"panic reaction": W. Heisenberg's interview with Der Spiegel, 3 July 1967, quoted in Powers, Heisenberg's War, p. 112.
"Perhaps . . . related to it": Quoted in D. Cassidy, Uncertainty—The Life and Science of Werner Heisenberg, p. 436.
Houtermans's findings . . . with uranium": All quotes in these three paragraphs are from W. Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond, pp. 180—82 .
"A feeling unobserved": Quoted in Cassidy, Uncertainty, p. 440.
Despite . . . walked out: The quotes in this paragraph are from Moore, Niels Bohr, p. 218.
"spoke Russia"; "how important the war"; "a good development"; "because .govern themselves": Quoted in A. Pais, Niels Bohr's Times, p. 483.
"a background . Denmark": Draft letter from N. Bohr to W Heisenberg (never sent), 1957 or 1958, Niels Bohr Archive.
Heisenberg provided . . . but could not: Quotes in these two paragraphs are from W. Heisenberg's letter to R. Jungk, quoted in Jungk, Brighter Than a Thousand Suns, pp. 103-4.
"a tremendous . . . effort"; "advise . . . conflict": W. Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond, p. 182.
"hostile": Margrethe Bohr quoted in S. Goudsmit's letter to A. Hermann, 18 October 1946, Goudsmit Papers, folder 100, box 11, AIP.
"hope and belief": Letter from R. Ladenburg to S. Goudsmit, 23 October 1946, Goudsmit Papers, folder 138, box 14, AIP.
Nearly a decade later . . . atomic weapons": All quotes in these two paragraphs are from the draft letter from N. Bohr to W. Heisenberg (never sent), 1957 or 1958, Niels Bohr Archive.
"fondest greetings . . . happy years": Draft letter from N. Bohr to W Heisenberg (never sent), 30 November 1961, Niels Bohr Archive.
"I have great dangers": Handwritten note (undated) from N. Bohr to W Heisenberg (never sent), Niels Bohr Archive.
"what purpose lay . . . behind": Draft letter from N. Bohr to W Heisenberg (undated), Niels Bohr Archive.
"quite incomprehensible"; "that German physicists . . . they could": Ibid.
"less to tell... did not": Quoted in the New York Review of Books, 17 December, 1964.
"concerning than we": Quoted in Cassidy, Uncertainty, p. 442.
"We hoped . . . on a bomb": 5.-F. von Weizsacker's letter to the author of 1 o December 20 02 .
"saw . this idea": E. Heisenberg, Inner Exile, p. 79.
"Asfar . . . on London?'": Hans Bethe's contribution to the Niels Bohr Centenary Volume, p. 233.
"was clearly reactor": Quoted in J. Bernstein, Hans Bethe, Prophet of Energy, p. 77.
"It was misunderstanding": Author interview with Bethe, 28 April 2002.
"Bohr mumbled": Ibid.
"they seem Bohr": Quoted in Bernstein, Hitler's Uranium Club, p. 1 cc.
"Undoubtedly towards them": A. Bohr's interview with BBC on 16 January 1965, for the program "The Building of the Bomb."
"He said Nazis"; "unbelievable naive": Quoted in Bernstein, Hans Bethe, pp. 74—75.
"entirely filled . . . victory": L. Meitner's letter of 26 to P. Scherrer of 26 June 194c, CCC/LM.
"It was a mistake": L. Meitner's letter to M. von Laue of 20 April 1942, CCC/LM.
"I have often wondered nothing about": M. von Laue's letter to L. Meitner of 26 April 1942, CCC/LM.
Thirteen. 'We'll Wipe thefaps Out of the Maps"
"a specious about it": Quoted in Gowing, Britain and Atomic Energy, p. 109.
"I need . . . this matter": W Churchill's note to F.D. Roosevelt of December 1941, PREM/3/139/8A, PRO.
"God's butler": Goldschmidt, Atomic Rivals, p. 129.
"disturbed . . . enemy": Note of a meeting of 27 November 1941, PREM/3/139/8A, PRO.
"in this ballet . . . advisers"; "imbued superiority": Goldschmidt, Atomic Rivals, p. 133.
