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15.T.D. Noakes, J. Proudfoot and B. Surtees, Raising Superheroes (Cape Town: Burnett Media, 2015).
16.J. Chang and L. Salahi, ‘Rice cereal controversy: Does it make kids fat?’, abcNews, 31 January 2011, available at http://abcnews.go.com/Health/w_ParentingResource/baby-diet-white-rice-cereal-pediatrician-dr-alan-greene-focuses/story?id=12801589 (last accessed 2 August 2017).
17.L. Jansen van Rensburg, ‘Noakes se verhoor? “Ek voel ’n veer!”’, Netwerk24, 28 November 2015, available at http://www.netwerk24.com/Nuus/Gesondheid/noakes-se-verhoor-ek-voel-n-veer-20151128 (last accessed 2 August 2017).
18.‘Yale doc loses 2 HuffPo blog posts after secretly promoting his novel’, Retraction Watch, 20 November 2015, available at http://retractionwatch.com/2015/11/20/yale-doc-loses-2-huffpo-blog-posts-after-secretly-pushing-his-novel/ (last accessed 2 August 2017).
19.R. Greene, ‘David Katz: Junk food’s slyest defender’, The Russells, 26 September 2016, available at https://therussells.crossfit.com/2016/09/26/david-katz-junk-foods-slyest-defender/ (last accessed 2 August 2017).
20.C. Labos, ‘Don’t be fooled by big fat surprises, fat is still bad for you’, CBC News, 2 March 2015, available at http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/don-t-be-fooled-by-big-fat-surprises-fat-is-still-bad-for-you-1.2965140 (last accessed 2 August 2017).
21.C. Julsing Strydom, ‘Interview with Sylvia Escott Stump – Claire Julsing-Strydom’, SAJCN 27(2), 2014: 82–4.
22.Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics press release, ‘In wake of New York soda ban proposal, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics encourages education, moderation’, newswise, 31 May 2012, available at http://www.newswise.com/articles/in-wake-of-new-york-soda-ban-proposal-academy-of-nutrition-and-dietetics-encourages-education-moderation (last accessed 2 August 2017).
23.F. Gomes, ‘Words for our sponsors’, World Nutrition 4(8), 2013, available at http://bit.ly/2ndzhmG (last accessed 2 August 2017).
24.G. Schofield, C. Zinn, N. Harris et al., ‘Response to draft dietary guidelines submitted to the Ministry of Health’, AUT University, April 2014.
PART I I: NUTRITION ON TRIAL
Chapter 9: The Hearing: June 2015
1.M. Phillips, ‘Absolute objectivity the ideal: Perspectivism the reality’, Kleio 28(1), 1996: 32–42.
2.R.F. Taflinger, ‘The myth of objectivity in journalism: A commentary’, Washington State University, May 1996, available at http://public.wsu.edu/~taflinge/mythobj.html (last accessed 3 August 2017).
3.A. Novak, ‘Capital sentencing discretion in Southern Africa: A human rights perspective on the doctrine of extenuating circumstances in death penalty cases; African Human Rights Law Journal (Chapter 2 Vol 1)’, African Human Rights Law Journal 2, 2014, available at http://www.saflii.org/za/journals/AHRLJ/2014/2.html (last accessed 3 August 2017).
4.N.P. Steyn, N.G. Myburgh and J.H. Nel, ‘Evidence to support a food-based dietary guideline on sugar consumption in South Africa’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 81(8), 2003: 599–608, available at http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0042-96862003000800010 (last accessed 3 August 2017).
5.N. Steyn and N. Temple, ‘Evidence to support a food-based dietary guideline on sugar consumption in South Africa’, BMC Public Health, 2012, available at http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-12-502 (last accessed 3 August 2017).
6.R. Greene, ‘Big Food vs. Tim Noakes: The final crusade’, The Russells, 5 January 2017, available at https://therussells.crossfit.com/2017/01/05/big-food-vs-tim-noakes-the-final-crusade/ (last accessed 3 August 2017).
