by Arthur Allen
Angoras, 239
Anigstein, Ludwik, 302
animal cadavers as food, 221, 227–28, 247–48, 251, 259
animalcules, 91
animal experimentation, research with, 11, 18–20, 25, 31, 56, 61–62, 64, 67, 89, 94–95, 133, 201, 242, 267
Ansky, S., 25–26
anthrax, 31
antibiotics, 201, 209–10
antibodies, 31, 185
antigens, of typhus, 53, 157, 168, 302
anti-Nazi conspiracy, 234, 236
anti-Semitism, 4, 35, 112, 302
in academia, 50, 51, 53
of camp inmates, 257–58
of Nazis, 79–80, 90, 93, 119–20, 127–28, 141–42
in Poland, 16, 38, 53, 56, 72–77, 83, 127–31, 283
of Polish political parties, 74, 126
of postwar Poland, 283, 293–94
of press, 74
of student clubs, 75
see also Jews
antiseptics, 215
antityphus services, 38–39
apomorphine, 103–4
Appellplatz, 232
apraxia, 156
Armenians, 25
Aryan race, 82, 91, 118, 121, 131, 167, 175, 182, 185
Aryan science, 10, 84, 192
asocials, 100
Atlas Mountains, 301
atropine, 103
Auschwitz, 74, 99, 100, 101, 107, 178, 207, 211, 217, 252
bacteriology labs at, 192, 224
bad science conducted at, 228–29
Block 10 at, 215–16, 220
Block 20 at, 215
“Canada” at, 213
chemical lab at, 224
children at, 213–14, 225–26
crematorium at, 217–18, 228–29, 258
death march from, 256–58, 279
Fleck at, 211–20, 223–25, 227–30, 257–58
gas chambers of, 90, 137, 192–93, 218, 219, 227, 229
Gypsy camp at, 224
hospital at, 219–20, 224
Hygiene Institute at, 209, 212, 224–25
judge’s report on, 207
logbook at, 213
mortality rate at, 220, 258
murder at, 214–15, 217–18, 224
prisoner experiments in, 188, 214–16, 225
Rajsko subcamp at, 220–29, 256–58
satellite camps at, 252
Austria, 20, 28–30, 94, 144–45
Austro-Hungarian Empire, 14–16, 20, 46
medical corps of, 30
multiethnicity of, 16, 75
Ausweis, 136
autism, 103
avant-garde spirit, 59–60
backache, 21
Bacot, Arthur, 25
bacteria, 5, 16, 20, 31, 86, 245
complexities of, 56, 87
harmless forms of, 87–88
mutation of, 56, 87
typhoid fever causing, 20–21
typhus causing, 11, 18–19, 21, 31, 36, 69, 160, 239
bacteriology, 20, 31, 41–42, 55–56, 192, 250
critiques of, 192
labs for, 192
old school of, 89
bacteriophages, 292
Baermann, Hans, 248
Bahner, Willy, 206
Baker, Josephine, 43
Balaban, Mejer, 48
Balachowsky, Alfred, 248–50, 253, 257–58, 284, 294
postwar life of, 288
Bałak, 46
Balkans, 20, 28
Banach, Stefan, 50–52, 53, 74, 113, 147–60, 283
Banach-Tarski paradox, 51
Bandera, Stepan, 302
Baranowski, Tadeusz, 149
Baranski, Feliks, 148–49
Bartel, Kazimierz, 147–48
Bass, Leon, 259–60
baths, bathing, 26, 32, 35, 39, 67, 121, 139, 206
of chemical disinfectants, 100, 182
creosote, 26, 29
ritual, 39
Bavaria, 93
BBC, 149
beards, shaving of, 35, 100, 182
beatings, 128–32, 205, 235, 256
Behring, Emil von, 270
Behringwerke, 174–77, 175, 188–90, 203, 208, 233, 272
vaccines from, 191, 202–3
Beijing, 65
Beiträge zur Klinik der Infektionskrankheiten und zur Immunitätsforschung (Weigl), 37
Belzec, 99, 137, 153, 171, 218
bombing of, 162–63
Ben-Nathan, David, 295
bereavement disease, 18
Bergen-Belsen, 299
Bergson, Henri, 55
Berlin, 63, 118, 190, 194, 204, 233
Charité Hospital of, 270
Interior Ministry in, 190–91
Bielefeld, 80
Bieling, Richard, 272
biological pest control, 248–49
bioterrorism lab, 4
Birkenau, 213–14
crematoria at, 226
