Four Lost Cities

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Four Lost Cities Page 25

by Annalee Newitz


  13. Penny et al., “Hydrological History of the West Baray, Angkor.”

  14. Monica Smith, Cities: The First 6,000 Years (New York: Viking, 2019).

  15. Saskia Sassen, “Global Cities as Today’s Frontiers,” Leuphana Digital School, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iu-p31RkCXI. She also elaborates on these ideas in her book The Global Cities: New York, London, Tokyo (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991).

  16. Geoffrey West, Scale: The Universal Laws of Life, Growth, and Death in Organisms, Cities, and Companies (New York: Penguin, 2018).

  17. Lustig et al., “Words across Space and Time”; see also Eileen Lustig and Terry Lustig, “New Insights into ‘les interminables listes nominatives des esclaves’ from Numerical Analyses of the Personnel in Angkorian Inscriptions,” Aséanie 31 (2013): 55–83.

  18. Kunthea Chhom, Inscriptions of Koh Ker 1 (Budapest: Hungarian Southeast Asian Research Institute, 2011), https://www.academia.edu/14872809/Inscriptions_of_Koh_Ker_n_I.

  19. Terry Leslie Lustig and Eileen Joan Lustig, “Following the Non-Money Trail: Reconciling Some Angkorian Temple Accounts,” Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology 39 (August 2015): 26–37.

  20. “Household Archaeology at Angkor Wat,” Khmer Times, July 7, 2016, https://www.khmertimeskh.com/25557/household-archaeology-at-angkor-wat/.

  21. Lustig and Lustig, “Following the Non-Money Trail.”

  22. Eileen Lustig, “Money Doesn’t Make the World Go Round: Angkor’s Non-Monetization,” in Economic Development, Integration, and Morality in Asia and the Americas, ed. D. Wood, Research in Economic Anthropology, vol. 29 (2009), 165–99.

  23. Lustig, “Money Doesn’t Make the World Go Round.”

  24. Mitch Hendrickson et al., “Industries of Angkor Project: Preliminary Investigation of Iron Production at Boeng Kroam, Preah Khan of Kompong Svay,” Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology 42 (2018): 32–42, https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/JIPA/article/view/15257/12812.

  25. Damian Evans and Roland Fletcher, “The Landscape of Angkor Wat Redefined,” Antiquity 89, no. 348 (2015): 1402–19.

  Chapter 9: The Remains of Imperialism

  1. Henri Mouhot, Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China (Siam), Cambodia, and Laos during the Years 1858, 1859, and 1860, 2 vols., Gutenberg Project, last modified August 11, 2014, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/46559/46559-h/46559-h.htm.

  2. Alison Carter, “Stop Saying the French Discovered Angkor,” Alison in Cambodia (blog), accessed November 12, 2019, https://alisonincambodia.wordpress.com/2014/10/05/stop-saying-the-french-discovered-angkor/.

  3. Terry Lustig et al., “Evidence for the Breakdown of an Angkorian Hydraulic System, and Its Historical Implications for Understanding the Khmer Empire,” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 17 (2018): 195–211.

  4. Keo Duong, “Jayavarman IV: King Usurper?” (master’s thesis, Chulalongkorn University, 2012).

  5. Tegan Hall, Dan Penny, and Rebecca Hamilton, “Re-Evaluating the Occupation History of Koh Ker, Cambodia, during the Angkor Period: A Palaeo-Ecological Approach,” PLoS ONE 13, no. 10 (2018): e0203962, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203962.

  6. Kunthea Chhom, Inscriptions of Koh Ker 1 (Budapest: Hungarian Southeast Asian Research Institute, 2011), https://www.academia.edu/14872809/Inscriptions_of_Koh_Ker_n_I, 12.

  7. Eileen Lustig and Terry Lustig, “New Insights into ‘les interminables listes nominatives des esclaves’ from Numerical Analyses of the Personnel in Angkorian Inscriptions,” Aséanie 31 (2013): 55–83.

  8. Lustig et al., “Evidence for the Breakdown of an Angkorian Hydraulic System.”

  9. Wensheng Lan et al., “Microbial Community Analysis of Fresh and Old Microbial Biofilms on Bayon Temple Sandstone of Angkor Thom, Cambodia,” Microbial Ecology 60, no. 1 (2010): 105–15, doi:10.1007/s00248-010-9707-5.

  10. Peter D. Sharrock, “Garuḍa, Vajrapāṅi and Religious Change in Jayavarman VII’s Angkor,” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 40, no. 1 (2009): 111–51.

