by Jack Lindsay
[425] Chron., 1066, 1086-7, 1067 (8), 1092, 1097, 1114; Flor., ii, 2; H. of H., 230; Ord., ii, 153, 166f, 179-81, 182-4, 198f; Sym. of D., ii, 199f; Brut Y Tywysogion, 54f, 60f, 82; H (2), 137f. Poitou: Painter (3), 23ff, 127; H (2), 138, n 1. Matilda: Gesta Stephani (Potter), 92; S (4), 203, the castle on the church must have been a watch-tower. List of burhs: Brooks; D. Hill. See H. L. Turner, Town Defences in England and Wales (1973) pre-Conquest system of defences in form of tenurial responsibility lasted through 12th c; murage grants, 32ff. Also Renn.
Note the origin of Russian towns in 11 th-13th cs. as ‘a feudal castle, the medieval West-European burg, and not a stone castle...but a wooden one situated on a high bank. Inside were the prince, his druzhina, and the tribal elders.’ S. Y. Yushkov, Essays on the History of Feudalism in Kiev Rus (in Russian), 1939, 20-4; Tikhomirov, 57f, adding how important the urban posads were.
[426] Castle at peace: S (4), 160f; building of castle wall for confirmation of hereditary fee from new lord. Castles in general. Painter, W. Anderson; Pryce; R. A. Brown; H. Brown; etc. N (2), 139; relation to Normandy, 140f; scutage, 152; host service, 144-6; relation of castleguard to training (? forty days). S (4), 170-7, 192-5, 205-16; Round (4) and (10). Barons under John: H (2), 149; garrison sergeants S (4), 207 and app. no 43; tenants, 209. Castle service in military tenures quickly decayed.
[427] North frontier of old Mercia: Loyn (3), 123; S (4), 195ff, scattered holdings 64-6, 97-101. Commutation: Poole (2), 49; H (2), 149-61.
[428] Swein: Ord., ii, 191. In general: Beeler (1), 590-601; H (2), 161-6; Powicke (2), 196-8; R. A. Brown (2), 192; Harvey, 3; Painter (3), 127f, 133f.
[429] Duby (3).
[430] Finn (3), n; Baker, 169-71; Liber Eliensis, i, 267-9; Sayles (1), 235-30, 248, 182.
[431] L (1), 145; Barlow (1), 191.
[432] Cam (3), 188-94 and (1) 60, 65.
[433] Baker, 175.
[434] L (1) 266f. Under English kings: W (1), 65, 85, 99, 91, 103, 208, 172. D. M. Stenton: forests 98-110, 116. Old loan leases still used in dioceses. King as god: D (2), 154, 249f, 261f; D (15), 106-8, 167f; Kantorowicz, 61-78; H. Bloch.
[435] B (1), 131f.
[436] Richardson (6), 9, 11-3; (7).
[437] B (1), 189; Sayles (1), 172-9; Richardson (6), 11, end of office of Justiciar in relation to advent of Parliament. For detailed analysis of Court. D. R., see Richardson (8); increase under Henry I, 601f; tendency to specialize, 604.
[438] R. A. Brown (4), 55 and ni95, note Hugh de Segillo.
[439] Haskins (6), 648-51; duana, 652-5; N. elements in S. Italian feudalism, 661f; Brown and others, 438ff.
[440] S (5), 503, 642-4.
[441] B (4), 131. Perhaps under Lanfranc there begins a sort of division of church from state business; at Christmas court 1085, when DB decided, the prelates held a more private meeting for three days.
[442] Harvey, 15, for knights.
[443] J. P. C. Kent, 193f, in Essays on Roman Coinage, ed. R. A. G. Carson and Sutherland, 1956. Leontius: Vita S. John. Eleem., 41. Descriptio used in Merovingian and Carolingian times for assessment and enrolment for public taxation; also in relation to tax collection: Ducange; Dopsch 292, 377; Ralph of Diceto on 1173. Descriptio generalis by royal exactors to supply army: Prestwich (1), 26. In general: Darby; Finn; Galbraith (6); Dove etc.
