gravitational potential energy in, 257–59, 309–13
gravitational waves (gravitons) in, 247–49, 250, 257–61
group theory used in, 288–90, 292–94, 302–3
hadrons in, 294–96, 297, 305
Hawking Radiation in, 249–50
Hawking’s contributions to, 249–50, 256
inclusive processes in, 295–96
infinities problem in, 240–41, 242, 245–46, 251, 283–84, 302, 310–12
inflationary expansion in, 259–60
laws of, 252, 255–57, 270–72, 278–81, 282
lowest-order approximations in, 245–46
machines created with, 265–66, 270–86
mass in, 238–41, 246–47, 249, 250–51, 257–60, 301, 304, 306–7, 309–13
massless particles in, 269, 301, 304
mathematical analysis of, 239–40, 242, 249, 251–53, 257, 260, 280, 288–89, 292–93, 301–2, 306–9, 311
neutrinos in, 298–99
non-observation phenomenon in, 308–9
nuclear democracy in, 291–92, 305–6
observational problems in, 71–73, 249–51, 256, 281, 290–91, 308–9
particles in, 246–47, 250, 257–61, 269, 283–84, 287–301, 304, 305
partons in, 295–96, 298, 299–300
path-integral formalism of, 255–57, 283–84, 309–10
phenomenological approach to, 294–95
photons in, 246–47, 249, 260, 269, 301–2, 303
predictions of reality based on, 252–54
probabilities in, 278–79, 280, 283–84
protons in, 291, 294–95, 297–98, 300, 302, 305, 312
quanta in, 246, 247, 255, 278–81, 285
quantum bits (qubits) in, 283–85
quantum chromodynamics (QCD) compared with, 305–9
quantum electrodynamics (QED) compared with, 180, 200–201, 243, 246–47, 249, 280, 285, 288–89, 300, 301, 302–3, 312; see also quantum electrodynamics (QED)
quarks in, 196, 217, 287–305, 308, 309–10
relativity theory and, 238–41, 243, 246–47, 249, 251
renormalization in, 304–5, 309–10, 311
reversible systems in, 281–83
scalar properities of, 243–44, 297–98, 300, 306–7, 308, 310–11
Schwarzchild radius in, 240–42
singularities in, 250–51
space-time curvature in, 238–39, 241, 246–47, 255–57, 310
spin as factor in, 247–48, 283–84
standard model of, 247, 249–50, 299–300
strangeness (strange particles) in, 196, 200–201, 202, 205–6, 273, 291–92, 305
string theory and, 234, 235, 251–55
strong vs. weak interaction in, 257–58, 288, 293–96, 298–99, 300, 302, 304–7, 309–13
SU(3) symmetry group in, 289–91, 305
symmetries (symmetry transformation) in, 247, 289–91, 301–5
theory of, 247, 249–53, 256–57, 261–62, 293–94, 297, 299–300, 305–13
“theory of everything” (TOE) and, 253–54
thermal radiation in, 250–51
variables in, 255–56, 280–82
virtual particles in, 29, 42, 112–13, 115, 126, 130–31, 133, 137, 154–56, 259–61, 304, 310
Yang-Mills theory of, 301–4, 305, 306, 307
zero energy in, 257–58, 306–7
quantum transmission, 285–86
quarks, 196, 217, 287–305, 308, 309–10
“flavors” of, 305
Rabi, I. I., 119, 128, 129, 142
radiation, energy, 27–28, 33, 35, 173, 247–48 250–251, 281–82, 295–300, 310
radiation resistance, 33
“Radiation Theories of Tomonaga, Schwinger, and Feynman, The” (Dyson), 150–54
radioactivity, 195
radio waves, 27–28, 248
reabsorption, 29–32, 38
reactors, nuclear, 68, 77
“Recent Developments in QED” (Schwinger), 143–44
Reines, Fred, 219–20
relativity, theory of, 6, 18, 19, 27, 40, 60, 69, 97, 99–100, 102, 110–12, 114, 117, 118, 119, 122–23, 125–26, 130, 131, 148, 159, 238–41, 243, 246–47, 249, 251
renormalization, 125, 138–39, 150–51, 197–98, 231, 304–5, 309–10, 311
resistance, electrical, 170–71
rest mass, 125, 126, 151
Retherford, Robert, 121
reversible systems, 281–83
Reviews of Modern Physics, 65, 98–99, 115
Rio de Janeiro, 164–65
RNA, 267
Robertson, Howard, 240
Rochester Conference (1956), 206–7, 209, 211, 213
Rochester Conference (1958), 220–21
rotating shafts, 20
rotons, 185, 187–88
Rutherford, Ernest, 62, 294
Sagan, Carl, 230
Salam, Abdus, 305, 310
samba, 166
Sands, Matthew, 221, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228
satellites, 16, 260–61
scalar properities, 212, 213, 215, 243–44, 297–98, 300, 306–7, 308, 310–11
scalar (S) interaction, 212, 213, 215
