[2017] Lore of Nutrition: Challenging Conventional Dietary Beliefs

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[2017] Lore of Nutrition: Challenging Conventional Dietary Beliefs Page 60

by Tim Noakes


  16.Harcombe and Noakes, ‘The universities of Stellenbosch/Cape Town low-carbohydrate diet review: Mistake or mischief?’.

  17.L. Isaacs, ‘Noakes disputes diet study’, Cape Times, 20 December 2016.

  18.Z. Harcombe and T.D. Noakes, ‘Response to study: Mistake or mischief?’, Cape Times, 23 December 2016.

  19.I. Coetzee, ‘Noakes hits back at researchers’, News24, 10 January 2017, available at http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/noakes-hits-back-at-researchers-20170110 (last accessed 2 August 2017).

  20.C.E. Naudé, A. Schoonees, M. Senekal et al., ‘Reliable systematic review of low-carbohydrate diets shows similar weight-loss effects compared with balanced diets and no cardiovascular risk benefits: Response to methodological criticisms’, SAMJ 107(3), 2017: 170.

  21.Z. Harcombe and T.D. Noakes, ‘Naudé et al. avoid answering the essential question: Mistake or mischief?’, SAMJ 107(5), 2017: 360–1.

  22.FMHS Marketing and Communications, ‘SU researcher is co-director of new Cochrane Nutrition Field’, 23 August 2016, available at http://www.sun.ac.za/english/Lists/news/DispForm.aspx?ID=4189 (last accessed 2 August 2017).

  23.C. Naudé, ‘Would an increase in vegetables and fruit intake help to reduce the burden of nutrition-related disease in South Africa? An umbrella review of the evidence’, SAJCN 26(3), 2013: 104–14.

  24.Ibid.

  25.M.E. Stuijvenberg, S.E. Schoeman, S.J. Lombard et al., ‘Serum retinol in 1–6-year-old children from a low socio-economic South African community with a high intake of liver: Implications for blanket vitamin A supplementation’, Public Health Nutrition 15(4), 2012: 716–24.

  26.FMHS Marketing and Communications, ‘Dean honoured for his contribution to evidence-based healthcare, November 2016, available at http://www0.sun.ac.za/vivus/vivus-4-november-2016/excellence/dean-honoured-for-his-contribution-to-evidence-based-healthcare.html (last accessed 2 August 2017).

  27.J.P.A. Ioannidis, ‘The mass production of redundant, misleading, and conflicted systematic reviews and meta-analyses’, Milbank Quarterly 94(3), 2016: 485–514.

  28.E. Archer, G. Pavela and C.J. Lavie, ‘The inadmissibility of what we eat in America and NHANES Dietary Data in Nutrition and Obesity Research and the scientific formulation of National Dietary Guidelines’, Mayo Clinic Proceedings 90(7), 2015: 911–26.

  Chapter 7: Responses of Official Bodies

  1.L. Tolstoy, The Kingdom of God Is Within You (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2006).

  2.S. Landau, M. Daniels, V. Mufamadi et al., ‘Position statement on the role of low-carbohydrate diets for people with diabetes’, 29 March 2012, available at http://bit.ly/2lGrlep (last accessed 2 August 2017).

  3.R. Catsicas, The Complete Nutritional Solution to Diabetes (Cape Town: Random House Struik, 2009); D. Daniels, V. Mufamadi, G. Eksteen et al., Cooking From the Heart 3 (Cape Times: Trident Press Printing, 2015).

  4.R.D. Feinman, W.K. Pogozelski, A. Astrup et al., ‘Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: Critical review and evidence base’, Nutrition 31(1), 2015: 1–13; O. Hamdy, ‘Nutrition revolution – The end of the high carbohydrates era for diabetes: Prevention and management’, US Endocrinology 10(2), 2014: 103–4; O. Snorgaard, G.M. Poulsen, H.K. Andersen et al., ‘Systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary carbohydrate restriction in patients with type 2 diabetes’, BMJ 2017;5:e000354; L.R. Saslow, A.E. Mason, S. Kim et al., ‘An online intervention comparing a very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet and lifestyle recommendations versus a plate method diet in overweight individuals with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial’, Journal of Medical Internet Research 19(2), 2017: e36; A.L. McKenzie, S.J. Hallberg, B.C.C. Creighton et al., ‘A novel intervention including individualized nutritional recommendations reduces hemoglobin A1c level, medication use, and weight in type 2 diabetes’, JMIR Diabetes 2(1), 2017: e5; M.R. McKenzie and S. Illingworth, ‘Should a low carbohydrate diet be recommended for diabetes management?’, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 76(OCEI), 2017: E19.

  5.Institute of Medicine, ‘Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids’ (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2005), 275.

