Churchill's Iceman
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1 – Lionel Pyke: courtesy of the Geoffrey Pyke Archive.
2 – Mandragora, May Week 1914: copyright expired.
3 – Teddy Falk: courtesy of the Liddle Collection, Leeds University.
4 – Map: © Henry Hemming.
5 – Geoffrey Pyke on his yacht: courtesy of the Geoffrey Pyke Archive.
6 – Margaret Pyke in the Daily Sketch: copyright expired.
7 – Lionel and Mary Pyke with their daughter Dorothy: courtesy of the Geoffrey Pyke Archive.
8 – The four Pyke siblings: courtesy of the Geoffrey Pyke Archive.
9 – Geoffrey Pyke with his son David: courtesy of the Geoffrey Pyke Archive.
10 – Geoffrey and Margaret Pyke on honeymoon: courtesy of the Geoffrey Pyke Archive.
11 – Frank Ramsey: photograph by Lettice Ramsey, reproduced with kind permission of her grandson Stephen Burch.
12 – Geoffrey Pyke in Switzerland: courtesy of the Geoffrey Pyke Archive.
13 – Two young scientists at Malting House: courtesy of the Geoffrey Pyke Archive.
14 – Susie Isaacs with the children at Malting House: courtesy of the Geoffrey Pyke Archive.
15 – Geoffrey and Margaret Pyke with their son David: courtesy of the Geoffrey Pyke Archive.
16 – Geoffrey Pyke, early 1930s: courtesy of the Geoffrey Pyke Archive.
17 – VIAS truck: courtesy of the Geoffrey Pyke Archive.
18 – Stanley Smith: reproduced with kind permission of his son, Nicholas Smith.
19 – Peter Raleigh: reproduced with kind permission of his family.
20 – Rolf Rünkel: reproduced with kind permission of his family.
21 – Armstead Snow Motor
22 – Lord Louis Mountbatten: © Corbis.
23 – J. D. Bernal: photograph by Lettice Ramsey, reproduced with kind permission of her grandson Stephen Burch.
24 – Solly Zuckerman: © The Royal Society.
25 – Geoffrey Pyke, 1940s: courtesy of the Geoffrey Pyke Archive.
26 – Vannevar Bush: © Getty Images.
27 – Churchill and Mountbatten in Casablanca, 1943: © Imperial War Museum.
28, 29 – Two photographs of work on Habbakuk at Lake Louise: courtesy of National Research Council Canada Archives.
30 – Churchill in his siren suit: © Imperial War Museum.
31 – General Henry H. Arnold: reproduced with kind permission of the US Air Force.
32, 33 – Superman ™ comic strips: © DC Comics.
34 – The ‘MFFF’: courtesy of the Geoffrey Pyke Archive.
35 – M-29 Weasel
36 – Katz note: courtesy of the Geoffrey Pyke Archive.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I still remember the thrill of being shown into the dusty attic, in south London, which contained almost all of Geoffrey Pyke’s papers. It was 2008, and by my side was Pyke’s daughter-in-law, Janet. The sight before me was a biographer’s dream – papers which had not been touched for decades gathered together in bulging bin liners, wasp-strewn trunks and k
haki folders fastened long ago with pins. Not only did Geoffrey Pyke write prolifically but he tried to keep everything he put down on paper. My greatest debt in writing this book is to Janet Pyke and her family for allowing me to see these papers and for providing assistance and encouragement over the last six years.
Just months after I decided to write this life of Pyke, MI5 released almost all of its papers on him to the National Archives in Kew. I am grateful both to the Security Service for choosing to do so at this particular moment and to the staff at the National Archives, particularly Ed Hampshire. I’d also like to acknowledge the assistance I received at the British Library, the Lambeth Archive, Nuffield College Library, the new defunct newspaper library at Colindale, Cambridge University Library, the Archive Centre at King’s College, Cambridge, the National Archives and Library of Congress in Washington DC and the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library at Hyde Park, New York State. Michael Meredith at Eton College Library, Glyn Hughes at the National Meteorological Archive, Catherine Wise at the Cambridge Union Society, John Entwistle at the Reuters Archive, Cindy Tsegmid and Lucy Arnold at the Leeds University Archive, Dr G. E. Edwards at Pembroke College, Steven Leclair at the National Research Council Canada in Ottawa and Katharine Thomson at the Churchill Archives Centre in Cambridge were equally helpful.
