Donner, Fred M. “Muhammad and the Caliphate: Political History of the Islamic Empire up to the Mongol Conquest.” In The Oxford History of Islam, edited by John Esposito, pp. 1–61. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Doron, Gideon, and Michael Harris. Public Policy and Electoral Reform: The Case of Israel. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2000.
Dorr, Steven R. “Democratization in the Middle East.” In Global Transformation and the Third World, edited by Robert Slater, Barry Shutz, and Steven Dorr, pp. 131–57. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1993.
Dorraj, Manochehr. “State, Petroleum, and Democratization in the Middle East and North Africa.” In The Changing Political Economy of the Third World, edited by Manochehr Dorraj, pp. 119–43. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995.
Downing, Theodore, and McGuire Gibson, eds. Irrigation’s Impact on Society. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1974.
Drake, Christine. “Water Resource Conflicts in the Middle East.” Journal of Geography 96 (January 1997): 4–12.
Drysdale, Alasdair, and Gerald Blake. The Middle East and North Africa: A Political Geography. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Dumont, Paul. “The Origins of the Kemalist Ideology.” In Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey, edited by Jacob Landau, pp. 25–44. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984.
Dunn, Michael Collins. “The Al-Nahda Movement in Tunisia: From Renaissance to Revolution.” In Islamism and Secularism in North Africa, edited by John Ruedy, pp. 149–65. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994.
Dunne, Michele, and Amr Hamzawy. “The Ups and Downs of Political Reform in Egypt.” In Beyond the Façade: Political Reform in the Arab World, edited by Marina Ottaway and Julia Choucair-Vizoco, pp. 17–43. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2008.
Ehteshami, Anoushiravan. After Khomeini: The Iranian Second Republic. London: Routledge, 1995.
———. Globalization and Geopolitics in the Middle East: Old Games, New Rules. London: Routledge, 2007.
———. “Iran and Its Immediate Neighbourhood.” In Iran’s Foreign Policy from Khatami to Ahmadinejad, edited by Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Mahjoob Zweiri, pp. 129–39. London: Ithaca Press, 2008.
Eickelman, Eric. “Bin Laden, the Arab ‘Street,’ and the Middle East’s Democracy Deficit.” Current History 101 (January 2002): 36–39.
Eisenstadt, S. N. “The Kemalist Regime and Modernization: Some Comparative and Analytical Remarks.” In Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey, edited by Jacob Landau, pp. 3–15. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984.
Eley, Geoff, and Ronald Grigor Suny, eds. Becoming National: A Reader. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Elon, Amos. The Israelis: Founders and Sons. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1971.
el-Enany, Rasheed. Naguib Mahfouz: The Pursuit of Meaning. London: Routledge, 1993.
Esposito, John. The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
———, ed. The Oxford History of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
———. Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Esposito, John E., and John O. Voll. Islam and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
———. Makers of Contemporary Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Etzioni-Halvey, Eva. “Civil-Military Relations and Democracy: The Case of the Military-Political Elites’ Connection in Israel.” Armed Forces and Society 22 (Spring 1996): 401–17.
Euromonitor. Middle East Economic Handbook. London: Euromonitor, 1986.
European Conference on Street Children Worldwide. Street Children in North and South: A Comparative Summary. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute, 1996.
Evans, Peter. Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.
Evin, Ahmet. “Demilitarization and Civilianization of the Regime.” In Politics in the Third Turkish Republic, edited by Metin Heper and Ahmet Evin, pp. 23–48. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994.
Fagen, Patricia Weiss. Iraqi Refugees: Seeking Stability in Syria and Jordan. Occasional paper, Georgetown University, School of Foreign Service in Qatar, Center for International and Regional Studies, 2009.
Fairbanks, Stephen. “Theocracy versus Democracy: Iran Considers Political Parties.” Middle East Journal 52 (Winter 1998): 17–31.
Falk, Richard. “International Law and the Al-Aqsa Intifada.” Middle East Report 30 (Winter 2000): 16–18.