  11. Roland Fletcher et al., “The Development of the Water Management System of Angkor: A Provisional Model,” Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 28 (2008): 57–66.

  12. Dan Penny et al., “The Demise of Angkor: Systemic Vulnerability of Urban Infrastructure to Climatic Variations,” Science Advances 4, no. 10 (October 17, 2018): eaau4029.

  13. Solomon M. Hsiang and Amir S. Jina, “Geography, Depreciation, and Growth,” American Economic Review 105, no. 5 (2015): 252–56.

  14. Alison K. Carter et al., “Temple Occupation and the Tempo of Collapse at Angkor Wat, Cambodia,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 25 (June 2019): 12226–31.

  15. Dan Penny et al., “Geoarchaeological Evidence from Angkor, Cambodia, Reveals a Gradual Decline Rather than a Catastrophic 15th-Century Collapse,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 11 (March 2019): 4871–76.

  16. Miriam Stark, “Universal Rule and Precarious Empire: Power and Fragility in the Angkorian State,” chap. 9 in The Evolution of Fragility: Setting the Terms, ed. Norman Yoffee (Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2019), 174.

  Chapter 10: America’s Ancient Pyramids

  1. Sarah E. Baires, Land of Water, City of the Dead: Religion and Cahokia’s Emergence (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2017).

  2. See Michael Hittman, Wovoka and the Ghost Dance (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997), and Alice Beck Kehoe, The Ghost Dance: Ethnohistory and Revitalization (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1989).

  3. John Noble Wilford, “Ancient Indian Site Challenges Ideas on Early American Life,” New York Times, September 19, 1997, https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/19/us/ancient-indian-site-challenges-ideas-on-early-american-life.html.

  4. Timothy Pauketat, Cahokia: Ancient America’s Great City on the Mississippi (New York: Viking, 2009).

  5. Rinita A. Dalan et al., Envisioning Cahokia: A Landscape Perspective (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003).

  6. V. Gordon Childe, “The Urban Revolution,” Town Planning Review 21, no. 1 (1950): 3–17.

  7. Dalan et al., Envisioning Cahokia, 129.

  8. Timothy Pauketat, “America’s First Pastime,” Archaeology 6, no. 5 (September/October 2009), https://archive.archaeology.org/0909/abstracts/pastime.html.

  9. The painter George Catlin wrote in a letter that he’d watched the Siouan Mandan tribe playing the game in the 1830s. From George Catlin, Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Conditions of North American Indians, no. 19, retrieved November 12, 2019, https://user.xmission.com/~drudy/mtman/html/catlin/letter19.html.

  10. Margaret Gaca and Emma Wink, “Archaeoacoustics: Relative Soundscapes between Monks Mound and the Grand Plaza” (poster presented at the 60th Annual Midwest Archaeological Conference, Iowa City, Iowa, October 4–6, 2016).

  11. Thomas E. Emerson et al., “Paradigms Lost: Reconfiguring Cahokia’s Mound 72 Beaded Burial,” American Antiquity 81, no. 3 (2016): 405–25.

  12. Baires, Land of Water, City of the Dead, 92–93.

  13. Andrew M. Munro, “Timothy R. Pauketat, An Archaeology of the Cosmos: Rethinking Agency and Religion in Ancient America,” Journal of Skyscape Archaeology 4, no. 2 (2019): 252–56.

  14. Gayle Fritz, Feeding Cahokia: Early Agriculture in the North American Heartland (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2019), 89.

  15. Fritz, Feeding Cahokia, 150.

  16. Natalie G. Mueller et al., “Growing the Lost Crops of Eastern North America’s Original Agricultural System,” Nature Plants 3 (2017).

  17. Fritz, Feeding Cahokia, 146.

  18. Fritz, Feeding Cahokia, 143.

  Chapter 11: A Great Revival

  1. Sarah E. Baires, Melissa R. Baltus, and Elizabeth Watts Malouchos, “Exploring New Cahokian Neighborhoods: Structure Density Estimates from the Spring Lake Tract, Cahokia,” American Antiquity 82, no. 4 (2017): 742–60.

  2. Lizzie Wade, “It Wasn’t Just Greec
e—Archaeologists and Early Democracy in the Americas,” Science (March 15, 2017), https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/03/it-wasnt-just-greece-archaeologists-find-early-democratic-societies-americas.

  3. David Correia, “F**k Jared Diamond,” Capitalism Nature Socialism 24, no. 4 (2013): 1–6.

  4. David Graeber and David Wingrow, “How to Change the Course of Human History,” Eurozine (March 2, 2018), https://www.eurozine.com/change-course-human-history/.

