The Time Traveler's Guide to Medieval England: A Handbook for Visitors to the Fourteenth Century

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The Time Traveler's Guide to Medieval England: A Handbook for Visitors to the Fourteenth Century Page 39

by Ian Mortimer

Michael Prestwich, “The Court of Edward II,” in Gwilym Dodd and Anthony Musson (eds.), The Reign of Edward II: New Perspectives (Wood-bridge: York Medieval Press, in association with the Boydell Press with the Centre for Medieval Studies; University of York, 2006), pp. 61-75.

  PROME: Chris Given-Wilson (ed.), The Parliamentary Rolls of Medieval England, 1275-1504 (CD edn, 2005).

  Ralph B. Pugh, Calendar of London Trailbaston Trials under Commissions of 1305 and 1306 (London: HMSO, 1975).

  ———, Wiltshire Gaol Delivery and Trailbaston Trials 1275-1306, vol. 33 (Trow-bridge: Wiltshire Record Society, 1978).

  T. B. Pugh, Imprisonment in Medieval England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968).

  Carole Rawcliffe, Medicine and Society in Later Medieval England (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1995; reprint 1999).

  Compton Reeves, Pleasures and Pastimes in Medieval England (Stroud; Alan Sutton, 1995).

  Henry Thomas Riley (ed.), Chronica Monasterii S. Albani: Thomae Walsingham, quondam Monachi S. Albani, Historia Anglicana, 2 vols. (London: Longmans & Company, 1863-64).

  Henry Thomas Riley (ed.), Memorials of London and London Life in the Xlllth, XlVth and XVth Centuries (London: Longmans, Green, 1868).

  Charlotte Roberts and Keith Manchester, The Archaeology of Disease, 2nd ed. (Ithaca, N.Y; Cornell University Press, 1997).

  Margery M. Rowe and and John M. Draisey (eds.), The Receivers’ Accounts of the City of Exeter 1304-1353, (Exeter: Devon and Cornwall Record Society 1989).

  Owen Ruffhead (ed.), The Statutes at Large, from Magna Charta to the end of the Last Parliament, 1761, 8 vols. (London: M. Basket, 1763-64).

  L. F. Salzman, Building in England down to 1540: A Documentary History (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952; reissued 1992; special edition 1997).

  ———, English Life in the Middle Ages (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1926).

  A. F Scott (ed.), Every One a Witness, The Plantagenet Age (London: White Lion, 1975).

  Reginald R. Sharpe (ed.), Calendar of the Letter Books of the City of London, F 1337–1352 (London: John Edward Francis for the Corporation, 1904).

  Caroline Shenton, “Edward III and the Coup of 1330,” in J. S. Bothwell (ed.), The Age of Edward III (Woodbridge; York Medieval Press in association with The Boydell Press, 2001), pp. 13-34.

  Timothy A. Shonk, “A Study of the Auchinleck Manuscript: Bookmen and Bookmaking in the Early Fourteenth Century,” Speculum, 60 (1985), pp. 71-91.

  Edward Shorter, A History of Women’s Bodies (London: Allen Lane, 1983).

  Rudolf Simek, Heaven and Earth in the Middle Ages, Angela Hall, trans. (Wood-bridge: Boydell, 1996).

  Joshua Toulmin Smith (ed.), English Gilds (Oxford: Early English Text Society, 1870).

  Lucy Toulmin Smith (ed.), Expeditions to Prussia and the Holy Land made by Henry Earl of Derby . . . in the Years 1390-91 and 1392-93 (London: Camden Society, 1894).

  Society of Antiquaries of London, A Collection of Ordinances and Regulations for the Government of the Royal Household (London: Society of Antiquaries of London, 1790).

  W. B. Stephens, “Literacy in England, Scotland and Wales 1500-1900,” History of Education Quarterly, 20, 4 (1990), pp. 545-71.

