by Ian Mortimer
oats, 24, 27, 93, 95, 99, 164, 170, 171, 173–74, 228
rye, 93, 154, 163, 168, 170, 307
wheat, 24, 27, 93, 167, 170. See also bread
grammar, 67
Grandmontines, 46
granite. See stone
grapes. See fruit
grass, 167
grates, 150
Gravesend, Richard, 66
Gray, Thomas, 275
Great Famine. See famine
Great Plague. See diseases
Great Schism, 44
Great Yarmouth, 11
Greece, 179
Greek Orthodox, 72
greetings, 89, 91–92
Grey Friars. See Franciscans
greyhounds. See dogs
grooms, 101, 159, 160, 162, 180
guesthouses. See monasteries
guides, 125
Guildford, 223, 253
guildhalls, 16, 23, 232, 263. See also London
guilds and guilds merchant, 87, 88, 94, 99–100, 298–99
Guinevere, Queen, 269
guns. See cannon
haggis, 181
Hailes, 269
Hainault. See Low Countries
hair, haircuts, 67, 95, 104, 105, 110, 113–14
ramshorn style, 113
removal of body hair, 118
washing, 199–200, 211. See also beards
Hall, John, 236
halls, 146, 148–49, 153, 160, 161, 162, 163, 175–76, 180, 197, 211, 226, 248, 254, 274, 279, 285
heating of, 146, 148, 153, 156, 161, 163, 164, 211, 285
halters, 131
hammocks, 141
Hampshire, 33 hanaps, 149
Hanekino the Fiddler, 248
Hangest, Jean de, 298
hanging. See executions; gallows
Hanseatic League, 71
harbors. See ports
Hardyng, John, 39
Harecourt, William, 149, 151–52, 260–61
hares, 93, 173, 259–60
recipe for cooking, 173
Harfleur, 140
harps. See musical instruments harrowing, 49
harvests, harvesting, 29, 32, 51, 53, 97, 100, 117, 167, 169, 171–72, 209
Hastings, 273
Hatfield, Thomas, 45
hats. See clothes
Haverholm Abbey, 242
Hawley, john, 72, 136
Haxey Hood Game, 64
hay 32, 92, 93, 146
haywain, 30
haywards, 24, 51
headdresses. See clothes
hedgehog grease, 212
Hedon, 297
height, 37, 288
helmets, 119, 120, 121, 255, 258, 283
Henry III, 20, 74, 294
Henry IV, 3, 22, 39, 58, 71, 72, 77, 80, 81, 97, 98, 110, 133, 174, 183, 197, 249, 264, 265, 288, 295–96, 298, 302, 304, 307
as Henry of
Lancaster, 118, 133, 177, 199, 251, 278, 305, 308
Henry the Baker, 224
Henry V 20, 209, 307
hens. See chickens
Henwood, 202
heraldry. See arms, coats of
heralds, 248–49, 275
herbology, 193
herbs, 141, 146, 163, 167, 171, 173–75, 181, 185, 197, 213
borage, 185
camomile, 212
cinquefoil, 193
fennel, 185, 200
garlic. See vegetables; hemlock 214
henbane, 214
hyssop, 185
parsley, 171–72, 185
sage, 171
herces, 150
Hereford, 11, 213, 229, 308
Cathedral, 269
diocese of, 296
earls of. See Bohun family
Herefordshire, 34, 203
heresy. See crime
heriots, 49, 227
Herle, Robert, 120
Herle, William, 242
hermits, 43, 47, 54, 266
herring. See fish
Hertford Castle, 155, 211
Hewen, Sarah, 227
Hewen, Simon, 227
Hexham, 270
hides: pieces of, 166
tanned, 21, 93, 232
Higden, Ranulph, 276
High Peak, 243
highways, 124, 126–27, 159, 222, 242, 245. See also roads
Hippocrates, 194
hockey, 263
hocking, 63, 67
hogshead. See units of measurement
Holland. See Low Countries
Holland, John, 62
Holy Land, 71, 79
Holy Oil of St. Thomas, 77
Holy Roman Empire, 44, 260
homosexuality, 244
honey, 133, 174–75, 212
honeysuckle gum, 212
Hoodman Blind, 261
hoods. See clothes
hops, 174
horseshoes, 93
horses and ponies, 93, 97, 123, 127, 130–35, 141, 145–16, 211, 228, 230, 238, 287
blind, 131
carthorses, 172
eating of, 168
flaying of, 22
