by Pindar
While these dialects are blended together, there is a general avoidance of the extreme forms characteristic of each. Thus Pindar has no Epic forms in -φι, or infinitives from verbs ending in -ω. Similarly, while he uses ων for oυν, he never uses the Doric ω for ου in τώ and τώς and in Μώσα. Nor, in the inflexions of verbs.
Under the influence of the Lesbian poets, Alcaeus and Sappho, certain Aeolic forms are introduced. Thus we have oi for ου, in Μοισα, and in participles, such as ίδοισα and εoισa (for ονσα). We also have -ais for -as in first aorist active participles, such as κλέψαις and όλίσαις. Further, φαεννον and κλεα-νον are used for φαεινον and κλίΐνόν, and οννμα, for όνομα, and similarly οννμάζω.
The Doric ά is used for the Epic and Attic η in words like άρχά, κράνα,’Αχώ, Άώς. But, in forms from βάλλω, πλήθω, χράω, η remains unchanged, e g. βφΧησθαι, ττληθονroç, χρησθεν. ao and αω are contracted into a, e g. ττασαν (for ττασάων, πασών), ταν, Μοισάν. α is sometimes found instead of e, as in τάμνοισαι, τράφοισα, φρασίν.
Among changes of consonants may be noted, γλίφαρον for βλίφαρον (P. iv 121), side by side with ίλικοβλίφάρου (ib. 172); ορνιχα for όρνιθα, αντις for ανθις, St κοντά i for δέονται, τίθμος for θζσμός, eVXoç for iσθλός, ζυνον for κοινόν, ώτε for ώστε.
The Epie tradition is followed in assuming the survival of the digamma at the beginning of certain words. Before these words vowels may stand; and short vowels generally remain unelided. Among these words are: — άναξ, άνάσσω, άνδάνω, αχώ, ά8ομαι, eîSoç, είδώς, î8civ, ΐ8ρις, ισαντι, είκοσι, είntiv, Ιοικότα, Ζπος, ελπίς, ίργον, ep£aç, ίσπέρα, έτος, ήθος,’ΙδαΓος, ίδιο?,’Ιλιάδας, ίσος, οι (sibi), oç (suu i), okoç, οΐκιω, and flaviç.
In nouns of the first declension, the genitive singular (masculine) ends either in -ao or in -à; the genitive plural (masculine or feminine), in άν (not άων), e g. Αΐακιδάν, and άρετάν aiτο πασαν. In the second declension, the genitive singular ends in -ου or (less often) in -010. The accusative plural has the Doric ending in -oç in some old MSS in six passages: — κακαγόρος (O. i. 53), εσλος (N. i. 24; iii 29), vâtroç (O. ii 71), υπέροχος (Ν. iii 24), ημενος (Ν. x 62). In the third declension, the dative plural in -εσσι is preferred, e g. ελαννόντεσσιν (for iαύνονσιν).
In personal pronouns we almost always find the * forms in μμ, as αμμες, αμμι (ήμΐν), άμμε, νμμες, νμμι, νμμε. For the second person singular we have nom. τυ, gen. σεο, σεν, σεθεν, dat. TOI, τίν, (σοί?). Among possessive pronouns we have άμος for εμάς, τεοç for σοç.
In verbs, the third person plural never ends in -ουσι but either in the Doric -οντι or the Aeolic -οισιν. The infinitive oftener ends in the Doric -μεν than in the Attic -eiν, e g. σταμεν, θίμεν, δόxev, ΐμεν, θανίμΐ,ν, Ιμμεν (and ΐμμεναι). There is manuscript authority for -ev in γapvev (O. i 3), 7ropevev (O. iii 25), âyayév (P. iv 56), and τράφιν (P. iv 115). The feminine participle present and second aorist active ends in the Aeolic -οισα, and the first aorist active in -αις, -αισα.
Among the prepositions -n-cha is used for μετά, ποτι is found as well as ττρός, and the final vowel of ποτi and πεpi may be elided, êvç Avas the original form of eis and es, and ev with the accusative is used for eίς in P. ii llj 86, and iv 258.
The language of the different odes has an Aeolic or a Doric colouring which varies with the rhythms in which they were composed.
V. MANUSCRIPTS
The 142 extant MSS of Pindar fall into two classes (1) the ancient MSS, and (2) the interpolated MSS. The ancient MSS belong to two recensions (a) the Ambrosian, best represented by a MS in the Ambrosian Library in Milan, and (b) the Vatican, at the head of which is the MS in the Vatican Library, in Rome. The following is a conspectus of the principal MSS belonging to these two recensions, with the portions of the Odes which they contain: —
(2) The interpolated mss represent the editorial activity of three Byzantine scholars of century xiv: — Thomas Magister, Moschopulus, and Triclinius. Fifteen mss show the influence of the first of these scholars; forty-two that of the second, and twenty-eight that of the third.
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Ancient ruins of Argos in the Peloponnese. Pindar lived to about eighty years of age, dying c. 440 BC, while attending a festival at Argos. His ashes were taken back home to Thebes by his musically-gifted daughters, Eumetis and Protomache.