Farouk-Sluglett, Marion, and Peter Sluglett. “The Iraqi Bath Party.” In Political Parties in the Third World, edited by Vicky Randall, pp. 57–74. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1988.
Farsoun, Samih K., and Christina E. Zacharia. Palestine and the Palestinians. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997.
Fecci, JoMarie. “The Al-Aqsa Intifada: The Unseen Consequences of Violence on Palestinian Women and Children.” Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, January/February 2000, pp. 9–11.
Fernández-Armesto, Felipe. Sadat and His Statecraft. London: Kensal, 1982.
Field, Michael. The Merchants: The Big Business Families of Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, 1985.
Filiu, Jean-Pierre. The Arab Revolution: Ten Lessons from the Democratic Uprising. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Findley, Paul. They Dare to Speak Out: People and Institutions Confront Israel’s Lobby. Chicago: Lawrence Hill, 1989.
Finkelstein, Norman. “Securing Occupation: The Real Meaning of the Wye River Memorandum.” New Left Review, no. 232 (1998): 128–39.
Flapan, Simha. The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities. New York: Pantheon Books, 1987.
Floor, Willem. Safavid Government Institutions. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda, 2001.
Fraser, T. G. The Arab-Israeli Conflict. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995.
Freedman, Lawrence, and Efraim Karsh. The Gulf Conflict, 1990–1991: Diplomacy and War in the New World Order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.
Freiberger, Steven. Dawn over Suez: The Rise of American Power in the Middle East, 1953–1957. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1992.
Friedman, Norman. Desert Victory: The War for Kuwait. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1991.
Friedman, Thomas. From Beirut to Jerusalem. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1989.
Frisch, Hillel. Countdown to Statehood: Palestinian State Formation in the West Bank and Gaza. Albany: SUNY Press, 1998.
Fukuyama, Francis. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Avon Books, 1992.
Gandhi, Jennifer. Political Institutions under Dictatorships. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Gause, F. Gregory. Oil Monarchies: Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab Gulf States. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994.
———. “Regional Influences on Experiments in Political Liberalization in the Arab World.” In Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World, vol. 1, Theoretical Perspectives, edited by Rex Brynen, Bahgat Korany, and Paul Noble, pp. 283–306. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995.
Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983.
Gerner, Deborah. One Land, Two Peoples: The Conflict over Palestine. 2nd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994.
Ghadbian, Najib. Democratization and the Islamist Challenge in the Arab World. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997.
Ghods, M. Reza. Iran in the Twentieth Century: A Political History. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1989.
Gillespie, Kate, and Gwenn Okruhlik. “Cleaning Up Corruption in the Middle East.” Middle East Journal 42 (Winter 1988): 59–82.
Gisolo, Enrico. “The Degree of Central Bank Independence in MENA Countries.” In Monetary Policy and Central Banking in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by David Cobhan and Ghassan Dibeh, pp. 27–65. London: Routledge, 2009.
El-Glaoui, Halima. “Contributing to a C
ulture of Debate in Morocco.” Journal of Democracy 10 (January 1999): 157–65.
Goldberg, Ellis Jay, ed. The Social History of Labor in the Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996.
Goldschmidt, Arthur, Jr. A Concise History of the Middle East. 6th ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999.
Goldstone, Jack, ed. Revolutions: Theoretical, Comparative, and Historical Studies. 2nd ed. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1994.
———. “Understanding the Revolutions of 2011: Weakness and Resilience in Middle Eastern Autocracies.” In The New Arab Revolt, edited by Council on Foreign Relations, pp. 329–43. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2011.
Goode, James. The United States and Iran, 1946–51: The Diplomacy of Neglect. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989.
Goodwin, Jeff, and Theda Skocpol. “Explaining Revolutions in the Contemporary Third World.” Politics and Society 17 (1989): 489–509.
Gordon, Joel. Nasser’s Blessed Movement: Egypt’s Free Officers and the July Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Gorny, Yosef. The State of Israel in Jewish Public Thought: The Quest for Collective Identity. New York: NYU Press, 1994.
Graff, James A., and Mohamed Abdollel. Palestinian Children and Israeli State Violence. Toronto: Near East Cultural and Educational Foundation of Canada, 1991.
