The blues had also suffered a loss ten years earlier with the tragic and shocking death of Stevie Ray Vaughan, in the early years of the blues revival. After successfully beating a debilitating drug and alcohol dependency and making Family Style, a much-anticipated album with his brother Jimmie, Stevie Ray died in a helicopter crash after a Wisconsin concert where he’d appeared with Jimmie, Clapton, Cray, and Guy. His death on August 27, 1990, stunned the music world. No one artist had done more to revitalize the blues and bring on its revival than Vaughan. Despite the strength of the music in the 1990s, Vaughan’s presence was missed at every turn.
With the blues approaching something of a centennial at the turn of the century, it seemed as if every inch of blues territory had been explored and mined for talent. Yet in the early part of the nineties, Fat Possum, a small independent blues label out of Oxford, Mississippi, issued recordings by local bluesmen R.L. Burnside and Junior Kimbrough. Although Burnside had recorded much earlier, few others than the deepest blues enthusiasts had taken notice of his unique blues style. Like Kimbrough, Burnside hailed from the hill country of Mississippi, just east of the Delta lowlands. His and Kimbrough’s blues styles, although not really similar, nonetheless had some common elements, such as the influence of Mississippi Fred McDowell. The north Mississippi hill country became the final frontier of the blues. Kimbrough played an amazingly hypnotic, almost dronelike blues that could put both listeners and dancers in a trance, while Burnside’s bristling vocals and hyped rhythms recalled the best acoustic recordings of Muddy Waters and John Lee Hooker. Both Burnside and Kimbrough were featured in the Robert Mugge documentary Deep Blues, which introduced music fans to hill country blues. Musicologist, author, and musician Robert Palmer wrote and narrated the film, and his enthusiasm for the music resulted in the music’s release on Fat Possum.
Buoyed by the commercial and critical success enjoyed by Burnside and Kimbrough, Fat Possum dug deeper into the Mississippi blues scene and released a number of other long-undiscovered bluesmen in the 1990s. In effect, Fat Possum became the new Alligator Records, issuing consistently intriguing blues that was unschooled, raw, and riveting. None of the other artists Fat Possum recorded in the nineties matched the success of Burnside or Kimbrough, but artists such as T-Model Ford, Robert Belfour, and especially CeDell Davis brought new sounds to old blues styles. In the meantime, hill country bluesman Otha Turner kept alive the sound of centuries-old, African-born fife and drum music, performing on his fife at his annual picnic-cum-music festival. Young white musicians, such as local boys Luther and Cody Dickinson (sons of producer/sessionman Jim Dickinson), started bands inspired by the music. The Dickinsons’ North Mississippi All-Stars became one of the most compelling blues-rock bands of the late nineties.
As the millennium approached and the twentieth century—America’s music century—gave way to the twenty-first, the blues, along with virtually every other roots music form, had carved out an impressive piece of the pop music landscape for itself. Summer music festivals that featured blues, Cajun, zydeco, jazz, country, and bluegrass music were seemingly everywhere. The Delta Blues Museum had opened in Clarksdale, Mississippi. The Blues Foundation, a Memphis-based organization that supported blues education programs and advocated for the blues in general, each year featured the W.C. Handy Awards, the blues equivalent of the Grammys. Madison Avenue discovered the blues; the music helped sell beer, cars, blue jeans, and even medicine for diabetics.
There were three places, however, where the blues lacked. One was the hole left by the death of Stevie Ray Vaughan. Despite the influx of new artists in the nineties, none of them filled Vaughan’s shoes, leaving the music without a charismatic superstar other than the aging King. The second was the blues’ inability to bring back black audiences. Hip-hop was the most dominant pop music form of the last two decades of the twentieth century, and it completely consumed young black record buyers, leaving no room for the blues revival to touch them. It was a rare young black face at a blues concert in the 1990s. Finally, despite the decade-long success of the blues and its reestablishment with white baby boomers, the music still failed to reach young white music fans. Most of the blues CDs sold in the nineties were purchased by white blues consumers over thirty-five years old. Without new music-buying blood pumped into the business of the blues, it would be only a matter of time before sales figures for blues discs dropped, leaving the blues scene in a dangerous position in the early part of the twenty-first century.
