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Index
Abbas, Mahmoud (PNA president), 338, 341
Abbas, Shah (r. 1588–1629), 29–30
Abbasids, 19–23, 33
Abd al-Rahman I, 19
Abdel Aziz ibn Abd el-Rahman (Ibn Saud), 62–66, 236, 415n77
Abdullah, Saudi King, 343
Abdullah, son of Sharif Hussein ibn Ali (Transjordan), 42, 46, 71, 84, 412n14
Abdullah II (b. 1962), King Hussein’s son, 236–39
Abdulmejid (1839–76), 25
abortion, 389
Abu Bakr (632–34), 18
accommodationists: Palestinian-Israeli conflict, 324–26; state-ulama, 256
Achemenids, 10
Adelson, Roger, 37
Adl wal-Ihsan (Justice and Welfare Party) Morocco, 260, 280
Adonis (Ali Ahmad Said), 257, 450n37
Afghanistan, 404; “Afghan Arabs,” 199–200; Ghalzai Afghans, 30; King Amanullah, 414n47; Mujahedeen guerrillas, 199–200; postinvasion, 406; Soviet invasion (1979), 159, 170, 199–200; Taliban, 196, 200, 201, 261; U.S. Operation Enduring Freedom, 196–207, 336, 342, 404; veil prohibitions, 414n47
Aflaq, Michel, 90, 107, 173
Africa: Ethiopia water, 402–3; Jews from, 303; Mabuto’s Zaire, 217; newly independent nations, 70; population data, 388, 389; rentierism, 359, 363; revolutions, 139; U.S. targets attacked in, 195, 200. See also North Africa
age: marriage, 389; population by, 393, 395table. See also children; youth
agriculture, 6, 11, 348, 353–55; Arab Israeli, 245–46; domesticated animals, 11, 407n6; Egypt, 94–95, 353–54, 369, 402–3; Iran, 58–59, 60; Israeli-Occupied Territories, 323; Italians in Libya, 50; pollution from, 400–401; population and, 394; Saudi, 6, 63, 354; Turkey, 348; water sources, 12, 33, 400, 402
Aherdane, Mahjoub, 253
Ahmad, Imam (Yemen), 114
Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 165–68, 224–26, 225fig
Ahmad Shah (Qajar king), 31, 56–57
aid: Soviet, 55, 96, 122–23, 128–29; U.S., 111, 131, 144, 146, 186, 1
97–98, 339, 432n60, 433n61. See also foreign capital; loans
airlifts, 1973 war, 129, 131, 424n59
airline violence: hijackings, 124; Iranian jetliner shot down (1988), 181, 430n27; September 11, 2001, 172, 190, 194–96, 200–204, 261
air pollution, 388, 397–99
Ajami, Fouad, 1, 122, 196, 219, 255, 265
Akkadians, 9
Al-Aqsa intifada (2000), 193, 313, 316, 317, 323, 332–36, 452n54
Al-Aqsa Mosque, 333
Alawis, Syria, 228, 269
Al-Azhar, Egypt, 256, 258
Albright, Madeleine, 332
Al-e Ahmad, Jalal, 151–52
Alexander the Great, 10
Alexandretta, Turkey, 51
Algeria, 1, 190; and Arabism, 106, 228; assimilation by French, 48, 65, 99–100, 102–3, 228; associations, 284; border conflict with Morocco, 116; Boumedienne, 100, 219; Bouteflika, 220, 222, 270, 271, 282; bureaucratic dictatorship, 219; civil war (1990s), 191, 220–22, 282, 368, 382; cultural legitimation, 279; and democracy, 222, 282; economic development, 219, 351, 355, 357, 359; exclusionary/mukhaberat/praetorian state, 214–22, 280; French in, 3, 38, 47–49, 49fig, 65, 98–103, 116, 218; human rights abuses by French, 49, 102–3; inclusionary state, 215, 223; independence, 100, 103, 104, 218; Iranian hostage crisis go-between, 160; Islamists, 266; languages, 3; leaders, 100, 114, 219–21, 282; liberalization, 282; military, 220–22, 270–71, 368, 369; multinational corporations, 261; and Nasser, 96, 106, 116, 218; national charter, 281–82; nationalism, 73, 96, 100–106, 116; oil-based rentierism, 359, 362; Ottomans, 23, 47, 50; political opposition, 221–22, 250–51, 253, 259; “presidential monarchy,” 269; revolution, 100, 103–4, 116, 140; socialist state, 219; urban populations, 12, 396, 408n14; women (1880s), 49fig. See also Algerian political parties
Algerian political parties: Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), 221–22, 251, 260, 280, 282; National Liberation Front/Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), 96, 100, 103, 105–6, 219, 250–51
Al Haq, 272
Ali (656–61), 18–19
aliya: European Jewry to Israel, 303; European Jewry to Palestine, 74, 76–77, 76table, 88, 300, 301
Al-Nahda, Tunisia, 217, 222, 251, 259, 282, 437n32
Al-Jazeera, 189fig, 198, 267, 292, 382
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