scanning-tunnelling microscopes, 269–70
Schrieffer, Robert, 189
Schrödinger, Erwin, 51–52
Schrödinger equation, 19, 51–52, 63, 65, 69, 97, 119–20, 121, 158, 161, 173, 188
Schwartz, Melvin, 222–23
Schwarzchild, Karl, 240–42
Schwarzchild radius, 240–42
Schweber, Sylvan, 87–88, 141
Schwinger, Julian, 94, 122, 123, 125, 128–29, 141–45, 149, 152, 158–59, 196, 202, 229–30, 231, 302–3, 304
scintillating screens, 25–26, 54–58
“sea of negative-energy” electrons (“Dirac sea”), 104–7, 114, 126, 127, 131, 157
second-order differential equations, 86
security codes, 284–85
self-energy, 23–24, 30, 41–42, 111–12, 115–23, 124, 136–39, 137, 150–51, 159
sequencing, genetic, 268
Shelter Island conference (1947), 122–23, 124, 143
Sherman, Richard, 315–16
Shor, Peter, 284
Signal Corps, U.S., 67
sines, 7
singularities, 250–51
SLAC, 293–300, 306, 308
Slater, John, 21
Slotnik, Murray, 155–56
Snell, Willebrord, 9–10
Snell’s Law, 9–12, 10, 12
software, 278
solar energy, 82–85
solar mass, 241, 250
solar system, 16, 83
Sommerfeld, Arnold, 83–84
sonic booms, 91
sound waves, 54, 183–84
Soviet Academy of Sciences, 181
space:
curvature of, 238–39, 241, 246–47, 255–57, 310
Euclidean, 258
flat, 258–60
isotropic, 240
space exploration, xv, 16
“Space-Time Approach to Non-Relativistic Quantum Mechanics, The” (Feynman), 65, 97–99
“Space-Time Approach to Quantum Electrodynamics, A” (Feynman), 140, 147, 157
space-time curvature, 238–39, 241, 246–47, 255–57, 310
special relativity, theory of, 6, 19, 27, 60, 97, 117
spherical mass distribution, 240–41
spin, 24–25, 100–102, 116, 120–21, 128–29, 174–75,
186–88, 190, 209, 210–11, 247–48, 251, 283–84
spin ½ particles, 100–101, 187
spin 2 particles, 247–48, 251
spin down, 24–25, 116, 283–84
spin up, 24–25, 116, 283–84
square of the wave function, 52–53
square roots, 116
Stanford University, 273, 293–300
Star Trek: The Next Generation, 180
State Department, U.S., 165, 181
statistical mechanics, 277
statistics, 185, 277
Steinberger, Jack, 222–23
strangeness (strange particles), 196, 200–201, 202, 205–6, 273, 291–92, 305
strange quarks, 291–92, 305
string theory, 234, 235, 251–55
strong interactions, 194, 201, 204–17, 219, 222–23, 257–58, 288, 293–96, 298–99, 300, 302, 304–7, 309–13
SU(3) symmetry group, 289–91, 305
Sudarshan, E. C. G., 212–14, 216
“sum over paths” approach, 65, 73–74, 97, 99, 117–18, 126–28, 145–46, 153, 176, 178–79, 185, 256–57
supercomputers, 186
superconductivity, 170–72, 179, 188–89, 190, 271
superfluidity, 171–92
superposition, 25
superstring theory, 254–55
Sykes, Christopher, 317
symmetries, quantum, 198–200, 202–11, 215–16, 247, 289–91, 301–5
symmetry transformation, 247, 289–91, 301–5
tau particles, 205–6
temperature, 170–75, 181–88
tensor (T) interaction, 212, 213, 215
tetrahedrons, 199
text miniaturization, 264–67, 272–73
“theory of everything” (TOE), 253–54
“Theory of Positrons, The” (Feynman), 135, 147
“There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” (Feynman), 263–64
thermal energy, 174, 183, 248, 250–51, 275
thermonuclear bomb, 84–85, 194
theta particles, 205–6
Thinking Machines, 277, 316
third-order differential equations, 86
’t Hooft, Gerardus, 304–5
Thouless, David, 192
time:
arrow of, 40–41
in computer processing, 278–79
direction in, xii, 34–35, 38–42, 47–48, 107, 129–40, 144–46, 148–54, 169, 173, 193
Time, 217
Tizsa, László, 185–86
Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro, 148–49
tornadoes, 187
“toy” theories, 148
trajectories, of particles, 48–50, 52–58, 65, 69–70, 73–74, 97, 99, 100–104, 107, 117–18, 126–28, 145–46, 153, 154, 176, 178–79, 185, 193–94, 210–12, 256–57, 309–10
transistors, 272
triangles, 9
Trinity test site, 90–91, 93, 108
truth, scientific, 310–11
tuberculosis, 44, 79–80
Tuck, Helen, 317
two-component neutrino formalism, 215–16
two-dimensional elastic theory, 317
“two fluid” model, 185–86