Despite these weaknesses, the blues moves on. The oldest and most resilient of all American roots music forms, the blues has found a way to remain relevant, despite the endless changes that occur in pop music and the uncertainty of the business of music—the advent of downloading free songs from the Internet and the competition from other forms of entertainment (video games, DVDs). In 2002 Congress passed a resolution making 2003 the Year of the Blues, providing long-overdue official recognition of the blues. A century earlier, W.C. Handy had come across an itinerant musician playing blues music that at once captured Handy’s heart and soul. One hundred years later, the blues still possesses the power to touch people and impact the nation’s rich music heritage. As B.B. King once mused, “The blues? It’s the mother of American music. That’s what it is—the source.”
FEEL LIKE GOING HOME
Directed by Martin Scorsese
When I was growing up, there always seemed to be music in the air. It drifted up from the street, from the radios of passing cars, from the restaurants and corner stores, from the windows of apartments across the way. At home, my mother often sang to herself—I have vivid memories of her singing while she was doing the dishes. My father loved to play his mandolin, and my brother Frank played the guitar. Actually, it was my father who was the guitar enthusiast, and the first music I remember hearing was by Django Reinhardt and his Hot Club of France Quintet. At that time, you could always hear an incredible range of music on the radio, everything from Italian folk songs to country & western. And my uncle Joe, my mother’s brother, had an amazing record collection, which ranged from Gilbert and Sullivan to swing. He was one of the first people I could really talk to, and I think we related to each other because of our shared love for music.
This Folkways anthology of Lead Belly recordings introduced Martin Scorsese and other young music lovers to the blues in the 1950s.
One day, around 1958, I remember hearing something that was unlike anything I’d ever heard before. I’ll never forget the first time I heard the sound of that guitar. The music was demanding: “Listen to me!” I ran to get a pencil and paper and wrote down the name. The song was called “See See Rider,” which I already knew from the Chuck Willis cover version. The name of the singer was Lead Belly.* I got up to Sam Goody’s on Forty-ninth Street as fast as I could, and I found an old Folkways record by Lead Belly, which had “See See Rider,” “Roberta,” “Black Snake Moan,” and a few other songs. And I listened to it obsessively. Lead Belly’s music opened something up for me. If I could have played guitar, really played it, I never would have become a filmmaker.
At around the same time, my friends and I went to see Bo Diddley. That was another milestone for me. He was playing at the Brooklyn Paramount, in one of the rock & roll package shows. He always had great stage moves, and he was a mesmerizing performer. I remember Jerome Green, on the maracas, dancing out from one side of the stage and Bo Diddley dancing out from the other, and that they kept meeting in the middle and passing each other by. But Bo Diddley also did something unusual: He explained the different drumbeats and which parts of Africa they came from. It gave us a sense of the history behind the music, the roots of the music. We all found this very exciting, and it gave us a thirst for more knowledge. We wanted to dig deeper.
In the early Sixties, my preference was for Phil Spector, Motown, and the girl groups, like the Ronettes, the Marvelettes, and the Shirelles. Then came the British Invasion. Like everyone else, I was floored by this music, and struck by its strong b
lues influence. The more I understood the history behind rock & roll, the more I could hear the blues behind it. With some of the new British music, the blues came to the forefront, and the bands were paying homage to their masters in the same way that the French New Wave filmmakers were paying homage to the great American directors with their films. There was John Mayall and his Bluesbreakers. There was the first installment of Fleetwood Mac, with Peter Green on guitar, basically a blues band. There were the Stones, whose music had a heavy blues accent right from the start, and who did cover versions of “Little Red Rooster,” “I’m a King Bee,” “Love in Vain,” and many others. And, of course, there was Cream. I still love to sit alone in a room and wrap myself up in that music. They created an amazing fusion of blues and hard rock, and some of their most beautiful songs were covers: “Rollin’ and Tumblin’,” the old Delta classic, which I first heard on volume one of Live Cream; Robert Johnson’s “Crossroads,” which was one of their biggest hits; and “Sitting on Top of the World,” which was on Goodbye Cream. When I heard that song I went back and found the original, by the great Mississippi Sheiks.