[444] M. Bloch (3), 59-61; DB, ii, folio 290, 30V.
[445] Poole (2), 88f.
[446] Poole (2), 83f; EHR, 1901, xvi, 730; Baker, 176; Green, 227, 230-2.
[447] Lanfranc used forged papal documents; the discovery of their character in 1125 helped to get the decision reversed. William did appoint some men of high standing to sees (Osmund, Robert Losinga, Gundolf).
[448] Several unions of sees despite denunciations of simony; Herbert of Losinga; Source of Simony; W. of M., iv, 1, year 1100; M. D. Anderson, 36f.
[449] Eadmer, chs. 149-5, for the measures at 1102 Council under Anselm. Failure of steps against marriage: L (1), 332. D (15), 167f.
[450] B (4), 156f.
[451] Baker, 209f.
[452] Eadmer, chs. 26f, cf. 74f, 49f, 186 (Henry II). Anger: P. L., ccvii, 978.
[453] Southern (2), 213f. Henry of Blois: C. Brooke (1), 148f. Some works of art survive, e.g. books: St Swithin psalter and Winchester bible.
[454] Morrison (2); B (4) 140, disputes on boundaries.
[455] Ailred: Waites. Eadmer, ch. 15, on Rochester. No monasteries north of Trent though a college of clerics guarded the bones of St Cuthbert at Durham. North: Baker, 204f. Work: Coulton (6), 78-81. Before Lanfranc’s death the number of monks doubled: from one or two dozen in a house to sixty or even a hundred; the land that the barons had taken was made up for by new grants.
[456] Eadmer, ch. 19.
[457] Knowles (2); Galbraith (3); Waites monastery layout, no fixed system. Knowles (1), 181.
[458] Knowles in his various books; D. Seward, The Monks of War.
[459] Baths: Green, 19-24, also diseases; R. Willis, 159; St John Hope. Kings: G. H. White, 147; Tout (4), 84 n; Cheney, 166f. Towns: Sulzman, 273; Thrupp, 167; G. A. Williams, 85; John D. M. Stenton, 25f; Hardy (2), I15, 137, 170, 159, 120; H. Cole, 231-69.
[460] B (1), 132; Chron. 1087. Often in monasteries on account of the dates. For seal-tags and tablet-woven braids: Henshall. Clerks: Peter of Blois, letters 14, 150; Girald Lamb, De jure et statu Menev. Eccl (Opera, iii, 302); Cartul, Rievallense, 66 (Sutees Soc.).
[461] PL, cliii, 200. Cistercians: Hartridge, 16f, Whitby, 18f. Darley: BM, MSS. Cotton Titus, cix, 132 (fol. 154). 1102: Wilkins Concilia, i, 383, 22; Pope Alexander; Hartridge 19f. John of Salisbury: PL, cxlix, 678.
[462] Hartridge, 20f. Already 1175 in a provincial enactment is a ref. to a perpetual vicar. Struggles: Hartridge, 27f, 40f. Tithes to monasteries, L (1), 316f; incumbents, 317-9. Ministers: L (1), 300f; S(5), 156.
[463] L (2). Hospites: Delisle (4), 12; Latouche (1), 317, 252 etc.
[464] L (1), ch. x, 68; Boehmer.
[465] L (1); free land in East Anglia, 323f; pro elemosina, 324-7; priests with courier service, 331. Aisculf: Hist. Coll. for Staffs, 1916, Survey A, 222f.
[466] Owst, 8, 20, 48-51; Wilkins, Concilia, ii, 1737, 54. Coulton (4), 264. Priests in 1102 told not to booze or drink by the peg; St Dunstan was said to have introduced pegs into drinking cups so that when the cup went round a man might tell when he had drunk his share: Stubbs (3), 24f; W. of M., i, 166.