hire of, 133
horse brushes, 132
medicine for. See veterinary care; messengers, 133
mules, 287
packhorses, 9, 25, 130–32, 133
properties of a good horse, 131
riding sidesaddle, 132
status and horses, 131, 145–46, 153
sumpter horses, 131
value of, 131–32
warhorses, 121, 131, 248, 256–57. See also stables
hospitality, 143, 152
Hospitallers. See Knights Hospitaller
hospitals, 16, 23, 47, 119, 154, 191–92, 205, 211
houses: rural, 29–32, 35, 163–66
town, 12–16, 18, 19, 23, 24, 148–49, 156, 161, 221. See also cottages; longhouses; manor houses
hue and cry, the, 219, 222–23, 228
hulks. See ships and boats
humor, 63–65, 67, 214, 254
humoral theory, 192–94, 210, 212
hundreds, 218, 224–26. See also courts
Hungary, 258
Hunstanton, 304
hunting, 65, 80, 119, 258–61, 301
with dogs, 259–60
falconers, 260
with falcons and hawks, 141, 149, 152, 162, 260–61
huntsmen and fewterers, 160, 259
with nets, 173, 260
with slings, 116, 173. See also coneys; hares; wildfowl
Huntingdon, Earl of, 156
Huntingdonshire, 33, 218, 295
husbandmen, 43
Hyde Abbey, 296
hygiene. See baths and bathing; cleaning; sanitation
hypocras. See wine
Iceland, 82
Icknield Way 126
identity, 86–88
immigration, urban, 21, 50
incomes of: bishops, 45
carpenters, 98–99
carters, 53
churchwardens, 68
esquires, 43, 105
gentlemen, 43, 105
harvest workers, 100
knights, 41, 104
laborers, 53, 98, 99, 177
lawyers, 101
masons, 100–101
merchants, 42, 43, 53, 105
monasteries, 47
noblemen, 41, 104
peasants, 51
physicians, 101
servants, 101
thatchers, 100
thatchers’ mates, 100
tilers, 100
traders, 53
India, 72, 73
indulgences, 76, 129, 169
infangenthef, 227–28
infirmarers. See monasteries
inflation, 97, 167
Inge, John, 241
injuries, 37–38, 63, 191, 194, 214, 234, 258, 263. See also bonesetting; diseases; surgery
inns, innkeepers, 9, 12, 16, 23, 24, 85, 119, 123, 131, 144–47, 152, 161, 180, 233
cost of hostelry 147
Ipswich, 11, 252
<
br /> Ireland, 60, 72
duke of. See Vere, Robert de
Irish Sea, 123, 135
iron. See metal
Isabella, Queen, 19, 41, 57, 71, 106, 211, 239, 241, 272, 295, 311
Isle of Wight, 140
Islington, 124
Israelites, 271
Italy Italians, 44, 168, 201, 271, 274, 284
itinerant poor. See vagrants ivory 212
Japan, 276
jelly 182, 184
Jerusalem, 72, 82, 141, 267, 276
jesters, 52. See also Bernard the Fool
jeu de paume, 231, 263
jewels, jewelers, 15, 20, 92, 104, 105, 106, 112–13, 118–19, 267
pearls, 106, 107, 119, 228, 300
significance of, 118–19
worn by men, 119. See also brooches; clasps; goldsmiths; livery; silversmiths
John II, king of France, 140
John, king of England, 77, 128, 197, 238
John of Gaunt, 19, 41, 155, 159, 295
John of Salisbury, 74
John the Baptist, 74
Joseph of Arimathea, 269
jousts, 19, 37, 120, 121, 133, 247, 255–58, 309
of war, 257–58, 310
judges, 12, 49, 56, 68, 70, 221–23, 234–35, 237–38, 241–43, 245. See also
Justices of the Peace
jugglers, 16, 52, 53, 251
jugs, 151, 156, 162, 166, 174. See also ewers; flagons
jurors, 38, 51
Justices of the Peace, 221, 238–39
Keepers of the Peace, 238, 242
Kenfig, 308
Kenilworth, 155
Kennington, 254
Kent, 25, 31, 33, 75, 174, 237, 238
King’s Evil. See diseases
King’s Langley 84, 248
King’s Lynn. See Lynn
Kingsland, 205
Kingston upon Hull, 11
kinship networks, 69