  E. L. G. Stones, “The Folvilles of Ashby-Folville, Leicestershire, and Their Associates in Crime, 1326-1347,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 7 (1957), pp. 117-36.

  Jenny Stratford, “The Royal Library in England before the Reign of Edward IV” in Nicholas Rogers (ed.), England in the Fifteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1992 Harlaxton Symposium (Stamford: Paul Watkins, 1994), pp. 187-97.

  H. R. T Summerson, “The Structure of Law-Enforcement in Thirteenth-Century England,” The American journal of Legal History, 23 (1979), pp. 313-27.

  C. H. Talbot, Medicine in Medieval England (London: Oldbourne, 1967).

  Nigel Thorp, The Glory of the Page (London: Miller, for Glasgow University Library, 1987).

  TNA: The National Archives, Kew (formerly the Public Record Office).

  Thomas Frederick Tout, The Place of the Reign of Edward II in English History, 2nd ed. Manchester: The University Press, 1936.)

  Georges Vigarello, Concepts of Cleanliness: Changing Attitudes in France since the Middle Ages, Jean Birrell, trans. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).

  Westman: see Hanawalt Westman

  Margaret Wood, The English Mediaeval House (London: Phoenix House, 1965; reprint 1981).

  Brian L. Woodcock, Medieval Ecclesiastical Courts in the Diocese of Canterbury (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1952).

  C. M. Woolgar, The Great Household in Late Medieval England (New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 1999).

  ———, The Senses in Late Medieval England (New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 2006).

  Thomas Wright (ed.), The Book of the Knight of La Tour-Landry (London: Early English Text Society, 1868).

  E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The Population History of England, 1541-1871: A Reconstruction (London: Edward Arnold, 1981).

  J. H. Wylie, The History of England under King Henry TV, 4 vols. (London: Longmans, 1884-98).

  ———, The Reign of King Henry V, 3 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1914-29).

  Philip Zeigler, The Black Death (London: Collins, 1969).

  Illustrations

  All the images in this volume have been kindly provided by the British Library, from manuscripts in their collections. The author is grateful for permission to reproduce them.

  Section 1

  Wheel of Fortune, from a mid-fifteenth-century copy of Lydgate’s Troy Book (Royal 18 D. II fol. 30v).

  Alexander the Great given white elephants, from an early-fifteenth-century romance (Royal 20 B. XX fol. 82v).

  Lady at her toilet, from the Luttrell Psalter, c. 1325-40 (Add. MS 42,130 fol. 63r).

  Woman wearing a wimple, from a philosophical tract illuminated in Paris, c. 1300 (Burney275 fol. 166r).

  Women reaping at harvesttime, from the Luttrell Psalter, c. 1325-40 (Add. MS 42,130 fol. 172v).

  Woman being beaten by a man, from a German manuscript of 1446 (Add. MS 17,987 fol. 88r).

  Woman beating a man, from the Luttrell Psalter, c. 1325-40 (Add. MS 42,130 fol. 60r).

  Lady shooting at a hare, from the Taymouth Hours, c. 1325-35 (Yates Thompson 13 fol. 68v).

  King John of England does homage to King Philip of France, from an early-fourteenth-century Chroniques de France (Royal 16 G. VI fol. 362v).

  Philippe de Mezières presents his treatise to Richard II of England, c. 1395 (Royal 20 B. VI fol. 2r).

  Queen Guinevere and the maiden sent by the Lady of the Lake, from a French romance, c. 1316 (Add. MS 10,293 fol. 90v). Two images from De Claris Mulierihus, early fifteenth century (Royal 20 C. V fol. 5r).

  Plowmen, from the Luttrell Psalter, c. 1325-40 (Add. MS 42,130 fol. 170r).

  Builders, from the Bedford Hours, c. 1414-23 (Add. MS 18,850 fol. 17v).

  Women spinning and carding wool, from the Luttrell Psalter, c. 1325–40 (Add. MS 42,130 fol. 193r).