7.‘Report of South African ministerial task team (MTT) to investigate allegations of administrative irregularities, mismanagement and poor governance at the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA): A case of multi-system failure’, 18 October 2015, available at http://section27.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Report-of-the-Ministerial-Task-Team-to-Investigate-Allegations-at-the-HPCSA.pdf (last accessed 3 August 2017).
8.www.saspen.com/upcoming-events/nutrition-in-non-communicable-diseases-prevention-roadshow.
Chapter 10: The Second Session: November 2015
1.H.H. Vorster et al., ‘The nutrition and health transition in the North West Province of South Africa: A review of the THUSA (Transition and Health during Urbanisation of South Africans) study’, Public Health Nutrition 8(5), 2005: 480–90.
2.R. Greene, ‘Big Food vs. Tim Noakes: The final crusade’, The Russells, 5 January 2017, available at https://therussells.crossfit.com/2017/01/05/big-food-vs-tim-noakes-the-final-crusade/ (last accessed 3 August 2017).
3.J.A. Wessels in Coopers (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd v Deutsche Gesellschaft Für Schädlingsbekämpfung mbH 1976 (3) SA 352 (A).
Chapter 11: The Start of the Third Session: February 2016
1.University of the Witwatersrand, ‘Staff profile: Professor Ames Dhai’, available at https://www.wits.ac.za/staff/academic-a-z-listing/d/amesdhaiwitsacza/ (last accessed 3 August 2017).
2.The Big Fat Debate, available at http://www.humannutrition.uct.ac.za/nutrition/thebigfatdebate (last accessed 3 August 2017).
3.N. Steyn et al., ‘Assessment of the dietary intake of schoolchildren in South Africa: 15 years after the first national study’, Nutrients 8(509), 2016, available at www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/8//pdf (last accessed 3 August 2017).
4.C.E. Naudé, A. Schoonees, M. Senekal et al., ‘Low carbohydrate versus isoenergetic balanced diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis’, PLoS One 9(7), 2014: e100652.
5.Z. Harcombe and T.D. Noakes, ‘The universities of Stellenbosch/Cape Town low-carbohydrate diet review: Mistake or mischief?’, SAMJ 106(12), 2016: 1179–82.
6.‘Food-based Dietary Guidelines for South Africa 2013 No 3 (Suppl)’, SAJCN, available at http://sajcn.co.za/index.php/SAJCN/issue/view/67 (last accessed 3 August 2017).
7.H.H. Vorster, et al., ‘An introduction to the revised food-based dietary guidelines for South Africa’, SAJCN 26(3)(Supplement), 2013: S5–S12.
8.N. Steyn and R. Ochse, ‘“Enjoy a variety of foods”: As a food-based 2 dietary guideline for South Africa’, SAJCN 26(3)(Supplement), 2013: S13–S17.
9.H.H. Voster, ‘“Make starchy foods part of most meals”: A food-based dietary guideline for South Africa’, SAJCN 26(3)(Supplement), 2013: S28–S35.
10.C. Smuts and P. Wolmarans, ‘The importance of the quality or type of fat in the diet: A food-based dietary guideline for South Africa’, SAJCN 26, 2013: s87–s99.
11.S. Pagot and B. Appelhans, ‘A call for an end to the diet debates’, JAMA 310(7), 2013: 687–8.
12.Department of Justice and Constitutional Development, ‘Promotion of Administrative Justice Act, 2000 (Act 3 of 2000)’, available at http://www.justice.gov.za/paja/about/terms.htm (last accessed 3 August 2017).
13.Department of Justice and Constitutional Development, ‘Promotion of Administrative Justice Act, 2000 (Act 3 of 2000)’, available at http://www.justice.gov.za/paja/about/action.htm (last accessed 3 August 2017).