Kirkstall Abbey, 153
kissing, 91
kitchens, 116, 117, 143, 149, 153, 154, 155, 158, 159, 162, 185, 186, 195, 254
kneeling, 89
Knighton, Henry, 97, 204, 207–8
knights, 10, 14, 15, 37, 38, 40–11, 42, 51, 65–66, 67, 80, 81, 88, 108, 197, 240, 243, 254, 256–58, 260, 276, 278, 280
chamber, 160
clothes of, 104, 266
fighting overseas, 72
permitted to wear swords, 121
physical strength of, 120
Knights Hospitaller, 42, 46
Knights Templar, 28, 42, 46, 225
Knightsbridge, 22, 205
knitting, 117
knives, 10, 117, 121, 132, 189, 241, 263
carving, 182
Königsberg, 72
Kyteler, Alice, 76
La Tour Landry, knight of, 247
laborers, laboring, 43, 50, 51, 53, 98, 99, 100, 115, 170, 175, 232, 239
Lake District, 128–29
lamb. See sheep
Lambeth, 70
Lammastide, 172
Lancashire, 27, 33, 280
Lancaster, Blanche of, 252, 284
Lancaster, Henry (d. 1345), Earl of, 63, 241
Lancaster, Henry (d. 1361), as earl of Derby 257
Lancaster, Henry (d. 1361), duke of, 65, 183
Lancaster, Henry of. See Henry IV
Lancaster, John (d. 1399), duke of. See John of
Gaunt
lances, 120, 121, 256, 258
Langland, WiËiam, 172, 247, 252, 275, 279–80, 292. See also Piers Plowman
Langley See King’s
Langley languages, 10, 79–82
lanterns, 85, 132, 141, 161
lastage, 130
latches, 166
Lateran Council: Fourth (1215), 210
Third (1179), 204
Latin, 10, 81–82, 213, 272–73, 276, 278
Latini, Bruno, 272
latrines, privies, 13, 14, 30, 127
in castles (garderobe), 161, 162
in inns, 146
in monasteries, 153, 161
in rural houses, 165
on ships, 141, 142. See also close-stools; gongfermors
Latthere, Richard and Emma de, 234
lavender, 146, 171, 198
law, the: common law, 234–35, 239
customary
laws. See manorial customs; town ordinances. See also courts; judges;
lawyers; Magna Carta; specific statutes
Lawrence. Master, 211 lawyers, 43, 52, 68, 100, 101, 177, 280. See also judges
lay brethren, 186, 188
laying out the dead, 58 le Bel, Jean. See Bel
leather, leatherwork 12, 15, 23, 93–94, 116, 118, 121, 134
calfskin, 115
Cordovan, 110
flasks of, 132. See also cordwainers
leeches, 215
leeks. See vegetables
Leicester, 11, 26, 94, 98, 154, 241–42, 252
Leicestershire, 241–42
lemons. See fruit
Lent, 169, 183, 184, 187, 188
Léon, Hervé de, 140
Leonardo da Vinci, 78
leopards, 18
lepers, leprosy. See diseases
leyrwite, 227
libraries, 18, 272–75. See also books
licenses to crenellate, 154–55
Lichfield, 39, 269, 296
life expectancy. See longevity
lighthouses, 140
lily of the valley, 65
limewash, 30
Lincoln, 11, 133, 252
bishop of, 309
Cathedral, 18, 268, 269
diocese of, 70, 203, 296
Lincolnshire, 27, 116, 138, 241, 249
Lindisfarne, 269
linen. See cloth
linseed, 212
lions, 18
Lisle, Alice de, 228
Lisle, William de, 308
literacy 9, 58, 67–68, 243, 297
Lithuania, 71, 72, 82
litters, 134–35, 153
Little, John, 274
livery, 103, 156, 162, 231
collars, 119
necklaces, 119
livestock 12, 21, 23, 51, 92, 97, 167. See also cattle; goats; meat; pigs; sheep
Llandaff, diocese of, 296
Llywelyn Bren, 236
lobsters. See fish
locks, 163, 166
logic, 67
London, 1, 11, 12, 16–22, 53, 64, 72, 75, 84, 85, 87, 100, 102–3, 121, 128, 130, 132, 149, 154, 177, 179, 197, 201, 202–3, 205, 206, 220, 228–29, 234, 252, 254, 277, 278, 283, 284, 299, 301
aldermen, 22, 228–29, 238
Aldgate, 288, 307