  Women spinning and carding wool in the early fifteenth century, from De Claris Mulieribus (Royal 20 C. V fol. 75r).

  Boy being birched by his teacher, from Omne Bonum, c. 1360-75 (Royal 6 E. VI fol. 214r).

  Burning of the Templars, from a late-fourteenth-century Chroniques de France (Royal 20C. VII fol. 44v).

  Section 2

  World map of Ranulph Higden, from a late-fourteenth-century Polychronicon (Royal 14 C. IX fol. lv-2r).

  Map of Great Britain, from Matthew Paris’s Abbreviato Chronicorum Angliae, 1250s (Cotton Claudius D. VI fol 12v).

  Royal traveling coach, from the Luttrell Psalter, c. 1325-40 (Add. MS 42,130 fol. 181v-182r).

  Early fourteenth-century cogs, from the Smithfield Decretals, c. 1340 (Royal 10 E. IV fol. 19r).

  Late-fourteenth-century cogs, from Jean Creton’s Histoire du Roy d’Angleterre RichardII, c. 1401-5 (Harley 1319 fol. 18r).

 
Richard II dining, from Jean Waurin’s Chronique d Angleterre, illuminated in the late fifteenth century (Royal 14 E. IV fol. 265v).

  Alexander the Great dining, from an early-fifteenth-century French romance (Royal 20 B. XX fol. 88v).

  Gallows, from a 1487 edition of Chroniques de France (Royal 20 E. Ill fol. 28r).

  Executions, from a late-fourteenth-century Chroniques de France (Royal 20 C.VII fol. 133v).

  Monk and woman in the stocks, from the Smithfield Decretals, c. 1340 (Royal 10 E. IV fol. 187r).

  Diagnosis through the inspection of urine, from a late-fourteenth-century Chroniques de France (Royal 20 C. VII fol. 78v).

  Physicians administering medicine to a king, from an early fourteenth-century Chroniques de France (Royal 16 G. VI fol. 310v).

  Clergymen with the plague, from Omne Bonum, c. 1360-75 (Royal 6 E. VI fol. 301r).

  Leper with a bell, from a Pontifical, c. 1400 (Lansdowne 451 fol. 127r).

  John of Arderne performing a fistula operation, from a late-fourteenth-century medical text (Sloane 2002 fol. 24v).

  Two musicians and a female acrobat, from the Smithfield Decretals, c. 1340 (Royal 10E. IV fol. 58r).

  Carol of love, from an early-fourteenth-century copy of the Roman de la Rose (Royal 20 A. XVII fol. 9r).

  Bear-baiting, from the Luttrell Psalter, c.1325-40 (Add. MS 42,130 fol. 161r).

  Index

  abbeys. See monasteries

  abbots, 42, 43–4, 46–47, 49, 51, 87, 88, 97, 128, 186–87, 189, 280, 296

  lodgings of, 152, 186, 189. See also specific abbeys

  Aberdeen, 93

  Abingdon, 296

  Abyssinia, 72

  accounts, keeping of, 67, 68, 297

  acorns, 167

  acres. See units of measurement

  acrobats, 52, 249, 251. See disc jugglers; tumblers

  Adam Davy’s Five Dreams, 77

  adultery. See crime

  Advent, 169, 183, 187

  Aesop’s Fables, 287

  Africa, 73

  age. See longevity; old people; youthfulness

  Agincourt, battle of, 296

  aketons. See clothes

  alchemy 75

  ale, 10, 86, 97–98, 132, 141, 148, 154, 174–75, 180, 186, 187, 211, 212, 227, 229, 233, 249, 304, 305