[467] Farrer, i, no 1233; iii, no 1895.
[468] L (1), 334f; Vita, I, i, 4 (written within thirty years of death).
[469] Clark, 9. Plays: Darwin, 12. False ancre: ib. 27f. Ancren Riwle: Arch. J., xi, 1854, 53. Gossip: Ailred: Darwin 22f; servants 13f. For Scilly hermit and saga-relations: Arch. J. cxxi for 1964, 40-69.
[470] Southern (2), 215f; Talbot.
[471] Eader, ch. 135; Peter, Sent, lv, xxvi, 6, 7; xxvii, 2, 3; xxviii, 2; Green, 183; Le Bras (2).
[472] L (1), 373f.
[473] L (1), 230f, 236, 210-2. Monks: Prestwich, (1) 35, n 1. Some sokes seem to have come about, or to have fallen under a lord, through a royal grant of a wapentake and its courts, or of the king’s rights over all the unattached free men in a given wapentake. But many sokemen seem to have been dependent on a lord through having commended themselves and thus been brought under the manor where the lord exercised his rights. (Farm at Wicken Bonhant, Essex, c. 800; more than a dozen rectangular buildings, 2 walls; a later Saxon-Norman hall. Times, 22 Nov. 1972.)
[474] Sayles, 244-7; L (1), ch. IX; peasant obligations, 368f.
[475] Instability of prices with local variations in markets helped to weaken value of slavework. By the 13th c. the shift from services to wages. Loyn (1), 326; Round, VCH Essex, i, 360f; Sayles, 241.
[476] W. of M., iii, xiii; Greg., Registrum Epist., v. 59 (MGH epist. i. 371); O. Lottin, 206; Green, 34.
[477] Aquinas: ST, I, ii, 94, 5, iii; Gratian, decret., xii, 2, 39; PL, xcix, 913c; Coulton (4), 377ff; Eadmer, ch. 143; Barlow (1), 14-6, 20f, 120f, 438; S (5),
310, 469, 472, 507 (Danelaw).
[478] L (1), 147-59. Firmarius could utilize far more than customary services, 197.
[479] L (1), 195, 197-9, monasteries, 207-9.
[480] L (1), ch. viii. Liber homo, 225f. Slump: Postan (5); Prestwich (1), 21 f. (I owe much to Lennard and Hallam for this chapter.)
[481] Hallam 119-21; tides 124ff.
[482] Ib., 132ff; royal interference in 1253, 135; field systems, ch. vii.
[483] Ib., 166, 222; division 167, 169, fen-reeves 168.
[484] Ib., 201ff for figures.
[485] lb., 207-9, 215 villein holdings, 217.
[486] lb., 220-2.
[487] Steele, 105-7.
[488] B (1), 276f. Children drink the whey. Crops: Hilton (16), 98f.
[489] L (1), 260-5, 266f. Largest number of cows in Exon. DB at Stafort in Dorset. Horses: Hilton (10), 99f; L (5), 201; Gaydon, p. xxviii (Beds).
[490] L (1), 242-8 and 248-52. Hodgen, 266. Oxen: Hist. Mon. de Abingdon, ii, 150; Sym. of D., ii, 356f and 260. In general: D. M. Stenton, 253-7.
[491] Clay, vii, 55f (no 4), cf. Reg. Worcester priory (Camden Soc. 1865), 32a; L (1), 281; DB has 5624 for some 3000 communities, but there were probably more mills: B: Gille in Daumas, i, 4671; LW (3), 83f; L (1), 282-7.
[492] VCH Derbyshire, i, 316; Pipe Roll of 1130; L (1), 241f. At Green’s Norton (Northants) smiths under Edward rendered £7 out of a manor-value of £12. Blast furnaces in 13th c. at Liège and Styria; papermill at Jativa, Spain, and Fabriano, Italy, in 13th c.; at Troyes 1338; Nuremberg 1390.
