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by Niall Ferguson


  O’Brien, Patrick Karl, “The Pax Britannica and American Hegemony: Precedent, Antecedent or Just Another History?,” in idem and Armand Clesse (ed.), Two Hegemonies: Britain 1846–1914 and the United States 1941–2001 (Aldershot/Burlington Vt., 2002), pp. 3–64.

  ———, “The Governance of Globalization: The Political Economy of Anglo-American Hegemony,” CESifo Working Paper, 1023 (September 2003).

  , and Armand Clesse (eds.), Two Hegemonies: Britain 1846–1914 and the United States 1941–2001 (Aldershot/Burlington Vt., 2002).

  O’Hanlon, Michael, “Come Partly Home, America: How to Downsize U.S. Deployments Abroad,” Foreign Affairs, 80, 2 (March-April 2001), pp. 2–9.

  O’Rourke, Kevin H., and Jeffrey G. Williamson, Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy (Cambridge, Mass./London, 1999).

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  Obstfeld, Maurice, and Alan M. Taylor, “Globalization and Capital Markets,” NBER Working Paper, 8846 (March 2002).

  ———, and ———, “Sovereign Risk, Credibility and the Gold Standard: 1870–1913 versus 1925–31,” NBER Working Paper, 9345 (November 2002).

  ———, and ———, “Globalization and Capital Markets,” in Michael D. Bordo, Alan M. Taylor and Jeffrey G. Williamson (eds.), Globalization in Historical Perspective (Chicago, 2003), pp. 121–83.

  Oppen, Beate Ruhm von (ed.), Documents on Germany Under Occupation, 1945–1954 (London, 1955).

  Osterhammel, Jürgen, “Britain and China, 1842–1914,” in Andrew Porter (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 3: The Nineteenth Century (Oxford/ New York, 1999), pp. 146–69.

  ———, “China,” in Judith Brown and Wm. Roger Louis (eds.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 4: The Twentieth Century (Oxford/New York, 1999), pp. 643–66.

  Pagden, Anthony, “The Struggle for Legitimacy and the Image of the Empire in the Atlantic to c. 1700,” in Nicholas Canny (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. 1: British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century (Oxford, 1998), pp. 34–54.

  Palmer, General Bruce, Jr., The Twenty-five Year War: America’s Military Role in Vietnam (Lexington, Ky., 1984).

  Pei, Minxin, “Lessons of the Past,” Foreign Policy (July 2003), pp. 52–55.

  Peterson, Edward N., “The Occupation as Perceived by the Public, Scholars, and Policy Makers,” in Robert Wolfe (ed.), Americans as Proconsuls: United States Military Government in Germany and Japan, 1944–1952 (Carbondale, Ill., 1984), pp. 416–25.

  Peterson Peter G., Running on Empty: How the Democratic and Republican Parties Are Bankrupting Our Future and What Americans Can Do About It (New York, 2004).

  Pettiford, Lloyd, and David Harding, Terrorism: The New World War (London, 2003).

  Pfaff, William, “A New Colonialism?”, Foreign Affairs, 74, 1 (1995), pp. 2–6.

  Pigman, Geoffrey Allen, “Hegemony Theory, Unilateral Trade Liberalisation and the 1996 US Farm Bill,” in Patrick Karl O’Brien and Armand Clesse (eds.), Two Hegemonies: Britain 1846–1914 and the United States 1941–2001 (Aldershot/Burlington Vt., 2002), pp. 258–83.

  Platt, D. C. M., Finance, Trade, and Politics in British Foreign Policy 1815–1914 (Oxford, 1968).

  Pollack, Kenneth, The Threatening Storm (New York, 2002).

  Pomeranz, Kenneth, The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton/Oxford, 2000).

  Porch, Douglas, “Occupational Hazards: Myths of 1945 and U.S. Iraq Policy,” National Interest, 71 (Summer 2003), pp. 35–48.

  Porter A. N. (ed.), Atlas of British Overseas Expansion (London, 1991).

  Posen, Adam, “Frog in the Pot,” National Interest, 71 (Spring 2003) pp. 105–17.

  Potter, David C., India’s Political Administrators, 1919–1983 (Oxford, 1986).

  Power, Samantha, “A Problem from Hell”: America and the Age of Genocide (London, 2003).

  Pratt, Julius W., America’s Colonial Experiment: How the U.S. Gained, Governed and in Part Gave Away a Colonial Empire (New York, 1950).

  Prestowitz, Clyde, Rogue Nation (New York, 2003).

  Priest, Dana, The Mission: Waging War and Keeping Peace with America’s Military (New York, 2003).

  Pritchett, Lant, “Divergence, Big Time,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11, 3 (Summer 1997), pp. 3–17.

  Pulzer, Peter, German Politics, 1945–1995 (Oxford, 1995).

  Purvis, Thomas L., A Dictionary of American History (Oxford, 1995).

  Ramsay, David, Lusitania: Saga and Myth (London, 2001).

  Ranke, Leopold von, “The Great Powers,” in T. H. von Laue (ed.), Leopold Ranke (Princeton, 1950), pp. 181–228.