  ale cellar, 156, 159

  ale house, 24, 180. See also taverns

  ale-tasters, 51, 230

  alewives, 174, 229, 305

  Alighieri, Dante. See Dante

  alleys, 13, 16, 24, 126

  almonds. See nuts

  almoners, 161, 183, 186, 189

  Alnwick, 34

  Alrewas, 174

  altar coverings, 158

  altarpieces, 149

  Amazons, 73

  ambergris, 118

  America, 277

  ampullae, 267

  amputation. See surgery

  andirons, 150

  anesthetics, 214

  Anglo-French (language). See French language

  Anne, Queen, 106, 113, 132

  Antipedes, 73

  Antipodes, the, 73

  apothecaries, 12, 21, 22, 53

  apples. See fruit

  apprentices, 67, 100, 232

  aprons, 116

  Apuleis, Sphere of, 193

  Aquitaine, duchy of. See Gascony

  Arabic writing. See books

  archbishops, 42, 43–44, 97, 296

  suffragan, 43–44. See also Canterbury; York

  archdeacons, 15, 42, 43–44, 243, 255

  archers, archery, 39, 220, 240, 241, 263, 275. See also bows

  crossbows Arderne John, 200, 214

  Aristotle, 55, 298

  arithmetic, 67

  armor, armorers, 57, 65, 92, 108, 120–22, 149, 256–58, 266, 300

  Guild of Tailors and Armourers, 300

  transportation of, 133–34

  weight of, 256. See also axes

  daggers; helmets; lances; pikes

  swords arms, coats of, 41, 87–88, 112, 156, 157

  Arras, 157

  Arthur, King, 269, 275, 276, 282. See also books

  Arundel, John, 60, 297

  Ashby Folville, 241

  Asia, 72–73

  assarting, 227

  asses milk, 207

  assizes. See courts

  astrolabe, 84, 135, 149, 298

  astrology, 75, 191–93, 210. See also zodiac man

  astronomy, 67, 211

  Atonement, day of, 76

  Auchinleck Manuscript. See books

  Auden, W. H., 5

  Augustinians, 46

  Austin Canons. See Augustinians

  Austin Friars, 47

  Avesbury, Robert of, 275

  Avignon, 44, 71, 77

  axes, 120, 140, 282. See also pickaxes

  Aylesbury 302

  baboons, 106, 253

  Babylon, 276

  backgammon, 264

  backplate (for a fireplace), 152

  bacon. See meat

  Bacon, Roger, 77–78

  badges, 118, 266, 268. See also brooches; clasps; livery

  bagpipes. See musical instruments

  bags, 150

  bailiffs, 32, 50, 51, 59, 69, 218–19, 221–23, 225–27, 231–33

  bake houses, 30, 155, 171

  bakers, 53, 93, 96, 161, 176, 180, 205–6, 230, 232–33. See also bread

  baking. See bakers; cooking

  balas rubies, 118, 119

  baldaquins. See beds; furniture

  Balliol, Edward, 120

  Baltic Sea, 17, 71, 139

  Bamburgh Castle, 155

  Bangor, diocese of, 296

  banking houses, 17. See also financiers; merchants

  Bannockburn, 256

  barbers, 213. See also surgeons

  Bardney Abbey, 296

  bark, 167

  barley. See grain

  Barnet, 124

  barn(s), 16, 30, 32, 226

  barons. See noblemen

  barrels, butts, casks, 24, 30, 138, 139, 146, 151, 162, 179, 184. See also butteries

