by Neal Bascomb
sabotaging D/F Hydro and, 248, 284
atomic bomb/program
explosion description, 56–57
fission and, 9–10, 11
historians on, 319–20
moderators and, 8–9, 13, 58–59
See also specific components; specific individuals; specific organizations
atomic bomb/program, Germany
Allies bombing German facilities, 310, 311
Allies’ early “intelligence” and, 57–58
Army Ordnance and, 10, 11, 14, 27, 63, 65–66, 67, 103, 154, 241, 276, 277, 319
conferences on, 64–66, 344n
heavy water production (May 1943), 243–44
Kummersdorf testing facility, 133–35
leaders boasting on, 56, 187, 274, 311
moderator choice and, 13, 64, 332n
personnel change, 276
Reich Research Council and, 66, 67, 134–35, 184
research/methods, 10, 11–14, 64–65, 183–84, 243–44, 275–77
rumors and, 57–58, 242, 279
situation (May 1943), 242–44
situation (1944–1945), 310–12
Uranium Club meetings/activities and, 10, 11–14, 64, 183, 242–44, 310–12
Uranium Club scientists after Germany’s defeat, 317, 318, 319
See also specific components; specific groups; specific individuals; Vemork plant/heavy water
atomic bomb/program, U.S.
beginnings, 68–69
bombing Japan, 317
first self-sustaining reactor, 135
heavy water/Canada and, 244
information on Germany’s program and, 244–45
Roosevelt and, 68–69, 245
See also Manhattan Project
atomic particles
early research, 8
See also specific scientists
Aubert, Axel, 5, 14–15, 62, 277
B
Bagge, Erich, 276
Baptism of Fire (film), 19
Bennett, John, 263, 264, 265
Berg, John, 301–2, 307
Binyon, Laurence, 320
Birkeland, Kristian, 45
Blackburn, James, 132
Bohr, Niels
background/atomic physics, 8, 9, 223, 248
Germany’s atomic program information, 57–58, 60, 248–49
Bonner, Frank, 132
Bothe, Walther, 64, 332n
Boyle, A. R., 254
Bräuer, Curt, 18–19
Bray, Bill
background/description, 93, 110
burial/headstone, 320
execution of, 120–21
Freshman and, 93, 109, 110, 120–21
See also Operation Freshman
British
Combined Operations, 77, 78, 84, 92, 93, 94, 95, 102–3, 109, 111, 119
goals in Norway, 42
London Blitz, 26
MI (Military Intelligence) unit, 40
See also specific individuals; specific operations; specific organizations
British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS)
Norway’s resistance and, 23–24
SOE vs. SIS communication lines, 60
spy message methods, 64
Tronstad and, 26–27
Brun, Jomar
Berg/Gran (resistance members) and, 91–92
Berlin meetings, 63
escape with wife/in London, 91–92, 103, 205, 274, 312
French/heavy water and, 14–15
Germans/heavy water and, 22–23, 24, 59, 62–63
Norsk Hydro/heavy water and, 6–7, 14–15, 22–23, 24
reaction to Allies bombing Vemork (November 1943), 274
sabotaging D/F Hydro and, 296
SIS and SOE communication lines, 60
slowing heavy water production, 62–63, 319
spying on Nazis/Vemork plant, 59, 60, 63–64, 91–92, 95, 96, 103–4, 249
Tomy (wife) and, 91, 92, 103
Tronstad and, 6, 22–23, 59, 91, 296, 312
Welsh and, 27
Bush, Vannevar, 68, 245
C
Cairncross, James, 122–23
Carl, Prince of Denmark, 32
See also Haakon VII, King
Cherwell, Lord, 57
Churchill, Winston
atomic bomb and, 57, 67–69, 317–18
atomic bomb/meeting with Roosevelt (1942), 67–69
attacks against Vemork and, 95, 108, 119, 222, 248
background/description, 10, 40, 68
victory declaration over Germany, 314
World War II and, 10, 40, 57, 67–69, 309, 314
Clusius, Klaus, 243
commandos
activities comparisons, 40
cyanide pills and, xix, 146, 189, 236
description, 30–31
drop timing/light and, 75–76
operation names/overview, 104
praise/honors and, 248, 249, 309, 320–21
proudest achievements, 320–21
training/daily routine (England/early 1940s), 30–32
training (Scotland/early 1940s), 38–40
See also specific individuals; specific operations
