by G. J. Meyer
The administration issued: Coffman, War to End, 190.
Gutzon Borglum: Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 127.
Hughes, in reporting his findings: Ibid., 133.
Pershing’s original goal had been: Coffman, War to End, 196.
When the Armistice went: Ibid., 210.
A total of 1,481 aircraft took: Ibid., 207.
Chapter 17: Deadlocked No More
“Every position must be held”: Eisenhower, Yanks, 117.
Doing so cost 143 American: Ibid., 89.
“in windrows almost”: Coffman, War to End, 149.
The Americans returned to Seicheprey: Mead, Doughboys, 226.
“a recruiting agency for”: Lloyd, Hundred Days, 17.
“great responsibilities”: Eisenhower, Yanks, 119.
After weeks of testimony by more: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 237.
by the time it happened American: Coffman, War to End, 158.
“the losses we suffered were”: McEntee, Military History, 526.
“To both friend and foe alike”: Mead, Doughboys, 236.
Britain’s First Army: Barry, Great Influenza, 170.
“Day and night for nearly a month”: Mead, Doughboys, 248.
When the fighting ended on June 26: Coffman, War to End, 221.
Background: Death from a New Direction
It can be accepted as given: Barry, Great Influenza, 91.
In the three weeks following March 4: Collier, Plague, 9.
What was happening was a process: Barry, Great Influenza, 177.
He refused on patriotic grounds: Ibid., 200.
On September 26 the U.S. provost: Collier, Plague, 72.
William Gorgas, the army’s: Barry, Great Influenza, 303.
On some ships new deaths: Ibid., 306.
“altogether a true inferno”: Ibid., 305.
“just as surely played”: Collier, Plague, 74.
“I had a little bird”: Ibid., 75.
They were encountering fierce: Coffman, War to End, 321.
In the 1920s the agreed-upon: Barry, Great Influenza, 396.
It is likewise agreed: Ibid., 397.
Chapter 18: The Tide Turns
Meanwhile the Allies were being reinforced: Coffman, War to End, 227.
“spreading high treason”: Lloyd, Hundred Days, 90.
Ultimately he persuaded: Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 84.
This added thirteen million names: Kennedy, Over Here, 167.
The War Department announced: Ibid., 57.
“The whole country is littered”: Lloyd, Hundred Days, 134.
“were haggard and emaciated”: Ibid., 121.
“Our men seemed to take”: Ibid., 122.
One of McAlexander’s battalions: Eisenhower, Yanks, 159.
“Never have I seen so many dead”: Ibid., 161.
When relieved on the night of July 19: Coffman, War to End, 242.
“battalions looked like companies”: Ibid., 245.
“We had the Americans as neighbors”: Ibid., 246.
“the Americans perished in the”: Mead, Doughboys, 199.
“after their great fight at Belleau”: Ibid., 180.
“assault formations had been”: Ibid., 183.
But by the time of Cantigny: Ibid., 190.
As July ended, there were 54,224: Ibid., 222.
“even heroism such as this could”: Coffman, War to End, 247.
“Our recent companions in arms”: Mead, Doughboys, 265.
By the time the Rainbow Division: Coffman, War to End, 253.
Background: Eggs Loaded with Dynamite
“the most remarkable telegram”: Mead, Doughboys, 276.
“This contains the policy of the”: Ibid., 277.
In it he laid out his reasons for sending: PWW, 48:624.
“no information as to the military”: Mead, Doughboys, 281.
The official toll was vanishingly tiny: Ibid., 393.
Chapter 19: An Army at Last
Progress toward passage: Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 135.
“Politics is adjourned”: MPWW, 1:495.
At least one historian has argued: Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 135.
“drawing special reference”: Ibid., 141.
“I sounded him on another term”: PWW, 49:275.
“Politics is not adjourned”: Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 152.
“disloyal, profane, scurrilous”: Thomas, Unsafe for Democracy, 68.
“the most repressive legislation”: Cooper, Reconsidering, 205.