  Chapter 12: Deliberate Abandonment

  1. Samuel E. Munoz et al., “Cahokia’s Emergence and Decline Coincided with Shifts of Flood Frequency on the Mississippi River,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 20 (May 2015): 6319–24.

  2. Sarah E. Baires, Melissa R. Baltus, and Meghan E. Buchanan, “Correlation Does Not Equal Causation: Questioning the Great Cahokia Flood,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 29 (July 2015): E3753.

  3. Andrea Hunter, “Ancestral Osage Geography,” in Andrea A. Hunter, James Munkres, and Barker Fariss, Osage Nation NAGPRA Claim for Human Remains Removed from the Clarksville Mound Group (23PI6), Pike County, Missouri (Pawhuska, OK: Osage Nation Historic Preservation Office, 2013), 1–60, https://www.osagenation-nsn.gov/who-we-are/historic-preservation/osage-cultural-history.

  4. Margaret Carrigan, “One Mound at a Time: Native American Artist Santiago X on Rebuilding Indigenous Cities,” Art Newspaper, September 29, 2019, https://www.theartnewspaper.com/amp/interview/native-american-artist-santiago-x-on-rebuilding-indigenous-cities-one-mound-at-a-time.

  Epilogue: Warning—Social Experiment in Progress

  1. Sarah Almukhtar et al., “The Great Flood of 2019,” New York Times, September 11, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/09/11/us/midwest-flooding.html.

  2. Kendra Pierre-Lewis, “Heatwaves in the Age of Climate Change,” New York Times, July 18, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/18/climate/heatwave-climate-change.html.

  3. Annalee Newitz, Scatter, Adapt, and Remember: How Humans Will Survive a Mass Extinction (New York: Doubleday, 2013).

  INDEX

  Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.

  Note: Page numbers in italics indicate maps.

  abandonment, 60–61, 64, 255, 257, 258–59, 261

  of Angkor, 146–47, 183–89, 193–202

  of Cahokia, 210, 225, 241–54

  of Çatalhöyük, 68–71, 73, 103, 250

  deliberate, 9–10, 241–54

  environmental crises and, 238, 239–40

  as part of urban life cycle, 210

  patterns of, 257

  as political process, 238, 239–40

  of Pompeii, 103, 125, 130–33

  predictions about likelihood of, 257–58

  of San Francisco, California, 255

  abstraction, 36–40

  Africa, 85–86, 107

  Africanum (brick work), 86–87, 102

  Agassiz Lake, 63, 64

  agricultural complexity, urbanism and, 73

  agricultural life, shock of, 35

  agricultural regions, cities and, 72–73

  agriculture. See farming

  Agrippina the Elder, 93

  Agrippina the Younger, 93

  Algeria, 86

  Alt, Susan, 222, 234–35

  Amarantus, 116–17, 119, 121, 128

  taberna of, 115–16

  Amazon, 148

  American Bottom, 218–19, 221, 241, 243

  Americas, 8–10, 204–54

  Anatolia region, Turkey, 5–6, 15–75

  ancestors, 11, 13, 20, 21, 148, 245

  bones of, 45, 49, 57, 61, 74, 216

  burial of, 32, 243, 250

  Native American, 243

  power of, 50

  skulls of, 45, 49, 57

  stories of, 261–62

  traditions of, 237

  Anderson, Michael, 97–99, 101

  Ang Chan, 184, 199

  Angkor, 1–5, 12–13, 142–43, 165, 184, 186, 190, 198, 202, 209, 212, 257, 260, 261

  abandonment of, 146–47, 183–89, 193–202

  Buddhism and, 157, 169, 184

  climate change and, 8, 161, 193–202, 258

  climate change in, 195–96

  compared to Cahokia, 211–12

  debt slaves and, 162–64

  drought in, 258

  early culture of, 157

  east-west orientation of, 169

  economic system of, 171–78

  European archaeologists and, 150

  farming in, 146–61

  festivals in, 157, 174

  floods in, 4, 8, 185–90, 258

  forced labor in, 8

  French and, 184

  Hinduism and, 169, 172, 199

  history of, 145, 172, 177

  imperialism and, 183–206

  labor and, 160, 163–64, 178, 197

  lidar mapping of, 152, 175, 185, 197

  life in, 171

  monsoon systems and, 161–62

  mound fields, 181–82

  old Angkor, 184

  organized around nonmarket principles, 237

  patronage and, 162–63

  political instability in, 147, 165

  population and, 152, 171, 196

  religion and, 156, 191

  remains of, 150, 155

  return to small-town life in, 260

  rituals in, 157, 159, 165, 170, 174, 180, 181, 190, 192

  slow disaster in, 146, 195

  spirituality and, 156–57

  statues from, 199

  temples and, 145, 169 (see also specific temples)