Cooper, Tom, and Freshman, 93–94, 108–9, 110, 114, 115, 116
Curie, Pierre/Marie, 8
D
D/F Hydro ferry sinking. See operation sabotaging D/F Hydro
Dalton, Hugh, 40
Dautry, Raoul, 3, 4
Diebner, Kurt
after war, 317, 318
atomic program and, 10, 11–14, 64, 65–66, 67, 103, 133–35, 183–84, 243–44, 275–77, 310, 311, 320
background/description, 10–11, 63
Heisenberg relationship, 12, 64, 67, 243–44
“Uranium Club” meetings/activities and, 10, 11–14, 64, 66, 243–44
See also atomic bomb/program, Germany
Dill, John, 244–45
Diseth, Ditlev
background/description, 137
celebrations honoring, 315–16
resistance/arrest, 137, 144, 289
sabotaging D/F Hydro and, 288, 289, 292–93, 297
Döpel, Robert, 65, 134
E
Eaker, Ira, 259
Einstein, Albert, 8, 12, 68
Eisenhower, Dwight, 254, 337n
England. See British; specific individuals; specific operations
Eriksen, Bjarne
Allier and, 4, 252
arguments against restarting plant/arrest and, 251–52, 277
Norway patriotism and, 62, 252
positions at Norsk Hydro/strategies, 4, 62, 154, 241
request to Fehlis on workers’ release, 154, 155
Esau, Abraham
background/description, 65, 277
Germany’s atomic program and, 65, 66, 183, 184, 241, 243–44, 276
Esser, Wilhelm, 132–33
Eyde, Sam, 45
F
Falkenhorst, Nikolaus von
after Norway’s victory, 315
background/description, 80
investigating Vemork attacks/manhunt and, 213–14, 221, 229
Nazi invasion of Norway and, 80
in Norway, 35, 80, 82, 122
security at Vemork and, 80–81, 154–55, 299
Farrell, Paul, 122–23
Fasting, Andreas, 47, 48–50
Fehlis, Heinrich
activities/Norway, 37, 154–55, 235, 295, 296
after Norway’s victory, 315
background/description, 121
Eriksen’s request and, 154–55
Freshman/survivors and, 121, 122, 123, 132–33, 155, 160
manhunt after Vemork saboteurs’ attack and, 214, 227–29, 237–39
position in Norway, 35, 81, 121–22, 252
Fehmer, Siegfried, 37, 51–52, 121, 315
Fehn, Karl, 288
Fermi, Enrico, 8, 10, 135
fertilizer production, 5, 45
fission
discovery/description, 9, 168
German spies and, 11
purposes and, 9–10
See also uranium
Five, Trond, 245–46
Fladmoe, Arvid, 293, 303, 305
Fox, Sergeant, 55
Fredriksen, chief engineer, Vemork, 266
Frisch, Otto, 56–57, 58
G
Galtesund hijacking, 48–50
George VI, King, 249
Gerlach, Walther, 276–77, 310, 311, 317
Germany. See Nazi Germany
Glaase, Sergeant Major, 211–12, 213–14
Goebbels, Josef, 60, 66, 187
Goldschmidt, Victor, 223
Göring, Hermann, 184, 276, 310
Goudsmit, Samuel, 311
Grieg, Edvard, 27
Griffin (Rosbaud, Paul), 27, 58, 168
Grini concentration camp, 132, 137, 155
Groves, Leslie
description, 244
U.S. atomic program and, 244–45, 258–59
Vemork plant and, 258–59
Gubbins, Colin, 42, 119
Gulbrandsen, Eva, 305
Gurie, Sigrid, 32
See also Haukelid, Sigrid (mother of Knut)
H
Haakon VII, King
background/establishment as king, 5, 32
description, 19
German invasion/war and, 19–20, 34, 252, 256
return to Norway/Norway’s victory and, 315
Tronstad and, 21
Hahn, Otto
atomic bomb/after war and, 317, 318
atomic physics research and, 9, 10, 12, 27, 66, 168
Hamaren, Birgit, 234
Hamaren family/farm, 155, 253, 280, 281, 282, 283, 290, 306, 315–16
Hamaren, Jon, 234, 238, 239, 282, 283, 290
Hampton, C. S., 129
Hansteen, Wilhelm, 51, 119, 254, 274, 284, 312
Harteck, Paul
after war, 317, 318
background, 11
heavy water/production and, 24, 62, 103, 183, 243
“Uranium Club”/activities and, 11–12, 310
Hassel, Aase, 235, 236
Haugland, Knut
after war, 321
background/description, 76, 77, 84, 98–99
father/brother Ottar and, 84
Grouse/radio communications, 76, 77, 83–85, 88, 96–97, 98, 99–100, 101, 105, 128
Kon-Tiki expedition and, 321
Nazi manhunt and, 238–39
Norway’s invasion by Nazis and, 99
radio communications importance, 320