[493] B (1), 121; Vinagradoff (3), 21f; A. R. Lewis, 467-72; Prestwich (1), 20f; Postan (5) — expansion from 1180; Sayles, 185-7. Note pattern of hill-top villages (B. Cunliffe, Med. Arch. xvi 1-12, Hants: 35-450 large nucleated settlements, 450-900, villages, often hilltop, 900-1100 shift of population (often in valley bottoms) with some original villages still occupied; 1100-1400 expansion of village-lands with new farms in later years colonising waste.
[494] Coulton (6), 53-5 and (4), 513; M. Bateson (3), 41 (commission of 1253). The earl is Robert I (d. 1118). Rules of ordeal, Pollock (1), ii, ch. 9, par. 4.
[495] S (1), 10, 7, n 1; Stubbs, 991; Li., i, 48; Tait, Hist., xiii, 279f; W. of P. (Giles), 147. The dual terms in William’s speech show that he addressed both bishop and citizens.
[496] Stubbs; GR (RS), 1889, ii, 576.
[497] Round (5), 116; S (1), 23f.
[498] EHR, xvii, 720 (Bateson); S (1), 23f.
[499] Beresford, charters 209f.
[500] Coulton (4), 514f; C. Gross 33, 36.
[501] EHR, xvii, 499; pottery found at Dowgate, MA, iii, 1959, 77.
[502] Herteig, for settlements and wharves.
[503] Round (7), nos 109, 1375, 1352. A hythe for ships above bridge. Embargoes: Prestwich (1), 31f; Pipe Roll, 3, Henry I, 77; Pirenne (1), 152; W. of M., GP, 191, 308; Prestwich (1), 35f. Travelling artisans etc.: Haskins (1), 198f; Pirenne (4), 333; Müller, 493, 557.
[504] S (1), 21f, 19-22.
[505] Vogel (2); Pirenne (3), 504-6.
[506] C. A. J. Armstrong in R. W. Hunt, esp. 444-54.
[507] Haskins (1), 95; Leach, 89-95; Ord., ii, 89-91; Matt., Paris Chron. Maj.; St Nicholas, A.K., Porter nos 224f, and Coffman. Cathedral schools: Haskins (1), 96f.
[508] Foreign relations, Henry II: Stubbs (5), chs. 6f and intro. to Roger of Hov., ii, p. xcii; Haskins (3); Porter.
[509] Urry, 136f; Acta Sanct., May IV, 401f; Vita S. Wulf., ii, 19 (ii 20); see Vita for other rivalries with saints. Lundy, p. li of Miracles. Wales: Y Cymm., xi, 128; Charles 26-9, 52ff. Wrecks: Plunknett, 136f; Chron. Monast. de Bello, 66; Prestwich (1), 36.
[510] Green, 80-2; PL, xxv, 176; Hrab. Maur. cviii, 934; cxcviii, 1256.
[511] GR, iv, 317; Sayles (3), iii, cxv. Coulton (10), 348. Heresy: Matt. Paris Chr. Maj., iii, 520; Acta Sanct., xxiv, 309 and xxviii, 442; Auvray, no 392; Haskins (1), 199. Inquisition: Coulton (12); Turbeville; Ullmann; Guirard; Maissoneuve.
[512] J. Jacobs. Jurnet: Adler, 23f; Richardson (2), 32-4; W. Rye, 338f; Pipe Roll, 33, Henry II, 44; 2, Richard I, 94; Issac, W. Cade, and Sheriff William of Chesnay: Richardson (5), 609f.
[513] Richardson (2), 50-66; Roth 14f, 17; M. D. Anderson (2), 53f.
[514] Richardson (2), 135ff and (5); Cramer.
[515] Biumenkranz; W. of M., IV, i, year 1096; Eadmer, chs. 100f.