"radiated . . .first two": Bush and Conant files, OSRD, record group 227, M 1932, NARA.
"of superlative destructure power"; "hardly . . . 100 kg"; "be as important . . . itself"; "in significant quantity .years"; "adequate care program": The third report of the National Academy of Sciences committee is contained in Bush-Conant files, OSRD, record group 227, M 1392,NARA.
"We'll wipe . . . maps": L. Fermi, Atoms in the Family, p. 173.
"thefruits quickly": D. Kurzman, Day of the Bomb, p. 93.
"saving . . foreigners"; "the iron . . .Japan": Material in the possession of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum.
"Isawa Singapore": Quoted in J. Hersey, Hiroshima, p. 12.
"missed bells": Author's interview with Takeko Kagawa, Hiroshima, April 2004.
"only future": Quoted in Bernstein, Hitler's Uranium Club, p. xxvii.
"Pure force"; "Through force": Quoted in Irving, The Virus House, p. 99.
"I received . . . everybody": Joseph Goebbels diary for 21 March 1942, Diaries 1941—43, p. 96.
"by no means encouraging"; "the technical prerequisites . . . support": A. Speer, Inside the Third Reich, p. 226.
"ridiculously tiny": Interview given by A. Speer to Der Spiegel, 3 July, 1967.
"no orders decision"; "As a result... period": W. Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond, p. 183.
Fourteen. "V.B.OK"
"V. B. OK"; "I think . . . safe": Bush-Conant files, OSRD, record group 227, M 1392, NARA.
"the whole matter Department": Letter from Bush to Roosevelt, 9 March 1942, ibid.
Groves was about to become . . . soldiers": All quotes in these two paragraphs are from L. R. Groves, Now It Can Be Told, pp. 3—5.
"Ifear soup": Ibid., p. 20.
"very keen mind": Quoted in R. S. Norris, Racing for the Bomb—General Leslie R. Groves, the Manhattan Project's Indispensable Man, p. 89.
aThis is . budge": Ibid., p. 53.
"that it involved doing.": Groves, Now It Can Be Told, p. 21.
"It was . . . wagon": Ibid., p. 28.
"simple and direct"; fast, positive decisions": Ibid.
"an even greater venture Columbus": Ibid., p. 38.
"Doyou know . . . making bombs": Article by P. Morrison, Scientific American, August 1985.
Groves, who would have been horrified . all routes: All quotes in these two paragraphs are from Groves, Now It Can Be Told, pp. 39—41.
"that scientists me"; "Who cares?": Quoted in Ermenc, Atomic Bomb Scientists, p. 47.
"atomic physics science": Groves, Now It Can Be Told, p. xiii.
"There is wouldn't it?": Quoted in S. Groueff, Manhattan Project, p. 35.
"the unique array assistance": Groves, Now It Can Be Told, p. 46.
"My reputation project": Quoted in Teller, Memoirs, p. 204.
"they were capability": Groves, Now It Can Be Told, p. 47.
"the entirely unpredictable involved": Ibid., p. gy.
"the Italian . New World"; "How did he find the natives?"; "Veryfriendly": L. Fermi, Atoms in the Family, p. 198.
It was straw covering: The source for these two paragraphs is E. Fermi's account in the Chicago Sun-Times on 23 November 19C2 for the first of a series titled The Atom and You.
"about the possible danger catastrophic": Groves, Now It Can Be Told, p. 69.
"dogs that did not bark": Quoted in Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, p. 78.
"to realise bomb": Quoted in ibid., p. 88.
Fifteen. "The Best Coup"
"The Best Coup": British war cabinet report on SOE activities, May 194c, PREM/3/139/4, PRO.
"we have just . . . be ready": Compton's letter to Bush of 22 June 1942, Industrial and Social Branch, OSRD, S-1, NARA.
"a hard blow": Quoted in K. Haukelid, Skis Against the Atom, p. 6.
"a somewhat possible way": Quoted in Kurzman, Blood and Water, p. 139.
"astonishingly small": Haukelid, Skis Against the Atom, p. 112.
"the English bandits this war": Quoted in ibid., p. 162.