women’s camp at, 215, 222
black market, 152, 163
Black Sea, 33
Blanc, Georges, 96
Blankenheim, Stefan, 257
Blankenheim, Wanda, 229
blitzkrieg, 180
Blockälteste, 102, 197, 206, 254
blood, human, 2, 4–5, 21, 31, 150–51
experiments with, 216, 224–25, 227, 271–72
feeding lice with, 2, 67–70, 150–51
as metaphor, 4–5, 88
purity of, 88, 91, 93
of typhus patients, 203–5
blood, sheep, in disease research, 225–26, 240
blood alcohol tests, 225
blood group sera, 225
blood vessels, 21
body hair, shaving of, 100, 202
body lice, 1–2, 13, 91
acceptance of, 35, 92
African strains of, 98
ants and, 187
anuses and rectums of, 19–21, 68, 146
bites of, 21
cages of, 145–46, 149–51, 159–60, 163, 176, 203, 303
diet of, 1–2
eggs of, 145, 161, 176
feces of, 18, 21, 67, 161, 165
feeding of, 69–70, 107–8, 136, 143–45, 148–53, 159–64, 166, 176
in ghettos, 121
in human history, 13–16, 17–18
humor and, 27
infestations of, 65
injection of, 144–46, 146
intestines of, 64, 68–69, 146–47, 147, 164–65, 188, 230
killing of, 100, 146, 187, 193
lab raising of, 1–3, 19–20, 36–37, 61–62, 67–69, 108, 143–44
myths about, 39, 187
Nazi view of, 90, 100–101, 108, 119–21, 136, 141–42
nocturnal habits of, 26
protection against, 32–33, 108
typhus carrying of, 14, 18, 20, 24–25, 28–30, 34, 36–38, 108, 202–3
in World War II, 8, 11, 108
see also delousing
Bohemia, 14–15
Boitel, Michel, 256
Bolsheviks, 31–33, 73, 128, 130
bomb making, 117
bone marrow transplant, 55
Borecka, Danuta, 292–93
Borkowiec, Karol, 162
Borrelia bacteria, 17
Boy-eleski, Tadeusz, 132–33
Brandenburg, 194
Brandt, Karl, 268
Braun, Else, 81
Breslau, 283
Bridge on the River Kwai, The, 231
Brill, Nathan, 18
Brill-Zinsser disease, 18
bronchitis, 22
Browning, Christopher, 119
brucellosis, 295
Bryant, Louise, 23–24
Buchenwald concentration camp, 6, 7–9, 99–105, 196–210, 196
Auschwitz Jews arriving at, 257–58, 260
bacteriology labs at, 192, 237
Block 17 at, 253
Block 46 at, 201, 204–10, 235, 253–56, 258, 268, 282
Block 50 at, 7, 11, 232–34, 236–41, 245–51, 256, 259, 262, 268, 281
conspiracies at, 234, 236
death at, 197, 205, 207
death march out of, 259
death toll at, 99
Department of Virus and Typhus Research at, 232–33, 237, 264
fake vaccine of, 240, 246–47, 256, 270–71
identities switched at, 253–56
infirmary at, 254
inmate hierarchy at, 102, 197–200
inmate reunion, 282
liberation of, 248–51, 259–61
Little Camp at, 8, 197, 233, 248, 257, 260
lower camp at, 196–97
medical murder in, 103–4, 199, 207, 209–10, 266
medicine at, 102–3, 199–210
pathology labs at, 198
postwar in, 279
postwar testimony regarding, 268–71
prisoners of, 100–104, 176
scientific collective at, 242–46
stench of, 260
subcamps of, 204
transport out of, 259
tubercular ward at, 234
typhoid fever research at, 208–9
typhus lab at, 7, 11, 195, 200–210, 229–30, 232–33, 246, 255, 266, 271–72, 282
upper camp at, 196–97, 260
vaccine production wing at, 233, 236, 246, 250, 269
value of research at, 207, 245
Buchenwald trial, 206, 234
Bujwid, Odo, 166
Bujwid, Sofia, 166, 276–77
Bulgaria, 28
Burundi, 301
Büttner, Dr., 182
Caesar, Joachim, 220–22, 224–25
Café Roma, 45, 50, 51, 52, 53
Café Załewski, 50
caffeine, 205
Camarillo State Asylum, 55
Canadian intelligence agents, 266
