neurotransmitters, 10, 127
Newton, Isaac, xi, 54
normal:
contextual determination of, 12, 13, 25
in cultural context, 9, 13–15, 21–23
definitions of, 3–5, 7
disappearance of, 103–4
fragility of, 33
medical view of, 8–9
morally, 14–15
in psychiatry, 10–12
and resiliency, 30–33
saving, 18–19
statistical, 5, 6–8, 14
nosology, 52
number system, Arabic, 50
nurse-practitioners, as diagnosticians, 233
obesity, 146, 177, 183, 199
obsessive-compulsive disorder, Adam’s Story, 276–77
occupational therapists, as diagnosticians, 233
opiates, 53, 87
overtreatment, 53, 107
panic disorder, Susan’s Story, 266–67
Pappenheim, Bertha (Anna O.), 129
paraldehyde, 87
paraphilia, 75
patterns, finding, 35–36
Paul and Janet, PTSD, 267–69
Paxil, 88, 153, 156
pedophilia, 200–201
perfectibility of man, 54
periodic table of the elements, 56
personality theory, 44–46
Peter’s Story, melancholia, 270–71
pets, Roberta’s Story, 263–65
Pharma, see drug companies
philosophy:
natural, 41–42, 43, 52–53
“normal” defined by, 4–5
phobia, 42
phrenitis, 42
physicians, see doctors
pilgrims, 40
Pinel, Philippe, 46, 56–59
placebo effect, 97–101, 153, 156–57
plague, 53
polypharmacy, 106–7
positive thinking, power of, 98
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 157–60
Paul and Janet, 267–69
power of suggestion, 128
prescription drug abuse, 95, 211
prevention, hype for, 78–79, 80–81, 171, 198
priests, 38–41, 119
professional organizations, 223–24
Proteus (sea god), 16
Prozac, 69, 156
psychiatric drugs:
growing market for, 95
profitability of, xv, 29, 77, 89–91
psychiatric fads, 26, 83–84, 117–37
adult ADHD, 184–86
behavioral addiction, 188–92
binge eating disorder (BED), xvii, 17, 182–84
dance manias, 120–21
demonic possession, 118–20
in diagnoses, 239
and diagnostic inflation, 83–84
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, 177–79
and DSM-5, xv-xviii, 170, 176–205
and DSM-IV, xiv, 74, 75, 138–69
and false epidemics, 139–69
following the pack, 136–37
hebephilia, 200–203
hypersexuality, 203–4
hysteria/conversion disorder, 127–29
major depressive disorder, 186–88
mild neurocognitive disorder, 180–82
mixed anxiety/depression, 200
multiple personality disorder, 130–33
neurasthenia, 126–27
and neuroscience, 124–25
psychosis risk syndrome, 196–99
somatic symptom disorder, 194–96
vampire hysteria, 121–23
Werther fever, 123–24
witch hunts, 133–36
psychiatrists, as diagnosticians, 233–34
psychiatry, 56–61
absence of biological tests in, 10–12
in Arab world, 50–52
classification in, 17
clinical observation in, 60, 171
credibility of, 171
and medicine, 193–96
“normal” definitions in, 10–12
outpatient, 60–61
primary care doctor prescriptions in, 101–3, 226, 233–34
profession of, xix, 223–24
research in, 63, 172, 225
subjective judgments in, 12, 24, 29, 69
worst and best (cases) of, 242–78
psychoanalysis, 16, 60, 128–29
psychological testing, 12
psychologists, as diagnosticians, 233
psychosis risk syndrome (PRS), xvi-xvii, xviii, 196–99
psychotherapy, 108
psychotropic drugs, 69, 77, 87–89
multiple prescriptions for, 106–7
overdoses of, 106
Pythagoras, 42
quinine, 53
rape, 164–67
reality, nature of, 20
record-keeping, 230–31
reliability, 25, 175
religion, 41–43, 47–48
miracles of faith, 49
Renaissance, 56
Research Diagnostic Criteria, 62
resiliency, 30–33, 58
Risperdal, 89
rituals, 276–77
Roberta’s Story, pets, 263–65
rule of thirds, 43
sadness, 155, 157, 200
melancholia, 186–88
schizoaffective disorder, 255–56
Saint Vitus’s Dance, 120–21
Sarah’s Story, grief, 257–58
satanic ritual abuse, 120
saving normal, use of term, 18–19
schizoaffective disorder, Brooks’s Story, 255–56
schizophrenia, 20, 21
bipolar disorder vs., 59, 89, 151