resistance after Gunnerside and, 227, 240
Skinnarland/training and, 227, 238–40
Swallow/Gunnerside and radio communication, 145, 146, 148, 153, 161, 163, 165, 166, 167, 171, 179, 181, 193–94, 217, 218
See also Operation Grouse/Swallow
Haukelid, Bjørgulf
arrest/torture, 278, 287
career, 32, 33
Knut’s resistance work and, 246, 278, 321
in U.S./Norway, 32, 33
wife/family, 32–33
Haukelid, Bodil (wife of Knut)
background, 34
Knut and, 34, 35, 37, 246, 287, 289, 308, 321
letter to Knut/divorce and, 287, 289, 308
marrying Knut, 37
Nazis questioning, 37
reconciliation with Knut, 321
resistance and, 246
Sweden and, 246
Haukelid, Knut
birth/childhood, 32–33, 226
descriptions, 18, 30, 31–32, 131, 132, 278
early moves/work and education, 33–34
honoring father, 321
“Kirvil” name for daughter and, 247, 321
Skinnarland and, 247
teddy bear and, 32
See also Haukelid, Bodil
Haukelid, Knut, struggle against Nazis
after ferry sabotage, 303–4, 307–8
arrival in London/Welsh and, 37–38
Bamse (elkhound) and, 247, 258, 278
celebrations honoring, 315–16
checking ferry (D/F Hydro), 293–94
commando training for Sørlie, 287
commando training/reports on (England), 30–32, 38
commando training/reports on (Scotland) and, 38–43
escape from Vemork/Nazi pursuit, 203–4, 217, 218, 226–27, 230–31, 239
fighting/spying before commando training, 34–36, 132, 200–201
Grouse/accident and, 76, 79–80, 107, 128, 333n
Gunnerside and, 129, 131, 132, 137–38, 143–44, 163–64, 169–70, 174, 175, 176–78, 179, 183, 187–88
Gunnerside/as second in command, 129, 131, 132, 137
Gunnerside/Vemork attack and, 189, 194, 195, 196, 200, 203–4
holidays (1943–1944), 278
Nazi invasion of Norway and, 18, 34
nickname, 42
resistance/activities after Gunnerside and, 138, 149, 180–81, 221, 226, 240, 245–47, 256–58, 266, 278–79, 282–83
resistance base, 246–47
sabotaging D/F Hydro and, 283, 285–86, 287–90, 291–92, 293–95, 296, 297–98, 299–303, 309
sacrifices summary, 246, 287
Skinnarland relationship, 258, 265–66, 278–79, 285, 287
Sunshine and, 313, 314
Tronstad and, 137–38
See also Haukelid, Bodil; Operation Gunnerside; operation sabotaging D/F Hydro
Haukelid, Sigrid (mother of Knut)
background, 32
marriage/children and, 32, 35
Nazis questioning/promise and, 32, 37
Haukelid, Sigrid (sister of Knut)
birth/childhood, 32–33
Paris/Hollywood, 30, 33, 34
heavy water
amounts needed (atomic bomb), 59
discovery/in nature, 6
as moderator in fission, 13, 14, 23, 58–59
producing, 6–7
transporting to France, 14–16
See also specific individuals; specific locations
heavy water/Norway
Notodden power station, 63, 103, 184, 241, 249, 252
Såheim power station, 63, 103, 184, 241, 249, 252
See also specific individuals; Vemork plant/heavy water
Heisenberg, Werner
after war, 317, 318
background/positions, 12, 13–14, 27, 66
description, 66
Diebner relationship, 12, 64, 67, 243–44
Germany’s atomic program and, 12–13, 14, 57–58, 64, 65, 66–67, 134, 184, 243–44, 310–12
“Uranium Club”/activities, 12–13, 14, 57–58, 243–44
See also atomic bomb/program, Germany
Helberg, Claus
background/description, 75, 76
celebrations honoring, 315–16
escape from Nazis/bus to Grini, 237
escape from Vemork/Nazi pursuit, 204, 205, 209, 210, 232–35
false reports of death and, 239, 246
family and, 144
Grouse and, 76, 88, 98, 100, 101, 105, 106, 111, 113, 114, 128
Gunnerside/Vemork attack and, 189, 191, 192, 195, 196, 204
intelligence on Vemork security/approach, 180, 181, 183, 184–85, 190
Nazi soldier pursuing, 232–33, 238
Oslo hotel/Nazis and, 234–37
Poulsson and, 75, 76, 231–32
recognition/awards, 249
ski accident/injury, 233–34
Sunshine and, 312
Swallow and, 140, 144, 145–46, 153, 161, 163, 165, 177, 180, 181–83, 184–85, 187