  trade and, 193

  urbanization of, 166–71, 189

  water infrastructure and, 146, 159–60, 161–82, 189, 194–96

  Angkorian Empire, 154

  Angkorian period, 149

  Angkorian Sanskrit inscriptions, 172

  Angkor Thom, 1, 147, 150, 154, 169, 192

  Bayon temple and, 190

  women and, 173

  Angkor Wat, 1, 4, 147, 150, 162, 175, 178, 181, 192

  European descriptions of, 183–84

  map of by Japanese pilgrim, 184

  temple, 197

  Vishnu and, 159, 160

  animals, 39

  as ancestor figures, 30

  cultivation of, 27–28

  domestic, 27–28

  figurines of, 46

  imagery of, 30–31, 35–36, 37

  wild, 29–31, 35, 36, 37

  anthropogenic geomorphology, 150

  Antonius Pius, 102

  archaeology, 11, 21. See also specific sites

  contextual, 23

  data archaeology, 109, 121, 173

  digging as specialized craft, 232

  forensic, 218

  Archaeology magazine, 48

  architecture. See also specific structures and types of architecture

  anti-monumental, 36

  Neolithic, 33–34

  public sphere and, 239–40

  Asia, 107. See also specific locations

  Aspara National Authority, 187–88

  assimilation, 62

  astronomy, 217

  Atakuman, Çigdem, 36, 37–38

  Augustales, 95, 101–2, 137

  Augustus, 92–93, 101, 113

  aurochs, 29, 30, 36, 46

  authoritarianism, 259, 261

  Aymonier, Étienne, 173

  Ayutthaya, Thailand, 196

  Baires, Sarah, 9–10, 227–33, 242, 246, 247, 248, 249

  Baltus, Melissa, 9–10, 227–33, 241, 242, 246, 247, 248, 249

  barley, 219–20

  Bar-Yosef, Ofer, 39, 64

  Battambang, 157–58

  Bay of Naples, 83, 90, 102, 103, 127, 133, 136

  Bayon temple, 190–92

  BBB Motor Site, 219, 221, 222, 249

  “beaded burial,” 243–45

  Beng Melea, 178–81, 197

&nb
sp; Benz, Marion, 33, 34, 35, 36

  Biehl, Peter, 39

  Big Mound, 228

  “Birdman,” 244

  birds, 29

  Birger figurine, 219, 220–21

  “Black Drink,” 215, 231

  Black Lives Matter movement, 254

  bones, 45–46, 243

  of ancestors, 45, 49, 57, 61, 74, 216

  “lick check” and, 233

  borrow pits, 9, 208, 212, 225, 235, 242, 245–46, 248

  bricks, 56, 74, 86–87, 102

  Buddha, 154, 190

  Buddhism, 158, 192, 199

  Mahayana, 198

  Building of Eumachia, 95

  buildings, “closing up,” 224–25

  bulls, 37

  burial, of ancestors, 32, 243, 250

  burial mounds, 243–45, 252

  Cahokia, 8–10, 12, 13, 204–61

  abandonment of, 210, 225, 241–54

  astronomy and, 217

  celebrations in, 224–25

  centralized belief system in, 250

  Classic Cahokia, 234

  “closing up” in, 224–25

  collapse hypothesis and, 236–40, 250

  compared to Angkor, 211–12

  cooking in, 220, 251

  courtyard neighborhood layouts in, 208, 229, 230–31, 234–36, 247–48

  decentralization in, 248–50

  democratization of, 233–36

  environmental crises in, 249–50

  expansion of, 225, 250

  farming in, 218–24, 251

  farmlands of, 218, 223–24, 249

  figurines from, 219, 220–21, 251

  fragmentation of, 248–50

  granted World Heritage status, 228

  heterarchy in, 242

  immigrants in, 215, 217–18, 223, 224

  Lohmann phase, 234

  migration and, 250–54

  monuments in, 208–9, 210 (see also specific monuments and kinds of monuments)

  Moorehead phase, 234, 235–36, 239, 248

  mounds in, 208–10, 211–12

  organized around nonmarket principles, 237

  paintings in, 251

  phases of, 234–40, 239, 247, 248

 

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