At his trial, which soon followed: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 253.
“I ask no mercy”: Ibid., 254.
In Lansing, Michigan, an ill-fated: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 251.
“this is a Morgan war”: Kennedy, Over Here, 79.
Senior Justice Department officials: Thomas, Unsafe for Democracy, 283.
By the end of the war, 1,597 people: Nelson, Impact of War, 36.
“the black day of the history”: Brown, Imperial War, 190.
War-weary and threadbare: Coffman, War to End, 248; Mead, Doughboys, 267.
“the General Staff tells me”: Lloyd, Hundred Days, 72.
On August 23, on the floor: Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 210.
“Professional internationalism”: Ibid., 212.
Roosevelt appeared at times: Cooper, Warrior, 329.
“hereafter disloyalists might”: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 223.
More than fifty thousand were taken: Kennedy, Over Here, 166.
“soldiers armed with rifles”: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 231.
Estimates run as high as three: Kennedy, Over Here, 165.
“I must insist”: Eisenhower, Yanks, 187.
The logistics challenge was: Coffman, War to End, 268.
“personal tragedies”: Mead, Doughboys, 289.
“so embittered that they”: Ibid., 280.
Lieutenant Maury Maverick: Eisenhower, Yanks, 196.
Sergeant Harry Adams, when: Mead, Doughboys, 280.
“I made a mistake”: Perret, Old Soldiers, 102.
Background: “A Soldier’s Soldier”
One night a raiding party: Perret, Old Soldiers, 105.
“the bravest man I ever met”: Ibid., 102.
“the days for brigadier generals”: Ibid., 89.
“With us he was a soldier’s soldier”: Lee and Henschel, MacArthur, 36.
(“Out! Get out and stay out!”): Perret, Old Soldiers, 102.
Chapter 20: In at the Kill
The attacking force would include: Mead, Doughboys, 299.
“without regard to losses”: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 272.
The severity of his first order: Ibid., 271.
In the four days ending on September 29: Mead, Doughboys, 299.
The commander of the First Corps: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 271.
More than 70,000 flu victims: Mead, Doughboys, 317.
“there can be no peace obtained”: PWW, 51:127.
House, in the audience as Wilson: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 285.
Miles Poindexter: Ibid., 289.
“Give me Châtillon, MacArthur”: Eisenhower, Yanks, 256.
Captain D. A. Henkes: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 83.
The surviving officers of MacArthur’s: Eisenhower, Yanks, 255.
American casualties had risen to 75,000: Mead, Doughboys, 316.
“No arrangement can be accepted”: Ibid., 327.
“looked forward to proposals”: Lloyd, Hundred Days, 223.
“Fighting means struggling”: IPH, 4:9.
“merely unused”: Coffman, War to End, 340.
“The Americans are particularly”: Mead, Doughboys, 189.
“the pent-up, untapped nervous energy”: Ibid., 180.
All German forces were to retire: Eisenhower, Yanks, 275.
Most distressing to Erzberger: Vincent, Politics of Hunger, 168.
“
The Hun is yelling for peace”: Best, Greatest Day, 141.
“The German Government accepts”: Ibid., 157.
“absolutely no let-up”: Eisenhower, Yanks, 263.
During the morning, officers: Best, Greatest Day, 167.
Henry Gunther: Ibid., 199.
Perhaps a minute: Ibid., 203.
Part Three: Sowing Dragons’ Teeth
Each in its distinct way, the following works shed significantly helpful light on the Paris peace conference of 1919 and the struggle for American ratification of the peace treaty and the League of Nations.
Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace, by Thomas A. Bailey.
Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations, by John Milton Cooper, Jr.
Peacemakers: Six Months That Changed the World, by Margaret MacMillan.
Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy, by William C. Widenor.
Part Three
“A supreme moment of history has come”: PWW, 53:34.
Chapter 21: The World the War Made
“crippled, broken world”: Hochschild, To End All Wars, 347.
Herbert Hoover, put in charge: MacMillan, Peacemakers, 68.