Allhallows on the Wall, 245
bishops of, 66, 245
Charterhouse, 66
Clerkenwell, 252
Cornhill, 229
diocese of, 296
Fleet Prison, 21
Fleet Street, 228
gates, 18, 19, 220, 254, 288
gates., 85, 124
Guildhall, 94
guilds, 100
Leadenhall, 92
London Bridge, 17, 18, 128, 236, 254
mayors of, 22, 64, 99, 206, 228–29, 262
Mile End, 205
Newgate, 254
Savoy 19
sheriffs of, 218, 228
Smithfield, 19, 92, 124, 294
Southwark 20, 85, 198, 205, 254, 288, 292
St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, 192, 207
St. Martin’s le Grand, 84, 85
St. Paul’s Cathedral, 18
Strand, 17, 19
Thames Street, 148
Tower Hill, 236
Tower of, 18, 74, 97, 236, 272
Tyburn, 20, 228–29, 236, 294
walls of, 18, 85, 294
longbows. See bows
longevity, 36–39, 58, 201, 295. See also old people
longhouses, 32
lords. See manorial lords; noblemen
Lords Appellant, 124–25
louvres, 3
0
Low Countries, 71, 106, 109, 131, 243, 275, 284
Ludlow Castle, 155, 303
Lumley Castle, 303
Luttrell, Geoffrey, 249
Luttrell Psalter, 301
Lydgate, John, 293
Lynn, 11, 71
madness, 118, 255
magic, 74–78, 210
magistrates. See Justices of the Peace
Magna Carta, 235
maintenance. See crime
malaria. See diseases
mallows, 212
Malmesbury 251, 296
malnutrition, 50, 167. See also famine
maltsters, 230
Mandeville, John, 73, 276–77, 280
manners and politeness, 62, 89–92, 196, 286, 298
Manny, Walter, 66, 136
Mannyng, Richard, 277
manor houses, 23, 32, 34, 51, 117, 126, 127, 144, 156, 161, 183, 186
fortified, 154–56
manorial courts. See courts
manorial customs, 49, 52, 68. See also service
manorial lords, 29, 32, 34, 40–11, 42, 48–51, 67, 69, 127, 156, 174, 185, 188, 219, 223, 227–28, 308
manorial officers. See ale-tasters; bailiffs; haywards; receivers; reeves; timings maps, 72, 123–25
March, Earl of. See Mortimer, Roger
Marches of Scotland and Wales. See Scotland; Wales
Margaret, Queen, 106
mariners, 52, 69, 71, 136
market crosses, 16, 23
marketplaces, 14, 16, 23–24, 93–94, 228, 230
markets, 17, 23, 84, 92–95, 174–77, 230. See also marketplaces; stallage; times
Marlborough, Statute of, 308
marmalade. See preserves and pickles marriage, 38, 49–50, 54, 55, 59–60, 63, 159, 286–87
marshals, 89, 161
marshland, 27
Martinmas, 169
masons, 12, 34, 43, 100–101
Mass, 16, 48, 66, 154, 188, 251, 261
mattresses. See beds and bedding
Mayn, John, 206
mayors, 42, 218. See also Dartmouth; London
mazers, 149, 151, 175, 179
mead, 175, 179
meadows, 25
meals, 32, 90, 168, 170, 188, 197, 280
breakfast, 168, 180, 188
dinner, 168, 172, 180, 182, 188
supper, 164, 169, 180, 189. See also feasts
measurement. See units of measurement
meat, 10, 93, 94, 95, 147, 156, 162, 164, 169–70, 172, 176, 178, 180, 181, 185, 187, 286
bacon, 93, 168, 171–72, 188, 286, 304
beef, 10, 90, 168, 176, 177, 181, 188, 304
brawn, 181
entrails, 188, 231–32
fawn, 182
feet of animals, 10, 229
ham, 168
kid, 176, 182
lamb, 176, 188
liver, 187
meatballs, 181
mutton, 10, 173, 177, 181, 188, 200, 211
offal, 187
pork, 176, 177, 181, 188
pottage, 181, 185
rules about eating, 169, 174, 180, 183, 187
salted, 163, 169
stock, 171–72
sucking pig, 177
veal, 188
venison, 181. See also cattle; coneys; game; goats; hares; jelly; livestock; pigs; poultry; sheep; wildfowl
medical degrees, 194, 211