14.K. Horsley, ‘Trials and tribunals: Administrative justice after PAJA and New Clicks with particular reference to the financial services industry’, Public Law dissertation, UCT, 15 February 2006, available at http://www.publiclaw.uct.ac.za/usr/public_law/LLMPapers/horsley.pdf (last accessed 3 August 2017).
15.L. Jansen van Rensburg, ‘Noakes se verhoor? “Ek voel ’n veer!”’, Netwerk24, 28 November 2015.
Chapter 12: Finally, Noakes Speaks
1.A. Dreger, Galileo’s Middle Finger: Heretics, Activists, and One Scholar’s Search for Justice (New York: Penguin Press, 2015), 11.
2.Ibid., 262.
3.H. Lategan, Healthy and Tasty: Diabetes (Pretoria: LAPA Publishers, 2014).
4.J.A. Hawley, S.C. Dennis, B.J. Laidler, A.N. Bosch, T.D. Noakes and F. Brouns, ‘High rates of exogenous carbohydrate oxidation from starch ingested during prolonged exercise’, Journal of Applied Physiology 71(5), 1991: 1801–6.
5.C
.E. Naudé, A. Schoonees, M. Senekal et al., ‘Low carbohydrate versus isoenergetic balanced diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis’, PLoS One 9(7), 2014: e100652.
6.Z. Harcombe and T.D. Noakes, ‘The universities of Stellenbosch/Cape Town low-carbohydrate diet review: Mistake or mischief?’, SAMJ 106(12), 2016: 1179–82.
7.L. Isaacs, ‘LCHF diet “actually works”’, Cape Times, 20 December 2016.
8.C.E. Naudé et al., ‘Reliable systematic review of low-carbohydrate diets shows similar weight-loss effects compared with balanced diets and no cardiovascular risk benefits: Response to methodological criticisms’, SAMJ 107(3), 2017: 170.
9.N.B. Bueno et al., ‘Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials’, British Journal of Nutrition, 110(7), 2013: 1178–87.
10.L.M. Burke et al., ‘Carbohydrate loading failed to improve 100-km cycling performance in a placebo-controlled trial’, Journal of Applied Physiology (1985) 88(4), 2000: 1284–90.
11.S.C. Cunnane and M.A. Crawford, ‘Survival of the fattest: Fat babies were the key to evolution of the large human brain’, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 136, 2003: 17–26.
12.I. Leslie, ‘The sugar conspiracy’, The Guardian, 7 April 2016, available at https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/apr/07/the-sugar-conspiracy-robert-lustig-john-yudkin (last accessed 4 August 2017).
13.D.A. Graber, Just the Facts 101: Mass Media and American Politics, 9th ed., Cram101 Textbook Reviews and Content Technologies, 2017, available at https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lWfYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT41&lpg=PT41&
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14.J. Walters, ‘Nutrition experts alarmed by nonprofit downplaying role of junk food in obesity’, The Guardian, 11 August 2015, available at https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/aug/11/obesity-junk-food-exercise-global-energy-balance-network-coca-cola (last accessed 4 August 2017).
15.Leslie, ‘The sugar conspiracy’.
16.M. Skotnicki, ‘“The dog that didn’t bark”: What we can learn from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle about using the absence of expected facts’, Briefly Writing, 25 July 2012, available at https://brieflywriting.com/2012/07/25/the-dog-that-didnt-bark-what-we-can-learn-from-sir-arthur-conan-doyle-about-using-the-absence-of-expected-facts/ (last accessed 4 August 2017).
17.L. Jansen van Rensburg, ‘Noakes se verhoor? “Ek voel ’n veer!”’, Netwerk24, 28 November 2015.
18.ADSA, ‘Raising Superheroes - book review’, Nutrition Confidence, 22 September 2015, available at https://nutritionconfidence.wordpress.com/2015/09/22/raising-superheroes-book-review/ (last accessed 4 August 2017).