“Two Men in Search of the Quark” (Edson), 287
two-slit devices, 25–26
“typewriter symbols,” 5
unitary approaches, 145, 178–79
universal computing systems, 281–82
universe:
dimensions of, 251–54
evolution of, 256–58
expansion of, 239–40, 257–60
up quarks, 291–92, 305
uranium, 66, 68, 77, 84, 86, 90
uranium 235, 66, 86, 90
uranium 238, 66
vacuum, 104–5
vacuum polarization, 113–15, 136–40, 137, 150–51, 156–57, 159
variables, 188–89, 255–56, 280–82
V-A (vector-axial vector) interaction, 212–16, 292
vector (V) interaction, 212–16, 292
Veltman, Martinus, 304–5
Venter, Craig, 269
virtual particles, 29, 42, 112–13, 115, 126, 130–31, 133, 137, 154–56, 259–61, 304, 310
viscosity, 181–82
vision, 226
von Neumann, John, 39, 71, 86
vortex lines, 187–88, 189–90
Walker, Arthur, 240
Warner Brothers, 228
wave functions, 52–56, 70, 117–20, 173, 182–84, 185, 188–89
wave-particle duality, 10–12, 24, 52–56
weak interactions, 194, 201, 204–17, 219, 222–23, 257–58, 288, 293–96, 298–99, 300, 302, 304–7, 309–13
Weinberg, Steven, 219, 246, 249, 304–5, 310
Weisskopf, Victor, 124, 125, 128, 143, 235
Welton, Ted, 17, 18–20, 88, 99, 211, 317
Weyl, Herman, 105–6
What Do You Care What Other People Think? (Feynman), 45
Wheeler, John Archibald, 22, 32–35, 36, 37–40, 41, 42, 45, 48–50, 59, 68–69, 74, 77, 81, 82, 113, 122, 131, 140
Wigner, Eugene, 22, 39–40, 61, 68–69, 76
Wilczek, Frank, 306–7, 312, 319
William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition, 21–22
Wilson, Kenneth, 310
Wilson, Robert, 66, 67, 96
Wolfram, Stephen, 278, 318
World War II, 66, 67, 77–80
wormholes, 256
Wu, Chien-Shiung, 208
Yale University, 196, 266
Yang, Chen Ning “Frank,” 207–9, 211, 212, 301–4, 305, 306, 307, 309
Yang-Mills theory, 301–4, 305, 306, 307
Zel’dovich, Yakov, 259
zero energy, 102–3, 118, 257–58, 306–7
zero mass, 269, 301, 304
zero-order predictions, 102–3, 118
zero temperature, 170, 174–75, 185–86
Zweig, George, 292–93, 295
More praise for Quantum Man
“A worthy addition to the Feynman shelf and a welcome follow-up to the standard-bearer, James Gleick’s Genius.”
—Kirkus Reviews
“Enlightening.”
—George Johnson, New York Times
“Entertaining and masterly. A great read.”
—Brian Greene, author of The Elegant Universe
“Such a charismatic figure deserves a charismatic, knowledgeable, and literate physicist as his warts-and-all biographer. Lawrence Krauss fits the bill admirably and rises to the challenge with style, panache, and deep understanding.”
—Richard Dawkins, author of The God Delusion
“Krauss’s wonderful biography puts Feynman’s remarkable contributions to science front and center, accessibly, in the context of his life and times. Feynman would approve.”
—Frank Wilczek, MIT, Nobel Laureate in Physics
“Highly recommended for readers who want to get to know one of the preeminent scientists of the 20th century.”
—Publishers Weekly
“A rich and entertaining biography.”
—Dan Falk,
New Scientist
“If your interest is in Feynman the physicist, [Quantum Man] is an excellent place to start.”
—Jon Turney,
Times Higher Education
“An enlightening addition to the field.”
—George Johnson,
The Scotsman
Copyright © 2011 by Lawrence M. Krauss
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First published as a Norton paperback 2012
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Krauss, Lawrence Maxwell.
Quantum man : Richard Feynman’s life in science /
Lawrence M. Krauss. — 1st ed.
p. cm. — (Great discoveries)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-393-06471-1 (hardcover)
1. Feynman, Richard P. (Richard Phillips), 1918–1988.
2. Physicists—United States—Biography. I. Title. II. Series.
QC16.F49K73 2011
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[B]
2010045512
ISBN 978-0-393-34065-5 pbk.
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Quantum Man: Richard Feynman's Life in Science Page 31