cannibalism, 34, 182
capos, 100, 102, 197, 203, 210, 214, 220
carbolic acid, 217
cardiolipin, 89
Carpathian Mountains, 44, 66, 289
carphology, 22
castration, 103
Catholics, 92, 165, 235
Céline, Louis-Ferdinand, 195
cells, typhus infection of, 21
centrifuge, 69
Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva, 285
Chajes, Wiktor, 77
Chałasiski, Józef, 136
Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich, 24
Chelmno, 218
chemical deactivation, 31
Chemnitz, 279
chiggers, 21
children:
at Auschwitz, 225–26
as patients, 35, 62, 155
China, 65–66, 98
chinchillas, 239
chloroform, 29
cholera, 19
Chouquet, Maurice, 255
Christian Democratic Union, 281
Christians, Nazi opponents among, 197, 235
Churchill, Winston, 35, 163, 265
Chwila, 84, 130
Chwistek, Leon, 51, 54, 60, 83, 113
Ciepielowski, Marian, 234–35, 241–42, 244, 250, 270
postwar life of, 281
Cieszyski, Antoni, 136
Cieszyski, Tomasz, 136, 170
civil war, in Russia, 32
Clauberg, Carl, 215–16
Clinical contributions to infectious disease and immunity research (Weigl), 37
clinical trials, 62
restrictions on, 265–68
Clostridia, 171
clothes:
disinfection of, 33, 35, 67, 100, 139–40, 180, 202, 299
typhus transmission in, 13, 14, 24–25, 26, 29, 32, 33, 67, 91–92, 108, 180–81, 299
coccidiosis, 227
Cohn, August, 234, 248, 251, 281
cold viruses, 17
Cold War, 4, 248, 265–66, 274
Columbia University, 63
comatose conditions, 22
Combiescu, Dr., 244
Combined Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee (CIOS), 265–66
common criminals, 100, 197, 199, 204–6
communism, 4
in Germany, 99
Communists, 112, 197, 200–201, 222, 234, 235, 249, 251, 259–60, 281, 297
postwar, 283–84, 296–97
concentration camps, 99, 152, 162–63, 166, 218
biomedical professionals in, 102–4, 218
brutality in, 100–104, 137
clinics in, 102–3
commandants, 218
death certificates in, 103–4
dogs at, 226
factories at, 218
industrial-scale murder at, 218–19
labor policies at, 218
medical experiments in, 80, 90, 191–92, 201–10, 271
mortality rates at, 218–19, 299–300
policies in, 101
postwar interpreter of, 235
status and power in, 102, 197–99
Congress of People’s Commissars, 34
conscientious objectors, 266
consent, of experiment subjects, 267
contamination, 91, 108
control vaccine, 247
convalescent serum, of typhus patients, 185
“cooties,” 26
cordon sanitaire, 35
corpses, 163, 218, 255, 260
haulers of, 214
after pogrom, 129–31
corruption, 207, 236
Cottbus, 28
cow flesh, experiments with, 228
Cox, Herald, 94–95
vaccine of, 181, 190, 299, 300
crematoria, 101
creosote baths, 26, 29
crimes against humanity, 267
crowded conditions, 96, 121, 139, 220
Crusoe, Robinson (char.), 245
cultural explanations for disease, 90–91
cultures:
bacterial broth for, 228, 234
for growing typhus, 188, 240
Cumming, Cecilia, 132
Curie, Marie Skłodowska, 38
cyanide gas, 90
Czech Republic, 15
Czerniaków, Adam, 123
Dachau, 99–100, 106, 200, 259, 299
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 287
dandelions, research into, 221–22
Daniels, Josef, 165
D-Day, 8
DDT powder, 186–87, 299–300
death, freezing to, 101
death camps, 130, 137, 163
machinery of, 192
smells of, 163, 260
see also concentration camps
death through exhaustion, 218