Chapter 13: The Angels
1.Z. Harcombe, J.S. Baker, S.M. Cooper et al., ‘Evidence from randomised controlled trials did not support the introduction of dietary fat guidelines in 1977 and 1983: A systematic review and meta-analysis’, Open Heart 2, 2015: e000196.
2.Z. Harcombe, J.S. Baker and B. Davies, ‘Evidence from prospective cohort studies does not support current dietary fat guidelines: A systematic review and meta-analysis’, British Journal of Sports Medicine, Published online first: 03 October 2016; doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096550.
3.C. Crofts et al., ‘Hyperinsulinemia: Best management practice’, Diabesity 2(1), 2016: 1–11.
4.Harcombe, J.S. Baker, S.M. Cooper et al., ‘Evidence from randomised controlled trials did not support the introduction of dietary fat guidelines in 1977 and 1983: A systematic review and meta-analysis’.
5.Z. Harcombe and T.D. Noakes, ‘The universities of Stellenbosch/Cape Town low-carbohydrate diet review: Mistake or mischief?’, SAMJ 106(12), 2016: 1179–82.
6.R. Smith, ‘Peer review: a flawed process at the heart of science and journals’, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 99(4), 2006: 178–82.
7.L. Isaacs, ‘LCHF diet “actually works”’, Cape Times, 20 December 2016.
8.C.E. Naudé, A. Schoonees, M. Senekal et al., ‘Reliable systematic review of low-carbohydrate diets shows similar weight-loss effects compared with balanced diets and no cardiovascular risk benefits: Response to methodological criticisms’, SAMJ 107(3), 2017: 170.
9.Z. Harcombe and T.D. Noakes, ‘Naudé et al. avoid answering the essential question: Mistake or mischief?’, SAMJ 107(5), 2017: 360–1.
10.I. Leslie, ‘The sugar conspiracy’, The Guardian, 7 April 2016, available at https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/apr/07/the-sugar-conspiracy-robert-lustig-john-yudkin (last accessed 4 August 2017).
11.R. Greene, ‘Big Food vs. Tim Noakes: The final crusade’, The Russells, 5 January 2017, available at https://therussells.crossfit.com/2017/01/05/big-food-vs-tim-noakes-the-final-crusade/ (last accessed 3 August 2017).
Chapter 14: Closing Arguments
1.R. Greene, ‘Expert witness against Noakes to undergo investigation for ILSI ties’, The Russells, 6 February 2017, available at https://therussells.crossfit.com/2017/02/06/expert-witness-against-noakes-to-undergo-investigation-for-ilsi-ties/ (last accessed 3 August 2017).
Chapter 15: The Verdict
1.D. Hume, Philosophical Essays Concerning Human Understanding: An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (London: A. Millar, 1748), E 10.3 SBN 110.
PART I I I: THE SCIENCE
Chapter 16: Once We Were Healthy
1.W. Yellowlees, A Doctor in the Wilderness (Perthshire: Dr W.W. Yellowlees, 2001), 166.
2.R. Bowen, ‘Digestive physiology of herbivores: Basic fermentation chemistry’, VIVO Pathophysiology, Colorado State University, available at http://vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/herbivores/ferment.html; R. Bowen, ‘Digestive physiology of herbivores: Nutrient absorption and utilization in ruminants’, VIVO Pathophysiology, Colorado State University, available at http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/
digestion/herbivores/rum_absorb.html (both last accessed 4 August 2017).
3.K. Mu, ‘What are chimpanzee digestive systems like compared to humans?’, Quora. com, 3 May 2015, available at https://www.quora.com/What-are-chimpanzee-digestive-systems-like-compared-to-humans%E2%80%99 (last accessed 4 August 2017).
4.Ibid.
5.D.R. Braun, J.W. Harris, N.E. Levin et al., ‘Early hominin diet included diverse terrestrial and aquatic animals 1.95 Ma in East Turkana, Kenya’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(22), 2010: 10002–7.