Around the end of the Sixties, this urge to find the roots of the music really started to spread. People all over the country were discovering the blues, and it went way beyond a specialized audience. At that time, the music wasn’t as readily available as it is now.
You would have to search for certain titles, and others you could find in reissues and package collections. The blues had such a powerful mystique, such an aura around it, that certain names would suddenly be in the air, and you just had to have their records. Names like Son House, which I heard for the first time when we were editing Woodstock. It was Mike Wadleigh, the director, who brought in the record. Someone who once heard Caruso sing said that he was so moved that his heart shook. That’s the way I felt the first time I heard Son House. It was a voice and a style that seemed to come from way, way back, from some other, much earlier time and place. About a year later, there was another name: Robert Johnson. Another ancient voice, another soul-stirring experience.
It was my love for music, which has never stopped growing, that led me to do The Last Waltz. I wanted to make it more than just a document of the Band’s last concert. Because it was more than just a musical tribute: It was a tapestry of music history, the Band’s music history. And every one of those performers—one legend after another—made up a thread in that tapestry. But when Muddy Waters walked onto that stage and sang “Mannish Boy,” he took control of the music, the event, the history, everything. He electrified the audience, took it all up to another level and back to the source at the same time. He gave a phenomenal performance, and I will always consider myself privileged to have been there to witness it, to film it, and to give it back to millions of people with the finished film. It was a defining moment for me.
Over the last ten years or so, this search for historical roots has found its way into my movie making. I’ve made two documentaries on the history of cinema—one on American movies, then another on Italian cinema. And I decided early on that I wanted them to be personal, rather than strictly historical surveys. It seemed to me that this was the best way to work: The teachers from whom I learned the most were always the most passionate, the ones with a deeply personal connection to the material. For the blues series, I decided to do something similar.
“The blues—it’s kind of like religion, really.”—Peter Green
“The blues—there’s no black and no white-it’s the truth.”—Van Morrison
The project began when Cappa Productions producer Margaret Bodde and I were working on a documentary with Eric Clapton called Nothing but the Blues, where we intercut footage of Eric performing blues standards with archival footage of older blues musicians. We were all struck by the elemental power and poetry of these juxtapositions—it seemed like such a simple yet eloquent way of expressing the music’s timelessness. It also gave us a way of approaching the history of the blues in cinematic terms. So it seemed like a natural progression to ask a number of directors whose work I admired, each with a deep connection to the music, to make his own personal exploration of blues history. By having each of them come at the subject from his own unique perspective, I knew we’d come away with something special, not a dry recitation of facts but a genuinely passionate mosaic.
For my own film, which was the first in the series, the idea was to take the viewer on a pilgrimage to Mississippi and then on to Africa with a wonderful young blues musician named Corey Harris. Corey isn’t just a great player, he also knows the history of the blues very well. We filmed him in Mississippi talking to some of the old, legendary figures who were still around and visiting some of the places where the music was made. This section culminates in a meeting with the great Otha Turner, sitting on his porch in Senatobia with his family nearby and playing his cane flute. We were also fortunate to film Otha’s magnificent November 2001 concert at St. Ann’s in Brooklyn, which I believe was his last performance captured on film. It seemed natural to trace the music back from Mississippi to West Africa, where Corey met and played with extraordinary artists like Salif Keita, Habib Koité, and Ali Farka Toure. It’s fascinating to hear the links between the African and American music, to see the influences going both ways, back and forth across time and space.