Britain, having stripped herself bare: Tansill, America Goes, 660.
Two million German soldiers were dead: Broadberry and Harrison, Economics, 27.
“I could not bear him”: Rose, King George V, 232.
“as soon as they appear they”: MacMillan, Peacemakers, 66.
“Central Europe is aflame”: Sharp, Versailles, 130.
“indescribable malignity”: Walworth, America’s Moment, 215.
“rows of babies feverish”: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 353.
“I can only describe [the potatoes]”: Vincent, Politics of Hunger, 168.
“making the Hun pay”: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 353.
“the existing blockade”: PWW, 53:40.
“the most remarkable document”: PWW, 63:468.
The commission did not have: PWW, 48:632.
Ultimately there were more than sixty: Bailey, Wilson and Lost Peace, 135.
“the free acceptance [of] the people”: MPWW, 1:502.
“simply loaded with dynamite”: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 319.
Background: Lost?
“That’s what you all are”: Hemingway, Moveable, xx.
“The hell with her lost-generation”: Ibid., 26.
“walked eye-deep in hell”: Matthiessen, Oxford Book, 732.
“glory, honor, courage”: Hemingway, Farewell, xxx.
Chapter 22: Compromise or Betrayal?
“yellow peril”: Devlin, Too Proud, 6.
“we are all brothers”: Berg, Wilson.
“your speech was as great as”: PWW, 43:678.
“Plain people throughout America”: PWW, 55:198.
“Now we will make men free”: PWW, 55:238.
“thrown down the gauntlet”: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 345.
“I never expected to hate”: Widenor, Henry Cabot Lodge, 208.
“no intellectual integrity”: Ibid.
“everything he has done for”: Ibid., 264.
“contemptible”: George and George, Wilson and House, 237.
“fraught with ambiguities”: Widenor, Henry Cabot Lodge, 306.
Article 10 was his sole truly: Cooper, Breaking, 11.
“speaks the conscience”: Link, Wilson: Revolution, 115.
“We must have facts”: Widenor, Henry Cabot Lodge, 294.
“I read [Wilson’s] speeches”: Ibid., 300.
“suggestions that should prove”: PWW, 55:413.
“narrowness”: PWW, 55:413.
Inflation was essentially out of control: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 415.
“Our people…do not want”: MPWW, 1:564.
“He seemed to have aged ten”: George and George, Wilson and House, 240.
“It is now evident that the peace”: IPH, 4:362.
“My main drive now is for peace”: PWW, 55:500.
“side-tracking of the League”: PWW, 55:497.
Mrs. Wilson was aware of this: George and George, Wilson and House, 261.
He wanted the Saar valley: Bailey, Wilson and Lost Peace, 219.
“Germany has been broken”: IPH, 4:163.
“upon the basis of the free”: Bailey, Wilson and Lost Peace, 229.
the president’s lifelong pattern: George and George, Wilson and House, 256.
France was given what: Bailey, Wilson and Lost Peace, 219.
He had the same opinion: Ibid., 216.
“the Prussianized militarism”: Berg, Wilson, 58.
“I am coming to the conclusion”: MacMillan, Peacemakers, 100.
Background: Strange Bedfellows
“offensive to principles”: Zucker, George Norris, 139.
“a sham and a fraud”: Unger, Fighting Bob, 270.
Chapter 23: “Hell’s Dirtiest Work”
“all these small nations are”: PWW, 59:325.
The Allies and Americans between them: MacMillan, Peacemakers, 169.
Nothing of such importance: Bailey, Wilson and Lost Peace, 140.
The British Empire got eight million: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 364.
Even Wilson appears to have been: Bailey, Wilson and Lost Peace, 168.
“outrageous and impossible”: Cooper, Breaking, 96.
“even if Germany signed”: PWW, 60:137.
“You asked us for peace”: MacMillan, Peacemakers, 474.
“shall confess ourselves to be”: Bailey, Wilson and Lost Peace, 289.
