, U.S.; Senate, U.S.
conjoined twins; see twins, conjoined
Conway, Lynn, 74–75, 85–95, 98–100, 103–4, 117, 127–30, 134
criticism of Mike Bailey by, 67–68, 75, 77, 79, 89, 93, 95, 100, 267–68
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 12, 14, 15, 17
Cornell University, Medical School of, 194, 201–2, 209, 210, 214, 218, 219, 221–12, 224, 226–27, 236–47, 249, 273
Children’s Clinical Research Center (CCRC) at, 240, 243, 245
research ethics committee (IRB) of, 237–43, 246
Coventry, Martha, 31
Cox, Robert, 172, 174
cross-dressing, 52, 55–57, 64, 70
arousal by, 64, 75–76
Crossing: A Memoir (McCloskey), 75–76
Dallas Morning News, 124–25
Danny (case history), 59–60
Darkness in El Dorado: How Scientists and Journalists Devastated the Amazon (Tierney), 141–43, 145, 147, 157–67, 175–76, 180, 181, 298
Darwin, Charles, 22
Dateline NBC, 79
deafness, 29
Declaration of Helsinki, 208
Declaration of Independence, 260–61
Defino, Theresa, 274
DeLay, Tom, 112–13, 115, 133
democracy, 3, 12, 16, 133, 135, 189, 229
DES, see diethylstilbestrol
DES Action, 275
Devore, Tiger, 34
dexamethasone, 187–93, 195–97, 199–207, 213–30, 234–52, 272–75, 309–10
see also congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH); New, Maria
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (Galileo), 139
diethylstilbestrol (DES), 197–99, 201, 204, 211, 230, 252, 275
dildos, 80, 270
doctors, 8, 24, 25–26
conservative, 5
mistakes and harmful procedures of, 34, 37, 40
obstetric, 39, 198, 202–3, 247
pediatric, 21, 26, 32, 34, 39–40, 51, 169, 187, 201–2, 204, 213–14, 217–18
stress of, 43
Victorian, 6, 7, 27–28
drag queens, 70
Dreger, Alice (author)
Catholic background of, 1–2, 256
character and personality of, 185, 229, 233, 235, 276
criticism and ethics charges against, 8, 10–11, 73, 104–6, 127–31, 139, 220–21, 227, 267–68
education of, 2, 4–7, 20, 21–22, 27, 29, 105, 133
publications of, 35, 50–51, 52, 73, 103–6, 127, 204, 222–23, 252–53, 268, 275
teaching career of, 7–8, 20, 21, 33–34, 52, 69, 70, 71–72, 254, 257–59
Dr. Laura Program, 111–12, 114
“Dr. Sex” (Wilson), 83, 89–90
drugs:
investigational new (INDs), 247–49
“off-label” use of, 187, 207, 223, 227
placebo-controlled studies of, 200, 209, 237
prenatal, 187–93, 195–230, 234–52, 272–75, 309–10
regulation of, 187, 206, 230, 246–50, 272–73
see also specific drugs
Ebola, 145
Eckstein, Elizabeth, 124–25
Ehrenreich, Barbara, 119
Eisenberg, Nancy, 110, 112–15
Elton, Catherine, 223–24
endangered populations, 257, 271–72
Endocrine Society, 215
endocrinology, 28
pediatric, 26, 32, 34, 39, 51, 203, 204, 213–14, 217, 243–44
Endo Daily, 224
Enlightenment, 16, 133, 260
eroticism, 9, 24, 56, 61, 66, 74, 76, 79, 268
estrogen, 191
synthetic, 197–98
ethics, 1, 206
bio-, 211, 214, 216–20, 264, 272, 296
medical, 30, 35, 39–41, 188, 190, 203, 208–13, 229–30, 235
medical research codes of, 208–10
violation of, 188, 190, 274
Ettner, Randi, 55
Eugenides, Jeffrey, 45–46
European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, 210
evidence-based medicine movement, 265–66
evolution, 116, 118, 119, 123
biology and, 122, 153
culture and behavior influenced by, 140, 269
fa’afafine, 52–53, 60
Fateful Hoaxing of Margaret Mead, The (Freeman), 152
Feder, Ellen, 210–11, 215, 218, 221–24, 226, 229–30, 246, 252
female genital cutting, see clitoris, surgery on
feminism, 2, 4–5, 20, 22, 28–29, 43, 55, 64–65, 88, 116, 118, 119, 126–27, 131, 132, 141, 220, 264
academic, 64, 108, 136
history of, 64
femiphobia (“sissyphobia”), 70–71
Ferguson, Brian, 158–59
fertility problems, 198, 274
FetalDex.org, 206, 216–17, 220
fetuses:
development of, 208–9
embryonic, 199, 200, 202, 259
experimentation on, 190, 199, 200–201, 209, 211–12, 214, 224, 237, 239, 244–48, 273–74
female, 197, 202, 247–48, 273–74
first-trimester, 197, 202
premature birth of, 196, 199
prenatal screening of, 194, 197
third-trimester, 197
fibromyalgia, 107
First Amendment, 130
Flinn, Mark, 108
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 197, 198, 210, 212, 226–28, 235
Pediatric Therapeutics Office of, 205–6
regulation of drugs by, 187, 206, 230, 246–50, 272–73
Forest, Maguelone, 196
Fowler, Raymond, 113–14
France, 22, 23, 194, 242
Franklin, Benjamin, 261
Frechione, John, 167–68, 171
freedom, 255
academic, 134, 270
core, 261
intellectual, 133, 261
of speech, 130, 151, 270
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 235, 237, 240, 243, 246–47, 275