Further assistance, for which I am indebted, came from Bernd Barth-Rainer, Peter Morris, Georgina Ferry, Michael Weatherburn, Jeremy Lewis, Paul Collins, Jared Bond, Jonathan Ray, Janet Sayers, Kevin Morgan, Gordon Corera, Thomas Rünkel, Reinhard Müller, Charles Faringdon, John Monson, Amir Sam, John Betteridge, Philip Womack, Lindsay Merriman, Hugo Macpherson, Sarah and Tom Carter, Robin Lane Fox, George Weidenfeld, Artemis Cooper, John Julius Norwich, Leonora Lichfield, Harriet Crawley, Dickie Wallis, Cutler Cook, Alexander Kan, Jeremy Bigwood, Andrew Lownie, Nigel West, Boris Jardine, Nicolas Smith, Karen Ganilsy, Stephen Raleigh, Anthony Hentschel and Charles Leadbeater.
Jonathan Conway showed tenacity and skill in helping to shape the outline of this book. Trevor Dolby at Preface has been hugely supportive throughout and great fun to work with. Will Sulkin was an extraordinarily thoughtful editor. John Sugar and Rose Tremlett at Preface have both been immensely helpful. Thanks also to my dad, for his feedback, and to Bea, my sister, to whom this book is dedicated and who has been, from the start, full of imaginative advice.
Finally my love and thanks to the two women in my life, Helena and our daughter Matilda, the latter for splashing me each evening at bathtime, the former for her unending love, silliness and unconditional encouragement. I can’t imagine doing any of this without you – you make the whole thing worthwhile.
INDEX
The page references in this index correspond to the printed edition from which this ebook was created. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.
Entries in italics indicate photographs.
abdication crisis, 1936 168–71
Aberdeen Free Press, the 97
‘ABO’ (Soviet mole) 410
Acland, Sir Richard 222, 225, 292
Adams, Harry 175, 210
Adams, Vyvyan 292
Addison’s Disease 403–4, 405, 425, 437–8
Admiralty 13, 102, 242, 243, 247, 264, 344, 355, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 376, 378, 381, 393–4
Aid Spain Movement 172, 173
Aid to Russia Fund 256
Air Ministry 210
Aircraft Shop Stewards National Council 210
Aleutian Islands 382
Alexander, A. V. 242, 243
Aliens War Service Department 233–4
Amalgamated Engineers Union (AEU) 209–10
Amalgamated Society of Woodcutting Machinists 176, 209–10
American Army see US Army
American Communist Party 414
American Institute of Public Opinion 192, 199
Amery, John 242
Amery, Leo 222, 223, 225, 241–2, 243–4, 245, 249, 254, 262, 381, 426
‘Amiens Dispatches’, 1914 20
Anchluss, 1938 184, 200, 333
Andrew, Christopher 221, 326, 411
Angell, Norman 190
anti-Semitism 119, 158–67, 170, 174, 176, 181, 200–1, 259, 326, 404, 413, 414, 426, 428, 430
Arendt, Hannah 227
Armstead Snow Motor 239–40, 240, 274, 300
Armstrong, H. E. 132–3, 434
Arnold, General Henry H. 368–9, 368
Ascension Island 353
Ashley, Edwina 247
Asquith, Herbert 97
Associated Equipment Company (‘AEC’) 209–10
Association of Scientific Workers 381, 392
Astbury, Peter 408
Astor, David 290, 413
Atlantic, Battle of the, 1939–45 331–2, 333–4, 345, 346, 359, 366, 367, 370, 372, 393, 432
Attlee, Clement 168
Austria 127, 184, 200, 281, 330, 333, 335, 348, 350
Austria-Hungary 16, 17, 67
Axis Powers 191, 282
Azores 366–7
B-Dienst 366
Bacon, Major 324–5
Bagot, Milicent 256, 257–8, 259–60, 287, 290–1, 292, 293, 325, 342, 409, 410, 413
Baker, Lettice 138
Baldwin, Stanley 168, 172, 244
Balfour Declaration, 1917 165, 242
Ball, George 318
Banff National Park, Canada 347–8, 356
Barbarossa, Operation, 1941 226, 232, 233
Basque Children’s Committee 172
BBC 186, 192, 205–6, 212, 220, 233, 234, 270, 397, 398, 402–3, 411
Beaverbrook, Lord 343
Beddington, Jack 157
Beit, Sir Albert 165
Bell, Tommy 422, 425
Benedikt, Friedl 388
Berlin 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 30, 32, 33, 34–43, 44, 50, 55, 56, 57, 63, 71–5, 89, 94, 95, 98, 109, 136, 141, 185, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 215, 226, 258, 259, 293, 413, 425, 434