The links between Africa and the blues were always very important to Alan Lomax, and that’s one of the reasons I wanted to include him in my film. I relate strongly to Lomax’s instinct, his need to find and record genuine sounds and music before the originators died away. It’s hard to overestimate the importance of what he accomplished—without him, so much would have been lost.
Otha Turner’s music was one of those links to Africa that Lomax spent so much time searching for. That elemental music, made with nothing but a fife and drum, has always fascinated me. When I first heard it, I was editing Raging Bull by night. I was enthralled: It sounded like something out of eighteenth-century America, but with an African rhythm. I never even imagined that such a music could exist. I found an audio tape of Otha’s music, and I listened to it obsessively over many years. I always knew that it would play a key role in Gangs of New York. That project went through many false starts, and it changed quite a bit over the years, but one thing that never changed was the idea that it would include that music. When I finally did get to make the picture, we were lucky enough to be able to use a piece by Otha and his Rising Star Band, and I used it as playback on the set to propel the action—it gave the film an energy and power it would have lacked otherwise, and it helped to create a world we had never seen before. When the picture came out, many people understandably thought they were listening to “Celtic” music and were surprised to discover that it was by Otha Turner, from north Mississippi.
Corey Harris (left) plays with Ali Farka Toure in Niafunké, Mali.
The sense of continuity and transformation in the blues, the way past, present, and future are joined as one dynamic creative entity, never ceases to amaze me. Earlier this year, there was a Salute to the Blues concert here in New York, which Antoine Fuqua filmed for our series. It was an event I’ll never forget, and the spirit of that night was summed up memorably by Ruth Brown, who said: “It’s so great that we’re all here together—and it’s not for a funeral!” The sheer range of music that night was something to marvel at, and the beauty of of the playing and singing was incomparable. There were some musicians who completely transformed the music, and made a kind of twenty-first-century blues. Chris Thomas King did a version of Son House’s “John the Revelator” with drum machines and a synth bass guitar. He kept piling layers of sound on top of one another, and managed to create something completely modern and surprising but very much in keeping with the voice of the blues.
“There are happy blues, sad blues, lonesome blues, red-hot blues, mad blues, and loving blues. Blues is a testimony to the fullness of life.”—Corey Harris
Otha Turner’s young granddaughter, Sharde Thomas, carri
es on a centuries-old hill-country music tradition, playing a cane fife her grandfather made for her.
This idea of continuity and transformation runs through all the films in the series. Charles Burnett made a poetic and personal drama about blues life seen through the eyes of a young boy. Wim Wenders made an evocative film that moves in a dreamlike fashion through past, present, and future, in order to “conjure” three different bluesmen. Dick Pearce made a terrific film about Memphis, with Bobby Rush and the great B.B. King. Marc Levin did Chicago blues, featuring Chuck D and Marshall Chess in the studio with the Electric Mud band recording great new tracks with members of the Roots—once again, you get a strong sense of ongoing transformation in the blues here. Mike Figgis, who is himself a musician, made a film about the British blues scene, in the form of a story told by many of its creators. Clint Eastwood paid a very elegant tribute to the great blues piano players, Jay McShann, Pinetop Perkins, and others. All of these wonderful films are like pieces in a mosaic, in the end a moving and dynamic portrait of a great American art form.
“What Muddy Waters did for us is what we should do for others. It's the old thing, what you want written on your tombstone as a musician: HE PASSED IT ON.“ -Keith Richards
People like to think of the great blues singers as raw, instinctive, with talent and genius flowing from their fingertips. But John Lee Hooker, Bessie Smith, Muddy Waters, Howlin’ Wolf, Blind Lemon Jefferson, and so many other amazing talents, more names than I have space for here, are some of the greatest artists America has ever had. When you listen to Lead Belly, or Son House, or Robert Johnson, or John Lee Hooker, or Charley Patton, or Muddy Waters, you’re moved, your heart is shaken, you’re carried and inspired by its visceral energy, and its rock solid emotional truth. You go right to the heart of what it is to be human, the condition of being human. Tha’s the blues.
Martin Scorsese Presents The Blues Page 9