death trains, 33–34
Degesch, 193
de Kruif, Paul, 58
delirium, 21–22, 34, 37, 107, 155, 185
delousing, 34
campaigns for, 26, 35, 39, 66–67, 95, 100–101, 108, 140, 181, 193
machinery for, 192
resistance to, 39
in Russian Revolution, 34, 35, 39
trains for, 39
in World War I, 26, 27, 180–81
in World War II, 181, 193, 202, 253
Demnitz, Albert, 175
Denikin, Anton, 33
Denmark, 193, 207
deportations, by Soviets, 110–12, 117, 283
Dessau, 81
diagnosticians, 58, 89
diagnostic tests:
experience in, 57–58
falsification of, 228
for typhus, 30–31, 56, 156–58
Dialogue Concerning Two Chief World Systems (Galileo), 241–42
diarrhea, 100, 187
Dietzsch, Arthur, 199–201, 203–8, 206, 210, 253–55
postwar life of, 282
Ding, Erwin, 6, 11, 79–83, 83, 99, 175, 195, 198, 262, 281
Buchenwald medicine of, 103–5, 200–210, 229, 232, 243–46, 250–51, 262–65
burning of documents by, 258
Habilitation of, 240–41
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br /> Kogon’s importance for, 235–37, 258
name problems of, 82–83, 105, 261
origins of, 80–82
publications of, 104, 208, 240–41
repentance of, 263
results-orientation of, 238–41, 245–46
scientific illiteracy of, 99, 201, 207, 244, 246, 263
as SS doctor, 89, 92–93, 103–5, 191–92, 261–63
as SS spy, 79
suicide of, 263–64, 268
survival instincts of, 235–36, 241, 254–55, 258–59, 262
truth kept from, 244–47
Ding, Heinrich, 81
Ding-Schuler, Erwin, see Ding, Erwin
Ding-Schuler, Irene, 264
diphtheria, 31, 86, 270
disabilities, 207
disease:
infectious forms of, 89–92, 105
metaphors of, 88, 90–91
specificity of, 57
disease demon, 88
disinfection:
of clothes, 33, 35, 67, 100, 139–40, 180, 202, 299
of concentration camp inmates, 100, 193
displaced-person camps, 248, 280
dissection, of lice, 68–69
dog-lung vaccines, 204
dogmatism, 86
Dopheide, Wilhelm, 137–38, 154, 169, 272
doxycycline, 301
Drix, Samuel, 155–56
Durand, Paul, 193
Dybowski, Benedykt, 135
Eastern Europe, 90, 91, 98, 204
Eastern Trade Fair, 48–49, 71, 109
Ebola virus, 17
Effektenkammer, 8, 9
eggs:
typhus research with, 188–89, 224–25
yolk sac vaccines from, 202, 204, 233
Ehrlich, Paul, 55, 94
Eicke, Theodor, 99
Eighth Air Force, U.S., 8
Einsatzkommando, 127–28
Eisenberg, Filip Pincus, 16–17, 19, 19, 30, 36, 170–71
elderly people, patients, 35, 219
Elster, Edward, 139, 168, 169
Elster, Olga, 139, 169
Endeks (Polish National Democratic Party), 74
ends justifying means, 267, 269
entomological research, 224, 248–49
environment vs. germ argument, 89
epidemiology, 42, 192, 295
Eritrea, 95–96
Erlangen, University of, 93
espionage, 192–93, 200, 248, 296–97
industrial program of, 265–66
regarding German science, 265–66
Ethiopia, 95–96, 145, 301
Italian occupation of, 96, 98
typhus vaccination in, 95
Weigl’s visit to, 95, 97–98, 277
ethnic Germans, 15, 120, 134, 149, 153, 165, 220
Ettersberg, 8–9, 99
eugenics, 93, 192
European theater of war, 181
euthanasia program, 138, 268
exanthin reaction, 53, 156
Exodus, 13, 280
extermination, gas for, 3, 193, 218
Eyer, Gertrud, 252–53
Eyer, Hermann, 6, 92–94, 95, 106–8, 133, 152, 175–76, 184, 187–90, 233, 246
accusations against, 277
Catholicism of, 92, 165
humanity of, 152, 163–66, 171, 172–73, 252, 291
Meisel correspondence with, 290–92