Graves, Philip. Memoirs of King Abdullah of Transjordan. London: Jonathan Cape, 1951.
Greenstein, Ran. Genealogies of Conflict: Class, Identity, and the State in Palestine/Israel and South Africa. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press, 1995.
Guibernau, Montserrat. Nationalisms: The Nation-State and Nationalism in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996.
Guyatt, Nicholas. The Absence of Peace: Understanding the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. London: Zed Books, 1998.
Haggard, Stephen, and Robert R. Kaufman. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.
Hahn, Lorna. North Africa, Nationalism to Nationhood. Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1960.
Haim, Sylvia, ed. Arab Nationalism: An Anthology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962.
Haim, Yehoyada. Abandonment of Illusions: Zionist Political Attitudes toward Palestinian Arab Nationalism, 1936–1939. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1983.
Hale, Sandra. “Gender and Health: Abortion in Urban Egypt.” In Population, Poverty, and Politics in Middle East Cities, edited by Michael Bonine, pp. 208–34. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997.
Halliday, Fred. Islam and the Myth of Confrontation: Religion and Politics in the Middle East. London: I. B. Tauris, 1996.
Halliday, Fred, and Hamza Alavi, eds. State and Ideology in the Middle East and Pakistan. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.
Halper, Jeff. On the Policy of House Demolition by the Israeli Army in the West Bank. Hebron: Israel Committee against House Demolitions, 1998.
Hamid, Mohamed. The Politicization of Islam: A Case Study of Tunisia. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998.
Hammami, Rema, and Salim Tamari. “The Second Uprising: End or New Beginning?” Journal of Palestine Studies 30 (Winter 2001): 5–25.
Hamzawy, Amr. “The Saudi Labyrinth: Is There a Political Opening?” In Beyond the Façade: Political Reform in the Arab World, edited by Marina Ottaway and Julia Choucair-Vizoco, pp. 187–210. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2008.
Haneda, Masashi. “The Character of the Urbanization of Isfahan in the Later Safavid Period.” In Safavid Persia, edited by Charles Melville, pp. 369–87. London: I. B. Tauris, 1996.
Hanieh, Akram. “The Camp David Papers.” Journal of Palestine Studies 30 (Winter 2001): 75–97.
Harik, Iliya. “The Origins of the Arab State System.” In The Foundations of the Arab State, edited by Ghassan Salame, pp. 19–46. London: Croom Helm, 1987.
———. “Privatization and Development in Tunisia.” In Privatization and Liberalization in the Middle East, edited by Iliya Harik and Denis J. Sullivan, pp. 210–31. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.
———. “Privatization: The Issues, the Prospects, and the Fears.” In Privatization and Liberalization in the Middle East, edited by Iliya Harik and Denis Sullivan, pp. 1–23. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.
Harik, Iliya, and Denis Sullivan, eds. Privatization and Liberalization in the Middle East. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.
Harik, Judith Palmer. “Democracy (Again) Derailed: Lebanon’s Taʾif Paradox.” In Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World, vol. 2, Comparative Experiences, edited by Rex Brynen, Bahgat Korany, and Paul Noble. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1998.
Hasou, Tawfiq Y. The Struggle for the Arab World: Egypt’s Nasser and the Arab League. London: KPI, 1985.
Hass, Amira. Drinking the Sea at Gaza: Days and Nights in a Land under Siege. New York: Henry Holt, 1999.
Hatem, Mervat. “Egypt’s Middle Class in Crisis: The Sexual Division of Labor.” Middle East Journal 42, no. 3 (1988): 407–22.
Heisbourg, François. “A Work in Progress: The Bush Doctrine and Its Consequences.” Washington Quarterly 26 (Spring 2003): 75–88.
Held, Colbert C. Middle East Patterns: Places, Peoples, and Politics. 2nd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994.
Heller, Joseph. The Birth of Israel: Ben-Gurion and His Critics. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000.
Henderson, Simon. Instant Empire: Saddam Hussein’s Ambition for Iraq. San Francisco: Mercury House, 1991.