  barter, 98

  Bartholomew the Englishman, 74

  bartons, 32

  basins, 147, 149, 150, 151, 158, 162, 165, 197–98, 200, 287

  baskets, 166, 184

  Bath, 252, 297

  Bath and Wells, diocese of, 296

  baths and bathing, 119, 156, 196–99, 201

  of face, 197

  of feet, 146, 197

  hair. See hair; of hands, 90, 162, 164, 181, 197

  medicinal baths, 207, 211

  of mouth, 90

  public stews, 20, 198

  surgical, 214. See also basins; cleaning; ewers; Order of the Bath

  bats heads, 212

  Battle Abbey, 273, 296

  Battle of the Thirty, 258

  beans. See vegetables bearbaiting, 61, 262

  beards, 110–11, 211, 213, 253, 271, 301

  bears, 212, 251

  Beauchamp, Richard (d. 1471), Earl of Warwick, 265

  Beauchamp, Thomas (d. 1369), Earl of Warwick, 155

  Beaufort, Henry, 309

  Beaufort, John, marquis of Dorset, 295-96

  beavers, 106, 184

  Becket, Thomas. See St. Thomas

  bedbugs. See parasites

  bedchambers, 146–47, 148, 153, 155, 161–62, 163, 164–65, 166, 261, 280

  Bedfordshire, 33, 218

  beds and bedding, 93, 101, 119, 132, 134, 141, 143–47, 157, 158, 161, 165, 166, 189, 211

  with baldaquins, 157, 158

  bedspreads, 161, 164

  blankets, 132, 150, 161, 164, 165

  curtains for, 156, 157, 158, 161, 304

  featherbeds, 149, 150, 152, 161

  half-testers, 151

  mattresses for, 13, 147, 150, 153, 154, 164, 166

  Norfolk 158

  pillows, 132, 161, 164

  rugs, 134, 157, 158

  sheets, 132, 150, 151, 154, 161, 164, 165, 211

&n
bsp; silk beds, 157, 158

  tapets (carpets), 150, 157, 158, 165

  worsted beds, 151, 158. See also hammocks

  beef. See meat

  beer, 86, 174

  beggars, begging, 8, 43, 53, 144, 181, 229, 279, 293. See also paupers; vagrants

  Bel, Jean le, 275

  Bellers, Roger, 241

  bells, 230, 232, 248–49, 255

  Canterbury, 267

  church, 19, 84–85, 92, 204 passing bells, 306

  lepers, 103, 204. See also clocks; time

  belts. See clothes

  benches. See furniture

  Benedict XI, 44

  Benedict XII, 187, 188

  Benedictines, 46, 47, 67, 188, 197

  Benefit of the Clergy, 235, 243–15

  Bennyng, Roger, 248

  Berkeley Castle, 133, 155, 213

  Berkeley, Thomas, 41, 155, 213

  Berkshire, 308

  Bernard the Fool, 247

  Berry Pomeroy Castle, 34

  Berwick-on-Tweed, 97, 106, 257

  betrothal, 38

  Bever, Hugh le, 149, 150–51, 238, 303

  Beverley 11, 252, 269

  Bewcastle, 34

  Bible, the, 54, 55, 58, 79, 118 Book of Revelations. See also books

  birds, 116, 261

  blackbirds, 182

  songbirds, 134, 247. See also hunting; poultry; wildfowl

  Birkenhead Priory, 152

  bishops, 19, 20, 42, 43–44, 68, 81, 97, 143, 243

  household size, 159

  longevity of, 39

  palaces (see palaces); precedence over earls, 296

  suffragan, 43–44. See also individual dioceses

  Black Canons. See Augustinians

  Black Death. See plague

  Black Friars. See Dominicans

  Black Monks. See Benedictines

  Black Prince. See Edward of Woodstock

  blacksmiths, 10, 93, 161

  Blanche of Lancaster. See Lancaster

  blankets. See beds and bedding

  Blemmyae, 73

  bloodletting. See surgery

  boar, wild, 27, 259

  boats. See ships and boats

  Boccaccio, Giovanni, 284

  Bodiam Castle, 34, 154, 155, 303

  bodkin, 132

  Bodmin, 227–28

  Bohemia, 71, 106, 110, 132, 258

  Bohun family, Earls of Hereford, 273

  Bohun, Mary de, 251

  Bologna, 194

  Bolton Castle, 303

  bondmen, bondwomen, 41, 49, 59. See also villeins

  bonesetting, 213, 214

  Boniface VIII, 44

  books, 272–88

  Aimeric de Narbonne, 272

 

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