  Rauchway, Eric, Murdering McKinley: The Making of Theodore Roosevelt’s America (New York, 2003).

  ———, “Competitive Imperialism: British and American Tutelage and the Open Door,” panel contribution, “Empire as Education: British and American Teaching in the World,” American Historical Association Annual Meeting (January 9, 1998).

  Ravenal, Earl C., “The Strategic Lessons of Vietnam,” in Anthony Lake (ed.), The Legacy of Vietnam: The War, American Society and Future American Foreign Policy (New York, 1976), pp. 256–77.

  ———, Never Again: Learning from America’s Foreign Policy Failures (Philadelphia, 1978).

  ———, Robert Komer; Ithiel Pool and Robert Pfaltzgraff, “Was Failure Inevitable? Some Concluding Perspectives,” in W. Scott Thompson and Donald D. Frizzell (eds.), The Lessons of Vietnam (London, 1977), pp. 263–81.

  Raychaudhuri, Tapan, “British Rule in India: An Assessment,” in P. J. Marshall (ed.), The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 357–69.

  Reich, Bernard, “United States Interests in the Middle East,” in Haim Shaked and Itamar Rabinovich (eds.), The Middle East and the United States: Perceptions and Policies (New Brunswick, N.J., 1980), pp. 53–93.

  ———, “The United States and Israel: The Nature of the Special Relationship,” in David W. Lesch (ed.), The Middle East and the United States: A Historial and Political Reassessment (Oxford, 1999), pp. 227–44.

  Reinstein, Jacques J., “Reparations, Economic Reform, and Reconstruction,” in Robert Wolfe (ed.), Americans as Proconsuls: United States Military Government in Germany and Japan, 1944–1952 (London, 1984), pp. 135–55.

  Richardson, Rupert Norval; Ernest Wallace and Adrian N. Anderson, Texas: The Lone Star State (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1981).

  Rigobon, Roberto, and Brian Sack, “The Effects of War Risk on US Financial Markets,” NBER Working Paper, 9609 (April 2003).

  Robert D. Craig, Historical Dictionary of Honolulu and Hawaii (Lanham, Md., 1998).

  Roberts, Andrew, Salisbury: Victorian Titan (London, 1999).

  Robinson, Joan, Economic Philosophy (London, 1962).

  Rodrik, Dani, “Feasible Globalizations,” unpublished paper, Harvard University (2003).

  Rosecrance, Richard, “Objectives of U.S. Middle East Policy,” in Haim Shaked and Itamar Rabinovich (eds.), The Middle East and the United States: Perceptions and Policies (New Brunswick, N.J., 1980), pp. 31–53.

  ———, “Croesus and Caesar: The Essential Transatlantic Symbiosis,” National Interest, 72 (Summer 2003), pp. 31–35.

  Rosen, Stephen Peter, “An Empire, If You Can Keep It” National Interest, 71 (Spring 2003), pp. 51–61.

  Roskin, Michael, “From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam: Shifting Generational Paradigms and Foreign Policy,” Political Science Quarterly, 89 (1974), pp. 563–88.

  Roy, Tirthankar, The Economic History of India, 1857–1947 (Delhi, 2000).

  Rubin, Barnett R.; Humayun Hamidzada and Abby Stoddard, “Through the Fog of Peace Building: Evaluating the Reconstruction of Afghanistan,” Center on International Cooperation Policy Paper (June 2003).

  Runge, C. Ford, “Agrivation: The Farm Bill from Hell,” National
Interest, 72 (Summer 2003), pp. 85–94.

  Russ, William Adam, Jr., The Hawaii Republic (1894–1898) and Its Struggle to Win Annexation (London, 1992).

  Sachs, Jeffrey D., “Tropical Underdevelopment,” NBER Working Paper, 8119 (2001).

  , and Andrew M. Warner, “Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1 (1995), pp. 1–118.

  ———, and ———, “Fundamental Sources of Long-Run Growth,” American Economic Review, 87, 2 (1997), pp. 184–88.

  Schiller, Herbert, Mass Communications and the American Empire (Oxford, 1992).

  Schirmer, Daniel B., “U.S. Bases in Central America and the Opposition to Them,” unpublished paper presented at “Crossroads 1991,” an international conference on U.S. bases, Manila, Philippines (May 14, 1990).

  Schlauch, Wolfgang, “American Policy Towards Germany, 1945,” Journal of Contemporary History, 5, 4 (1970), pp. 113–28.

  Schlesinger, Stephen C., Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations: A Story of Superpowers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World (Boulder, Colo., 2003).

  Schmidt, Hans, Maverick Marine: General Smedley D. Butler and the Contradictions of American Military History (Lexington, Ky., 1987).

  Schularick, Moritz, “Development Finance in Two Eras of Financial Globalization, (1890–1914 vs. 1990–2000),” draft chapter, Free University, Berlin (2003).

  Schwabe, Klaus, “The Global Role of the United States and Its Imperial Consequences, 1898–1973,” in Wolfgang J. Mommsen and Jürgen Osterhammel (eds.), Imperialism and After: Continuities and Discontinuities (London, 1986), pp. 13–33.