  6.L. Cordain, S.B. Eaton, A. Sebastian et al., ‘Origins and evolution of the Western diet: Health implications for the 21st century’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81(2), 2005: 341–54.

  7. CDC, ‘Trends in intake of energy and macronutrients – United States, 1971–2000’, MMWR 53(4), 2004: 80–2, available at https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5304a.htm (last accessed 2 August 2017).

  8.Collaboration NRF, ‘Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: A pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants’, The Lancet 387(10027), 2016: 1513–30. R.T. Erasmus, D.J. Soita, M.S. Hassan et al., ‘High prevalence of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome in a South African coloured population: Baseline data of a study in Bellville, Cape Town’, SAMJ 102(11), 2012: 841–4. T.E. Matsha, M. Macharia, Y.Y. Yako et al., ‘Gamma-glutamyltransferase, insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk profile in a middle-aged African population’, European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 21(12), 2012: 1541–8. T.R. Hird, F.J. Pirie, T.M. Esterhuizen et al., ‘Burden of diabetes and first evidence for the utility of HbA1c for diagnosis and detection of diabetes in urban black South Africans: The Durban diabetes study’, PLoS One 11(8), 2016: e0161966. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161966. N. Peer, C. Lombard, K. Steyn et al., ‘High prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the black population of Cape Town: The Cardiovascular Risk in Black South Africans (CRIBSA) study’, European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 22(8), 2015: 1036–42.

  9.G. Collier and K. O’Dea, ‘The effect of coingestion of fat on the glucose, insulin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide responses to carbohydrate and protein’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 37(6), 1983: 941–4.

  10.J.M. Falko, S.E. Crockett, S. Cataland et al., ‘Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) stimulated by fat ingestion in man’, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 41(2), 1975: 260–5.

  11.F.Q. Nuttall, A.D. Mooradian, M.C. Gannon et al., ‘Effect of protein ingestion on the glucose and insulin response to a standardized oral glucose load’, Diabetes Care 7(5), 1984: 465–70.

  12.M. Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984).

  13.W. Morgan, Diabetes Mellitus: Its History, Chemistry, Anatomy, Pathology, Physiology And Treatment (London: The Homeopathic Publishing Company, 1877), 156.

  14.K.F. Petersen, S. Dufour, D.B. Savage et al., ‘The role of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(31), 2007: 12587–94.

  15.Ibid., 12.

  16.Ibid., 159.

  17.Ibid., 162–3.

  18.I. Seegen, ‘The treatment of diabetes mellitus’. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 73(12), 1890: 265–7.

  19.F.M. Allen, E. Stillman and R. Fitz, Total Dietary Regulation in the Treatment of Diabetes 11th ed. (New York: The Rockerfeller Institute for Medical Research, 1919), 90.

  20.E.P. Joslin, The Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus (Utah: Repressed Publishing, 2012), 254.

  21.E.P. Joslin, A Diabetic Manual for the Mutual Use of Doctor and Patient (Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1919), 9.

  22.L.H. Newburgh and P.L. Marsh, ‘The use of a high fat diet in the treatment of diabetes mellitus’, Archives of Internal Medicine 26(6), 1920: 647–62; L.H. Newburgh and P.L. Marsh, ‘Further observations on the use of a high fat diet in the treatment of diabetes mellitus’, Archives of Internal Medicine 31(4), 1923: 455–90; L.H. Newburgh and D.S. Waller, ‘Studies of diabetes mellitus: Evidence that the disability is concerned solely with the metabolism of glucose. The mode of action of insulin’, Journal of Clinical Investigation 11(5), 1932: 995–1002.

  23.E.C. Westman, W.S. Yancy Jr and M. Humphreys, ‘Dietary treatment of diabetes mell
itus in the pre-insulin era (1914–1922)’, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 49(1), 2006: 77–83.

  24.Joslin, A Diabetic Manual for the Mutual Use of Doctor and Patient, 62.

  25.E. Cersosimo, C. Triplitt, L.J. Mandarino et al., ‘Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus’, in L.J. de Groot, P. Beck-Peccoz, G. Chrousos et al. (eds), Endotext (South Dartmouth, MA: MDText.com, Inc., 2000).

  26.R. Rodriguez-Gutierrez and V.M. Montori, ‘Glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Our evolving faith in the face of evidence’, Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 9, 2016: 504–512.

  27.S. Erpeldinger, M.B. Rehman, C. Berkhout et al., ‘Efficacy and safety of insulin in type 2 diabetes: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials’, BMC Endocrine Disorders 16, 2016: 39.

  28.X. Pi-Sunyer, ‘The Look AHEAD trial: A review and discussion of its outcomes’, Current Nutrition Reports 3(4), 2014: 387–91.

  29.K. Child, ‘Experts refute Noakes’s diabetes diet claims’, Times, 4 April 2012.