[516] Jenkinson (2); Richardson (8) 605ff, his holding of the farm at Dover.
[517] LW (3), 83, 89, also Carus-Wilson (3) for haubergier cloth, and (2) in general; L (6).
[518] LW (3), 89; Carus-Wilson (2); L (7); Hocking.
[519] Southern (2), 209f; Darlington (2); Crombie, i, 10, 19-24, 26f. Lanfranc: Powicke (8), 27-48.
[520] Bede, ed. Jones, 202; Bonner; Kinnard, 30f, 18f. Wulfstan sees O.T. events in terms of his own barbarian invasions.
[521] Pognon; Focillon, 50; Roy, 188ff. Abbon: PL, cxxxix, 461ff. Adso in 954: Roy, 186f; PL, ci 1289ff. Arnulf; Olleris; Amman, 518.
[522] Glaber (year 1000 and 1032-4): Focillon, 55; Roy, 188. Historia, iii, 3; Pognon, 87f; Roy, 204f; PL, cxlii, 675f. Jerusalem: Roy, 180. Comet of 1022: Rec. des hist. de Gaules et de la France, x, letter of King Robert to half-brother, abbot of St Benoît-sur-Loire. Gerbert: Focillon, 108, 135ff. Sky-prodigies abound, eg. H. of H., for 1118; for 1132, Bagley, 39f.
[523] Ritchie (2), 112, also 54, 128; Ingulph, Chron. Croyland, 258. Omens for 1065 in W. of M., with a symbol of England and Normandy (Siamese twins).
[524] W. of M., year 1100; Higden; Polychron. vii 11; Ord., 102; Ritchie (2), 112; Brut, EETS, 1906, zu 138; Coulton (4), 275; Murray, 129; Freeman, app. SS. In 1950s occurred the outbreak of the Democratie Patavia at Milan.
[525] Murray; Williamson; Dunstan prophecies, W. of M., H, xiii, under year 1065; Murray, 115. I cannot accept Murray’s idea that Lucca = Loki, but the oath is an oddity. Prophecies about Edgar: Chaney, 155; Crow and Edwin, 134.
[526] MS. Lamb, 51, fol. 23a; Coulton (4), 218ff.
[527] General account in Cohn; Tubeville; Coulton (12); Williamson; Heaskins (1); Green 163-7. Beghards or Beguines in Germany etc.
[528] B (2), 262ff; Oakley; le Bras; Fournier (2); Watkins; Fehr.
[529] Brittain; Legge, 254-6, 259f. H. M. Taylor (1); R. M. Clay. For a late growth of the local parish feast of St Giles (near Oxford) into a great popular fair: S. Alexander.
[530] Bleddri: Loomis, 193-5; J. L. Weston, From Ritual to Romance, 1922, and Ezio Levi take the count to be W.VIII. Ailsi: Coulton (4), 218-21. Leechbooks; Hodgkin, ii, 466f; Cockayne; J. F. Payne: Grendon; Singer, ch. iv.
[531] In general, Chaney, Murray, Chambers, The Medieval Stage, etc.; B (2), 141ff. Thorkill: Chron. Ramsey, 129-34; Chron. Evesham, 42. Only much later did the church feel strong enough to grapple directly with witchcraft. Stags: Chaney, 131f; Turville-Petrie (3), 2041. Owst, 336; hell mouth, Add. MSS 37049ff 17 and 74; Linc. Cath. Libr. C, 4, 6ff, 34 and 120; Owst 338ff. ‘Drede’: MS Roy, 18, B, xxiii, f 169. Ale-houses L (1), app. v. Will. of N. (c. 1136-1198) rejected Trojan descent of Brit.