Bernal, J. D. ‘Sage’ 333, 345, 348, 381; appearance 269, 270, 271; background 270; bemoans British ruling class attitude towards risk taking 270; Brains Trust 270; as part of GP’s Cambridge circle of friends 141; Combined Operations, role at 269, 270–1, 272, 287, 302–3; Communist Party member 270; feud with GP 389–90, 396; GP consults on Combined Operations salary 255; on GP’s genius 3; on GP’s solution to problem of plane measuring it’s own drift 263; Habbakuk and 345, 346, 352, 353–4, 355, 356, 357–8, 359, 360, 362–3, 364, 373–4, 375, 376, 396; India, asked to go to 377–8; Jewishness 270, 426; Margaret Gardiner and 387; MI5 suggest Mountbatten drop from Combined Operations 327, 342; Research Experimental Headquarters work 270; VIAS and 174, 175, 176; warns GP on Whitehall attitudes 244
Betjeman, John 157
Bevan, Aneurin 394
Beveridge, Sir William 394
Bismarck 332
Bletchley Park 366
Bloomsbury, London 110, 124, 134, 172, 174, 184,217, 279
Bloomsbury Group 110–11, 134, 154
Blunt, Anthony 6, 327, 408, 412, 425
Blunt, Bishop of Bradford, Dr Alfred 167, 168
Bogue-class escort carriers 366
Bourne, Major-General 242, 243
Bragg, Sir Lawrence 348, 361
Brierley, William 130
Britain by Mass-Observation 200
British Expeditionary Force (BEF) 20
British Guiana 353
British Security Coordination (BSC) 297, 330
British Social Attitudes Survey 430
British Union of Fascists 219
Brooke, Field Marshal Sir Alan 275, 276, 339, 340, 343, 367–8, 369, 383
Brooke, Rupert 13
Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute 333
Brown, Andrew 270
Buchan, John 108, 219
Buchenwald Concentration Camp 229
Buckatzsch, E. J. 283
Burgess, Guy 6, 272, 300, 407, 408, 409–10, 412, 421
Burton, Lal 203, 206
&nb
sp; Bush, Dr Vannevar 299, 313, 313, 314–15, 317, 318, 373–4, 383, 426
Cabinet Office 290, 394
Cairncross, John 408
Cambridge 125, 127, 130, 132, 134, 135, 137, 140–1, 150–1, 158, 174, 178
Cambridge Apostles 125
Cambridge Heretics 12–14, 16, 24, 49, 387
Cambridge Magazine 13, 22, 24, 49, 104–5, 109, 111, 121–2, 140, 420
Cambridge Review 24
Cambridge Scientists Anti-War Group 172
Cambridge Spies 288, 407, 410 see also under individual spy name
Cambridge Union 24, 48
Cambridge University 7, 11, 12–14, 22, 24, 40, 42, 48–9, 50, 100–2, 104, 108, 109, 119, 129–30, 138, 140, 164–5, 170, 172, 183, 188, 206, 213, 272, 288, 348, 349, 361, 387, 407, 410 see also Pyke, Geoffrey: Cambridge University and under individual college name
Campbell, Sir Malcolm 262
Canada 4, 44, 223, 244, 274, 278, 309, 310, 311–12, 315, 319, 232, 330, 335, 343, 344, 345, 346–8, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 359, 360–1, 362, 370, 373, 375, 382, 383, 388, 424, 430
Canadian Army 4, 244, 274, 278, 309, 310, 311–12, 323, 382, 424, 430
Canadian Department of Finance 347
Canadian Special Forces 4, 323, 424, 430
Canadian War Committee 361
Canetti, Elias 4, 255, 388
Carter, Bobby 230, 231–2, 388, 389
Carter, Deborah 231–2, 232, 388, 389
Carter, Tom 231
Casablanca conference, 1943 340, 351
Chadwick, James 52–3
Chamberlain, Sir Neville 186, 214, 222, 244, 285, 360, 417
Chesterton, G.K. 13, 331
Chicago Tribune 108
Chubb, Margaret (wife) 111, 111, 112, 122–3, 123, 124, 125–8, 137, 138–9, 149, 153–4, 158, 388, 400, 402
Churchill, Winston 241, 261, 273, 295, 327, 364; Amiens Dispatches, reaction to 20; Battle of the Atlantic and 331, 332, 346; becomes Prime Minister 222; Dieppe raid and 339; First World War, on outbreak of 16; GP’s projects in general, on 3–4, 273; Habbakuk and 338, 341–2, 344, 346, 351, 359, 360, 362, 364, 365, 366, 368–9, 376; Harry Hopkins and 275–6, 277, 320; internment of ‘enemy aliens’ and 221–2; Operation Jupiter and 308, 365; MD1 and 273; Mountbatten, relationship with 248, 276, 339–40, 340, 341–2, 351, 372, 377; Nye and 261; Plough and 242, 273–4, 277, 278, 293, 295, 305, 308, 313, 320; Pykrete and 368–9, 370, 436; second front, reaction to US case for 275–6, 308, 309; South Africa war correspondent 21; on ‘U-boat peril’ 346