  Seeley, J. R., The Expansion of England: Two Courses of Lectures (London, 1899 [1883]).

  Shannon, Richard, Gladstone: Heroic Minister, 1865–1898 (London, 1999).

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  Shiller, Robert J., Irrational Exuberance (Princeton, 2000).

  Siedentop, Larry, Democracy in Europe (London, 2000).

  Simes, Dimitri K., “America’s Imperial Dilemma,” Foreign Affairs, 82, 6 (November-December 2003), pp. 91–102.

  Simms, Brendan, Unfinest Hour: Britain and the Destruction of Bosnia (London, 2001).

  Siracusa, Joseph, “Lessons of Vietnam and the Future of American Foreign Policy,” Australian Outlook, 30 (August 1976), pp. 227–37.

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  Smith, Neil, American Empire: Roosevelt’s Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, Calif., 2003).

  Smith, Peter H., Talons of the Eagle: Dynamics of U.S.—Latin American Relations (Oxford, 2000).

  Smith, Robert Freeman, “Latin America, the United States and the European Powers, 1830–1930,” in Leslie Bethell (ed.), The Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. 4 (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 83–121.

  Smith, Rogers M., Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (New Haven, 1997).

  Snyder, Jack, “Imperial Temptations,” National Interest, 71 (Spring 2003), pp. 29–40.

  Spanier, John W., The Truman-MacArthur Controversy and the Korean War (Cambridge, Mass., 1959).

  Steel, Ronald, Pax Americana (New York, 1967).

  Stoll, David, Is Latin America Turning Protestant? Studies in the Politics of Evangelical Growth (Berkeley, Calif., 1990).

  Stone, Irving, The Global Export of Capital from Great Britain, 1865–1914 (London, 1999).

  Stueck, William, The Korean War: An International History (Princeton, 1995).

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  Suskind, Ron, The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O’Neill (New York, 2004).

  Swomley, John M., Jr., American Empire: The Political Ethics of Twentieth Century Conquest (New York, 1970).

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  Symonds, Richard, Oxford and Empire (Oxford, 1986).

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  Tesar, Linda, and Ingrid Werner, “The Internationalization of Securities Markets Since the 1987 Crash,” in R. Litan and A. Santomero (eds.), Brookings-Wharton Papers on Financial Services (Washington, D.C., 1998).

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  ———, “Land, Labor and Globalization in the Pre-Industrial Third World,” NBER Working Paper, 7784 (July 2000).

  ———, “Winners and Losers over Two Centuries of Globalization,” NBER Working Paper, 9161 (September 2002).

  Willoughby, Major General Charles A., and John Chamberlain, MacArthur, 1941–1951 (New York, 1954).

  Windschuttle, Keith, “Lengthened Shadows, 1: The Burdens of Empire,” New Criterion, 22, 1 (September 2003), pp. 4–15.

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  ———, Plan of Attack (New York/London).

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  Acknowledgments

  This book would not have been written had I not gone to live in the United States in January 2003. It is the first fruit of what has proved to be a revitalizing transatlantic migration. I arrived in New York with a hypothesis about “American empire” in my luggage. Working in the world metropolis has forced me to do more than unpack it. The result is a synthesis—not just of the published and unpublished works cited in the bibliography, but also of innumerable conversations on the subject of American power, past, present and future. The past is, of course, the proper concern of the historian. However, what I have to say about recent events and possible futures gains, I hope, from being located in what is primarily a work of history. My principal aim is simply to encourage Americans to relate their country’s current predicament to the experiences of empires past. I write not as a carping critic but as an avid admirer of the United States who wants it to succeed in its imperial undertakings and who fears the consequences if it should fail.

  More than any previous book I have written, this book is the result of intercourse with people and institutions as well as with published and unpublished texts. My first and largest debt is to New York University, and in particular to the Leonard N. Stern School of Business. When the-then dean of the Stern School, George Daly, suggested that I might like to come and teach at NYU it seemed at first a fantastic idea. It turned out to be a fantastically good idea. I am grateful not only to him but also to his successor, Tom Cooley, as well as to all the faculty and administrative staff at Stern. I owe a special debt to Dick Sylla, whose friendship and intellectual companionship were among the strongest arguments for my move to West Fourth Street, and to Luis Cabral, his successor as chair of the economics department. It is usually invidious to name some names when an entire institution has been so welcoming, but a number of my colleagues at Stern and at NYU deserve special thanks, usually because they commented on seminar papers and other writings that eventually mutated into chapters of this book. My thanks, then, to David Backus, Tom Bender, Adam Brandenburger, Bill Easterly, Nicholas Economides, Shepard Forman, Tony Judt, Fabrizio Perri, Tom Sargent, Bill Silber, George Smith, Larry White and Bernard Yeung. Thanks for administrative and secretarial support are also due to Kathleen Collins, Melissa Felci and Janine Lanzisera (in New York), Katia Pisvin (in Oxford) and Maria Sanchez (in Stanford).

 

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