[532] W. of M., II, xiii, citing Pope Gregory’s Dialogues for similar tales, and the end of Charles Martel who had looted monasteries to pay soldiers; following with tale of man who put a ring at Rome on a statue of Venus and fell into the goddess’s power. Vision under 1065 (Vit. Aed, 75) another tale of a monk who tried to fly with wings and broke his leg. For effeminacy: Wulfstan, Vita 23. For the witch: Alphabet of Tales (EETS 1904), 487. Abbot Suger (Waquet, 98) said the prophecy about Henry I came true. Dreams not always taken seriously, e.g. Thomas’s Horn, 4644-64. For a pre-1066 Latin dreambook: Harrison, 49-52. Swein, Cnut’s father, was said to have been killed by St Edmund in a vision (dream): W. of M., GP, ii, 136b. Mockers: Green, 162; Berengar, de sacra coena (W. H. Beikenkamp, 1941); A. J. Macdonald. William of Newburgh: HRA, ed. R. Howlett (RS) 1884, 85f.
[533] Southern (2), 212f; H. Farmer; Legge, 8-18.
[534] Southern (2), 21 if; Legge, 187-91; Kjellman.
[535] See Ead
mer, ch. 135; Peter Sent, lv, xxvi, 6, 7; xxvii, 2, 3; xxviii, 2; Green, 183; le Bras (2).
[536] Legge, 42f; Love C. S. Lewis, 13ff. Troubadors: J. Lindsay (3). Women: D. M. Stenton, 151f; Coulton (4), section xii.
[537] Legge (1), 7-18.
[538] Frank: Rhein. Landesmus., Bonn; Barraclough (3), 41.
[539] Eamer, chs. 48f, 167f, 214, 143f; W. of M., GR, IV, i, year 1093; NH i, year 1128. Shoes: Ord., 682; H. of H., vii, year 120 (Arnold, 242-4); Ord., iii, 290. For 1102: Mansi, Sacr. Concil. coll. xx, 1152; (Nablus) xxi, 261f; Anselm, Op., 169f. White Ship: also Gervase, Chron. (Stubbs RS), ii, 92; PL, cxlv, 159-90; Brittan (ed. F. M. Nicholls, 1865) i, 41f. I am unable to treat art here; for AS churches, H. M. Taylor, Fisher etc; minor medieval sculpture, Butler; Baldwin Brown; Clapham etc.
[540] B(4), 113f; Eadmer, chs. 192, 121f.
[541] Rolls of the Justices in Eyre for Warwickshire (Selden Soc., lix).
[542] Chron. Ramsey, 212; Cart. Ram. ii, 62; Chron. Abingdon, ii, 81f; Regesta, ii, nos 716, 856, 1799, cf. Leis Willelme, c. 30. Abbey of Revesby was founded in Lincolnshire 1142; when ground was cleared, the earl gave rustici of R. and two near villages the choice of getting more land from him or going free. Thirty-one went off, seven chose to stay on his estate with a year free from all services. (William de Roumara, earl of Lincoln, appears as an aggressive baron under Stephen.) D. M. Stenton, 148f; S (18), iv, 1-7; Waites, 651f, on depopulation. W. of P., 264. Spoliation of churches, 1170: Wilkins, concilia, i, 366.
[543] Keen, 38. Richard I was first king after 1066 to become a popular figure. Murdrum: Li., i, 487; Coulton (4), 25f; Stubbs (1), 201.
[544] Knowles (1), 114f; Trevisa, Higden, vii, 299; Flor., ii, 117. Turold was a warrior-abbot who led his mercenaries against Hereward (a Peterborough landholder before 1066), and it was these men who got the sixty-two fees on the abbey-lands (Walter of Whittesley in Chron. of Hugh Candidus, 84, n4). Turold built a castle near the abbey (ib., 85n and 197; Mellows (2), 200); he showed no concern for abbey demesne and assumed hereditary tenure. Finn, 37f; H (2), 173, n6. W. of M., de ant. Glast. eccl,. in Hearne, i, 113-6. Gallery: Clapham (2), 91; Baldwin Brown, ii, 170, 147, 152.