  30.Hamdy, ‘Nutrition revolution – The end of the high carbohydrates era for diabetes: Prevention and management’.

  31.R. Taylor, ‘Banting Memorial Lecture 2012: Reversing the twin cycles of type 2 diabetes’, Diabetic Medicine: A Journal of the British Diabetic Association 30(3), 2013: 267–75.

  32.J.R. Poortmans and O. Dellalieux, ‘Do regular high protein diets have potential health risks on kidney function in athletes?’, International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 10(1), 1999: 28–38.

  33.A. Tirosh, R. Golan, I. Harman-Boehm et al., ‘Renal function following three distinct weight loss dietary strategies during 2 years of randomized controlled trial’, Diabetes Care 36(8), 2013: 2225–32.

  34.C.E. Berryman, S. Agarwal, H.R. Lieberman et al., ‘Diets higher in animal and plant protein are associated with lower adiposity and do not impair renal function in US adults’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 104(3), 2016: 743–9.

  35.J.V. Nielsen, P. Westerlund and P. Bygren, ‘A low-carbohydrate diet may prevent end-stage renal failure in type 2 diabetes: A case report’, Nutrition & Metabolism 3, 2006: 23.

  36.A.J. Hahr and M.E. Molitch, ‘Management of diabetes mellitus in patients with chronic kidney disease’, Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology 1, 2015: 2.

  37.C.C. Webster, T.D. Noakes, S.K. Chacko et al., ‘Gluconeogenesis during endurance exercise in cyclists habituated to a long-term low carbohydrate high-fat diet’, Journal of Physiology 594(15), 2016: 4389–405.

  38.F. Bril and K. Cusi, ‘Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The new complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus’, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 45(4), 2016: 765–81.

  39.F. Bril, J.J. Sninsky, A.M. Baca et al., ‘Hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance, but not steatohepatitis, promote atherogenic dyslipidemia in NAFLD’, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 101(2), 2016: 644–52; R. Lomonaco, F. Bril, P. Portillo-Sanchez et al., ‘Metabolic impact of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in obese patients with type 2 diabetes’, Diabetes Care 39(4), 2016: 632–8.

  40.M.B. Rothberg, ‘Coronary artery disease as clogged pipes: A misconceptual model’, Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes 6, 2013: 129–32; A. Malhotra, R.F. Redberg and P. Meier, ‘Saturated fat does not clog the arteries: Coronary heart disease is a chronic inflammatory condition, the risk of which can be effectively reduced from healthy lifestyle interventions’, British Journal of Sports Medicine 51(15), 2017: 1111–2.

  41.HPSCA statement on low-carb diet, ‘Balance – not carb restriction – is key to good health’, 29 October 2012, available at http://myrunnersworld.co.za/low-carb-high-protein-diet-warning/ (last accessed 2 August 2017).

  42.C. Becker, ‘Government vs Tim Noakes’, chrislbecker.com, 9 October 2012, available at http://chrislbecker.com/2012/10/09/government-vs-tim-noakes/ (last accessed 2 August 2017).

  43.V. Mungal-Singh, ‘Heart Foundation’s open letter to Tim Noakes’, Health 24, updated 27 September 2016, available at http://bit.ly/XekuD (last accessed 2 August 2017).

  44.HSFSA, ‘Getting to the heart of the heart mark’, available at http://www.heartfoundation.co.za/heart-mark (last accessed 16 August 2017).

  45.M.G. Enig, R.J. Munn and M. Keeney, ‘Dietary fat and cancer trends: A critique’, Federation Proceedings 37(9), 1978: 2215–20; M.G. Enig, S. Atal, M. Keeney et al., ‘Isomeric trans fatty acids in the U.S. diet’, Journal of the American College of Nutrition 9(5), 1990: 471–86; M.G. Enig, Know Your Fats: The Complete Primer for Undertanding the Nutrition of Fats, Oils, and Cholesterol (Bethesda, MA: Bethesda Press, 2000); M. Enig and S. Fallon, Eat Fat Lose Fat (London: Plume Printing, 2006). W.C. Willett, M.J. Stampfer, J.E. Manson, et al. ‘Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among woman’. The Lancet 341, 1993: 581–585.

  46.Enig and Fallon, Eat Fat Lose Fat, 38.

  47.C.E. Ramsden, D. Zamora, B. Leelarthaepin et al., ‘Use of dietary linoleic acid for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and death: Evaluation of recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study and updated meta-analysis’, BMJ 2013;346:e8707.

  48.C.E. Ramsden, D. Zamora, S. Majchrzak-Hong et al., ‘Re-evaluation of the traditional diet-heart hypothesis: Analysis of recovered data from Minnesota Coronary Experiment (1968–73)’, BMJ 2016;353:i1246.