and drug use, 197–98
Henry’s Story, 273–74
Mindy’s Story, 244–47
pseudoneurotic, 246
and psychosis risk syndrome, xvi-xvii, 196–99
treatment of, 105
school system, and special services, 84, 141, 147, 148–49
science, 41–42, 50
abstractions in, 56
and search for truth, 54
three-stage process of, 55
screening tests, 78–79
second opinion, 232–33, 234
self-diagnosis, 234, 238–39
self-fulfilling prophecies, 109
self-observation, 230
self-prescription, 107
self-reporting, 230
self-unawareness, 234
sensory perception, 51
Seroquel, 89, 105, 234
Sex, Lies, and Pharmaceuticals (Moynihan), 163
sexual dysfunction, 161–64
sexuality, excessive, 203–4
sexually violent predator (SVP), 165, 201
sexual revolution, 160–64
shaman, 36–37, 38, 119
shyness, 152–53
sin, 47–48
snakes, 40
social anxiety disorder, 153
social factor, power of, 99
social phobia, 152–53
social workers, as diagnosticians, 233
sociology, “normal” concepts in, 13–15
somatic symptom disorder, 194–96
Sorrows of Young Werther, The (Goethe), 123
Sperry, Roger, 11
Spitzer, Robert, xvii, xviii, 62–66, 68–69, 71, 172
SSRI antidepressants, 88, 92, 157
standard deviation (SD), 7, 12
standardization, 279–80
stepped diagnosis, 221–22
stigma, 109, 146
stimulants, 105, 141, 142, 143, 149, 185
stress, 81–83, 155
PTSD, 157–60
and temper tantrums, 177–79
substance abuse, 146, 236
substance dependence, 104
suggestibility, 129, 130
suicide, 14, 47
clusters of, 123–24
and grief, 257–58
group (kamikaze) mission, 124
imitative, 1
23
mass, 124
Peter’s Story, 270–71
protest, 124
and PTSD, 158
Supreme Court, U.S., on rape, 165–66
survival, 31
Susan’s Story (adult bipolar disorder), 250–53
Susan’s Story (panic disorder and agoraphobia), 266–67
Sybil (movie), 131
Sydenham, Thomas, 52–53, 58, 106
symptom counts, 86
symptoms:
notes in diary of, 230
transitory, 28
Talmud, 117
tantrums, 146, 177–79
tarantism, 120–21
taxonomy, 54
temperament, 44–45
temper dysregulation disorder, xvii, 177
temper outbursts, 146, 177–79
temples, healing, 40–41
temptation, 183
Thorazine, 87, 91, 246
thought leaders, 93–94, 145
Three Faces of Eve, The (movie), 130–31
Thucydides, 43
time, as healer, 31–32, 98, 157, 222, 240
Todd’s Story, autism, 248–50
torture, 46, 47, 119
transference, 129
trauma, PTSD, 158–60
treatment creep, 107
treatment failure, 236
tricyclic antidepressants, 91–92
Unabomber, 110
unipolar disorder, 150–51
utilitarianism, 5
validity, 25
Valium, 88, 92, 156
vampire hysteria, 121–23
Veterans Administration (VA), 61
veterans’ benefits, 85
Viagra, 161–62
voices, hearing, 273–74
Voltaire, 100
Werther fever, 123–24
Westheimer, Ruth, 161
Williams, Janet, xviii
witches, 47
witch hunts, 133–36
World Health Organization (WHO), 9, 22, 219
World War I, 61
World War II, 61
“worried well,” overtreatment of, xv, 93
Wykes, Til, 3
Xanax, 88, 216, 234
Zoloft, 88, 156
Zyprexa, 89
About the Author
ALLEN FRANCES, M.D., was the chairman of the DSM-IV Task Force and part of the leadership group for DSM-III and DSM-III-R. He is professor emeritus and former chair of the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science at Duke University School of Medicine. He lives in Coronado, California, and travels and lectures extensively worldwide.
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Copyright
Cartoons copyright © by Barbara Smaller/The New Yorker.
SAVING NORMAL. Copyright © 2013 by Allen Frances. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
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Saving Normal : An Insider's Revolt Against Out-of-control Psychiatric Diagnosis, Dsm-5, Big Pharma, and the Medicalization of Ordinary Life (9780062229274) Page 34