“Such a confession in my mouth”: IPH, 4:458.
“The Germans are really”: MacMillan, Peacemakers, 475.
Their translators were pressed: Ibid.
“The unbelievable has happened”: IPH, 4:459.
“this fat volume is quite”: MacMillan, Peacemakers, 475.
“no nation could endure”: Berg, Wilson, 587.
“Those who will sign this treaty”: PWW, 59:305.
“We had such high hopes”: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 382.
Andrew Bonar Law: MacMillan, Peacemakers, 478.
“breach of agreement”: PWW, 59:617.
“in a funk”: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 382.
“the Treaty is not a good one”: PWW, 59:623.
“three all-powerful, all-ignorant”: MacMillan, Peacemakers, 446.
“questions which affect the peace”: MPWW, 2:671.
By 1919 it had three hundred thousand members: Cooper, Breaking, 91.
“Beware of the possible consequences”: Ibid., 104.
“refuses its consent”: PWW, 61:66 note 3.
“without any authority from”: PWW, 60:606.
“is to be understood in the sense”: PWW, 61:72.
Some historians maintain: MacMillan, Peacemakers, 476; Bailey, Wilson and Lost Peace, 249.
“The Allied and Associated”: Bailey, Wilson and Lost Peace, 249.
yielding to overwhelming force: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 386.
“They lack only music and ballet girls”: MacMillan, Peacemakers, 487.
“a feeling of sympathy”: IPH, 4:487.
“to see nothing of the deep pain”: MacMillan, Peacemakers, 487.
“my last conversation”: IPH, 4:489.
“It may be that Wilson might have”: IPH, 4:488.
It has been called the worst atrocity: Barnes, Genesis of War, 559; Ross, Propaganda for War, 47
A newspaper poll indicated: Cooper, Breaking, 112.
“not exactly what we would”: MPWW, 2:698.
“Wilson’s speech was as if”: PWW, 61:445.
“a contraction of the back”: Cooper, Breaking, 120.
The worst would happen in Chicago: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 399.
In the course of 1919, one American: Kennedy, Over Here, 272.
Background: The Palmer Raids
The president knew him
and had: Ackerman, Young J. Edgar, 17.
To this end, Palmer got congressional: Kennedy, Over Here, 311.
“young, militant, progressive”: Ackerman, Young J. Edgar, 20.
“in addition to his recognized ability”: PWW, 55:264.
He ordered the release of nearly half: Ackerman, Young J. Edgar, 20.
Chapter 24: “The Door Is Closed”
“a deformed experiment”: Cooper, Breaking, 134.
“I cannot vote for the treaty”: PWW, 61:565.
When asked if in his opinion: Cooper, Breaking, 140.
His fellow committee members: Ibid., 145.
When Borah of Idaho asked: PWW, 62:339.
“a moral, not a legal obligation”: Widenor, Henry Cabot Lodge, 337.
“but operative in a different way”: Cooper, Breaking, 143.
“curious and childlike casuistry”: Widenor, Henry Cabot Lodge, 338.
“What will your league amount to”: Ibid., 268.
“a disturbingly dull mind”: Berg, Wilson, 618.
“ignorance and disingenuousness”: Cooper, Breaking, 146.
“hard, cold and cruel”: Ibid.
“The president was cordial”: IPH, 4:515.
“I can predict with absolute”: PWW, 63:97.
“There are a great many hyphens”: PWW, 63:140.
“as welcome to the league”: PWW, 63:135.
“I consider that the League”: PWW, 63:337.
“I have made no comment”: PWW, 63:337.
“grave breach of faith”: Cooper, Breaking, 171.
“All the elements that tended toward”: PWW, 63:448.
“I find…that there is”: PWW, 63:501.
“very close to psychosis”: Freud, Thomas Woodrow Wilson, 289.
“I don’t seem to realize it”: Cooper, Breaking, 188.
A quarter of a million steelworkers: Kennedy, Over Here, 274.
“The United States assumes no obligation”: Cooper, Breaking, 226.