  49.G.A. Rose, W.B. Thomson and R.T. Williams, ‘Corn oil in treatment of ischaemic heart disease’, BMJ 1(5449), 1965: 1531–3.

  50.T.E. Standberg, V.V. Salomaa, V.A. Naukkarinen et al., ‘Long-term mortality after 5-year multifactorial primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged men’, JAMA 266(9), 1991: 1226–9; T.E. Standberg, V.V. Salomaa, V.A. Naukkarinen et al., ‘Cardiovascular morbidity and multifactorial primary prevention: Fifteen year follow-up of the Helsinki Businessmen Study’, Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 5, 1995: 7–15; T.E. Standberg, V.V. Salomaa, H.T. Vanhanen et al., ‘Mortality in participants and non-participants of a multifactorial prevention study of cardiovascular diseases: A 28 year follow up of the Helsinki Businessmen Study’, British Heart Journal 74, 1995: 449–54.

  51.D. Mozaffarian, R. Micha and S. Wallace, ‘Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials’, PLoS Medicine 7(3), 2010: e1000252.

  52.D. Mozaffarian, E.B. Rimm and D.M. Herrington, ‘Dietary fats, carbohydrate, and progression of coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80(5), 2004: 1175–84.

  53.U. Ravnskov, J.J. DiNicolantonio, Z. Harcombe et al., ‘The questionable benefits of exchanging saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat’, Mayo Clinic Proceedings 89(4), 2014: 451–3; J.J. DiNicolantonio, ‘The cardiometabolic consequences of replacing saturated fats with carbohydrates or omega-6 polyunsaturated fats: Do the dietary guidelines have it wrong?’, Open Heart 1, 2014: 1–4.

  54.B.A. Hannon, S.V. Thompson, R. An et al., ‘Clinical outcomes of dietary replacement of saturated fatty acids with unsaturated fat sources in adults with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials’, Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 71, 2017: 107–17.

  55.B.E. Phillipson, D.W Rothrock, W.E. Connor et al., ‘Reduction of plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apoproteins by dietary fish oils in patients with hypertriglyceridemia’, New England Journal of Medicine 312, 1985: 1210–6.

  56.M-L. Silaste, M. Rantala and G. Alfthan, ‘Changes in dietary fat intake alter plasma levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and lipoprotein(a)’, Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis Vascular Biology 24, 2004: 498–503.

  57.L.F. Chang, S.R. Vethakkan, K. Nesaretnam et al., ‘Adverse effects on insulin secretion of replacing saturated fat with refined carbohydrate but not with monounsaturated fat: A randomized controlled trial in centrally obese subjects’, Journal of Clinical Lipidology 10, 2016: 1431–41.

  58.K-T. Teng,
L.F. Chang, S.R. Vethakkan et al., ‘Effects of exchanging carbohydrate or monounsaturated fat with saturated fat on inflammatory and thrombogenic responses in subjects with abdominal obesity: A randomized controlled trial’, Clinical Nutrition 36, (2017): 1250–8.

  59.S. Hamley, ‘The effect of replacing saturated fat with mostly n-6 polyunsaturated fats on coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials’, Nutrition Journal 16, 2017: 30.

  60.Taubes G. Vegetable oils, (Francis) Bacon, Bing Crosby, and the American Heart Association. http://garytaubes.com/vegetable-oils-francis-bacon-bing-crosby-and-the-american-heart-association/. (last accessed 28 July 2017).

  61.‘Why you should never cook with sunflower oil’, Health24, 4 October 2016, available at http://www.health24.com/Medical/Heart/News/why-you-should-never-cook-with-sunflower-oil-20151215 (last accessed 2 August 2017). See also R.M. Doctor, ‘Scientists recommend cooking with lard, butter: Frying with vegetable oil releases toxic, cancer-causing chemicals’, Tech Times, 9 November 2015, available at http://bit.ly/2mSC2tj (last accessed 2 August 2017).

  62.M.L. Pearce and S. Dayton, ‘Incidence of cancer in men on a diet high in polyunsaturated fat’, The Lancet 1(7697), 1971: 464–7.

  63.D. Yam, A. Eliraz and E.M. Berry, ‘Diet and disease – the Israeli paradox: Possible dangers of a high omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid diet’, Israel Journal of Medical Sciences 32(11), 1996: 1134–43.

  64.R. Mousley, ‘Molokai: Chalupsky makes it number 12!’, Surfski.info, 21 May 2012, available at http://www.surfski.info/races/aus-nz/story/1406/molokai-chalupsky-makes-it-number-12.html (last accessed 2 August 2017).

  65.‘The highs and lows of a low-carb-high-fat (LCHF) diet’, HSFSA, 2016, available at http://www.heartfoundation.co.za/topical-articles/highs-and-lows-low-carb-high-fat-lchf-diet (last accessed 2 August 2017).

 

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