Henry, Clement Moore. Politics in North Africa: Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. Boston: Little, Brown, 1970.
Herf, Jeffrey. “What Is Old and What Is New in the Terrorism of Islamic Fundamentalism?” Partisan Review 69, no. 1 (2002): 25–31.
Hermassi, Elbaki. Leadership and National Development in North Africa: A Comparative Study. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.
Herrmann, Richard K., and R. William Ayres. “The New Geo-politics of the Gulf: Forces for Change and Stability.” In The Persian Gulf at the Millennium: Essays in Politics, Economy, Security, and Religion, edited by Gary G. Sick and Lawrence G. Potter, pp. 31–60. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997.
Hertzberg, Arthur, ed. The Zionist Idea: A Historical Analysis and Reader. New York: Atheneum, 1959.
Heydemann, Steven. “Social Pacts and the Persistence of Authoritarianism in the Middle East.” In Debating Arab Authoritarianism: Dynamics and Durability in Nondemocratic Regimes, edited by Oliver Schlumberger, pp. 21–38. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007.
Higgins, Patricia. “Minority-State Relations in Contemporary Iran.” In The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan, edited by Ali Banuazizi and Myron Weiner, pp. 167–97. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1986.
Hillmann, Michael C., ed. Iranian Society: An Anthology of Writings by Jalal Al-e Ahmad. Lexington, KY: Mazda, 1982.
Hinnebusch, Raymond. Egyptian Politics under Sadat: The Post-populist Development of an Authoritarian-Modernizing State. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
———. “The Middle East Regional System.” In The Foreign Policies of Middle East States, edited by Raymond Hinnebusch and Anoushiravan Ehteshami, pp. 29–53. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2002.
———. “State and Civil Society in Syria.” Middle East Journal 47, no. 2 (1993): 243–59.
Hiro, Dilip. Desert Shield to Desert Storm: The Second Gulf War. New York: Routledge, 1992.
———. Iran under the Ayatollahs. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985.
———. The Longest War: The Iran-Iraq Military Conflict. New York: Routledge, Chapman, and Hall, 1991.
———. “The Rise of Hamas: (1) Israel’s Nemesis.” Middle East International, no. 562 (November 7, 1997): 17–18.
———. “The Rise of Hamas: (2) In the Driving Seat.” Middle East International, no. 563 (November 21, 1997): 19–20.
——�
��. Sharing the Promised Land: A Tale of Israelis and Palestinians. New York: Olive Branch Press, 1999.
Hirst, David, and Irene Beeson. Sadat. London: Faber and Faber, 1981.
Hodgson, Marshall G. S. The Venture of Islam. Vol. 1. The Classical Age of Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.
Hofstadter, Dan, ed. Egypt and Nasser. Vol. 2. 1957–66. New York: Facts on File, 1973.
Horowitz, Craig. “A Tale of Two Cities.” New York, April 7, 1997, pp. 34–39, 72.
Hourani, Albert. A History of the Arab Peoples. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1991.
Human Rights Watch. Fatal Strikes: Israel’s Indiscriminate Attacks against Civilians in Lebanon. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2006.
Humphreys, R. Stephen. Between Memory and Desire: The Middle East in a Troubled Age. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
Hunter, Brian, ed. The Statesman’s Yearbook, 1993–94. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993.
Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996.
———. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968.
———. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.
Hurewitz, J. C. Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East: A Documentary Record. Vol. 1. 1535–1914. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1956.
———. Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East: A Documentary Record. Vol. 2. 1914–1956. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1956.
Hutchinson, John, and Anthony Smith, eds. Nationalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Hutchison, Kevin Don. Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm: Chronology and Factbook. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1995.
Ibrahim, Saad Eddin. “Crises, Elites, and Democratization in the Arab World.” Middle East Journal 47, no. 2 (1993): 292–305.
———. “Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World: An Overview.” In Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World, vol. 1, Theoretical Perspectives, edited by Rex Brynen, Bahgat Korany, and Paul Noble, pp. 29–57. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995.
The Modern Middle East - A Political History Since World War I (Third Edition) Page 64