6.M.K. Georgieff, ‘Nutrition and the developing brain: Nutrient priorities and measurement’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 85(2), 2007: 614s–20s; S.C. Cunnane, Survival of the Fattest: The Key to Human Brain Evolution (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co., 2005).
7.P.T. Schoenemann, ‘Chapter 2: Human Neuroanatomical Evolution’, Indiana University Bloomington, 1997, available at http://www.indiana.edu/~brainevo/publications/dissertation/Dissertationch2.htm (last accessed 4 August 2017).
8.Cunnane, Survival of the Fattest: The Key to Human Brain Evolution; C.W. Marean, ‘When the sea saved humanity’, Scientific American, August 2010: 55–61; C.W. Marean, ‘The origins and significance of coastal resource use in Africa and Western Eurasia’, Journal of Human Evolution 77, 2014: 17–40.
9.Schoenemann, ‘Chapter 2: Human Neuroanatomical Evolution’.
10.M. Ben-Dor, A. Gopher, I. Hershkovitz et al., ‘Man the fat hunter: The demise of Homo erectus and the emergence of a new hominin lineage in the Middle Pleistocene (ca. 400 kyr) Levant’, PLoS One 6(12), 2011: e28689.
11.J.D. Speth, ‘Protein selection and avoidance strategies of contemporary and ancestral foragers: Unresolved issues’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences 334(1270), 1991: 265–9; discussion 69–70.
12.J. Brink, Imagining Head-smashed-in:
Aboriginal Buffalo Hunting on the Northern Plains (Toronto: UBC Press, 2008), 34.
13.R.L. Kelly, The Lifeways Of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 74.
14.J.D. Speth, Big-Game Hunting: Protein, Fat, or Politics? The Paleoanthropology and Archaeology of Big-Game Hunting (New York: Springer, 2012), 149–61, xiii.
15.M. Ben-Dor, ‘The key role of dietary fat in paleolithic human subsistence and behavior’, unpublished.
16.M.K. Georgieff, ‘Nutrition and the developing brain: Nutrient priorities and measurement’; Cunnane, Survival of the Fattest: The Key to Human Brain Evolution.
17.D.M. Bramble and D.E. Lieberman, ‘Endurance running and the evolution of Homo’, Nature 432(7015), 2004: 345–52; M.P. Mattson, ‘Evolutionary aspects of human exercise – born to run purposefully’, Ageing Research Reviews 11(3), 2012: 347–52.
18.L.A. O’Hearn, ‘Optimal weaning from an evolutionary perspective’, YouTube video, 12 August 2016, available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbksU68KkzI (last accessed 4 August 2017).
19.Ibid.
20.Z. Xue, W. Zhang, L. Wang et al., ‘The bamboo-eating giant panda harbors a carnivore-like gut microbiota, with excessive seasonal variations’, mBio 6(3), 2015: e00022–15.
21.H. Devlin, ‘Hard to bear: Pandas poorly adapted for digesting bamboo, scientists find’, The Guardian, 19 May 2015, available at https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/may/19/hard-to-bear-pandas-poorly-adapted-for-digesting-bamboo-scientists-find (last accessed 4 August 2017).
22.Ibid.
23.Ibid.
24.T.D. Noakes, Waterlogged: The Serious Problem of Overhydration in Endurance Sports (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2012).
25.J. Diamond, ‘The worst mistake in the history of the human race’, Discover, May 1987, http://discovermagazine.com/1987/may/02-the-worst-mistake-in-the-history-of-the-human-race (last accessed 4 August 2017).
26.The Neolithic Revolution, ‘Agriculture slowly spreads: What do you notice about the core areas?’, posted by Shannon Beyer on SlideShare.net, 10 September 2011, available at https://www.slideshare.net/darkyla/neolithic-revolution (last accessed 4 August 2017).