Sixteen. Beautiful and Savage Country
"This is the place": E. McMillan quoted in Kimball-Smith and Weiner, eds., Robert Oppenheimer—Letters and Reflections, p. 236.
"a lovely spot": Letter from R. Oppenheimer to J. H. Manley, 6 Novem
ber 1942, printed in ibid.
"Oppenheimer Groves": Author's interview with Bethe, 28 April 2002.
"playing . . . United States": Memo from P. de Silva to B. Pash of 2 September 1943, quoted in Norris, Racing for the Bomb, p. 268.
"his potential... security risk"; "He is project": Groves, Now It Can Be Told, p. 63.
"Oppenheimer lieutenant colonel": Author's interview with Bethe, 28 April 2002.
"came to us pointless": Ibid.
"as raw as a new scar": Eleanor Jette quoted in P. B. Hales, Atomic Spaces, p. 72.
"two achieved": Groves, Now It Can Be Told, p. 157.
"thefission . . . doing it": Bernstein, Hans Beth, p. 73.
Much of the project's success . . . electronic": The quotes in this paragraph come from the author's interview with Bethe, 28 April 2002.
"I was Bethe": Teller, Memoirs, p. 177.
"little bricks"; "work that is detailed": Ibid., p. 176.
"jutted intensity": L. Fermi, Atoms in the Family, p. 218.
"marked friendship": Teller, Memoirs, p. 178.
"Sergeant captain": Quoted in Groves, Now It Can Be Told, p. 161.
The trip . . . disturbing echoes: Quotes in these two paragraphs are from Ruth Marshak and Eleanor Jette, in Hales, Atomic Spaces, pp. 71—72.
"self-reliance stubbornness": L. Fermi, Atoms in the Family, p. 229.
"No course": Peierls, Bird of Passage, p. 193.
"Apparently records": Groves, Now It Can Be Told, p. 166.
"when the dog owners . . . go free": Quoted in L. Badash, J. O. Hirschfelder, and H. P. Broida, eds., Reminiscences of Los Alamos, 1943—45, p. 93.
"it became uncertain living in it": L. Fermi, Atoms in the Family, p. 230.
"The isolation square dancing": Segre, Enrico Fermi, p. 139.
"the utterly enchanting landscape": Author's interview with P. Morrison, 30 September 2002 .
"a wonderful... New Yorkers": Author's interview with R. Christy, 17 July 2002.
"nobody crazy": Quoted in Lanouette, Genius in the Shadows, p. 255.
"Research knowledge": Groves, Now It Can Be Told, p. 96.
"on the basis checked": Teller, Memoirs, p. 19g.
"There was nothing . . . tough town": Leona Marshall Libby quoted in Hales, Atomic Spaces, p. 105.
"A physicist... Los Alamos": Author's interview with Bethe, 28 April 2002.
"unless . . . men": R. Oppenheimer's letter to E. Fermi, 2c May 1943, Oppenheimer Papers, LOC.
"each man else": Groves, Now It Can Be Told, p. 140.
fought... won": Teller, Memoirs, p. 172.
"Enrico escort"; "as if... saboteur": L. Fermi, Atoms in the Family, pp. 212—13.
Seventeen. "Mr. Baker"
"for the present . . . help": Quoted in Kurzman, Blood and Water, p.51.
The British were now . . . bomber: M. Oliphant's description of his flight comes from S. Cockburn and D. Ellyard, Oliphant, pp. 114—15.
"like death": Brown, The Neutron and the Bomb, p. 246.
"the dominant personality"; "a dictator": J. Chadwick in continuation of a memo by W. Akers of 24 September 1943, AB/1/129, PRO.
"could be told anything"; "it caused no problem": Peierls, Bird of Passage, p. 179.
"I will have bomb": Quoted in Sime, Lise Meitner, p. 305.
"any means. justified": Quoted in ibid., p. 58.
"I hoped . . . will": Rayner-Canham and Rayner-Canham, A Devotion to Their Science, p. 188.
"the attitude Englishman": L. Groves, Now It Can Be Told, p. 144.
"I was doubts": K. Fuchs's confession to W Skardon, 27 January 19C0, reproduced as appendix A in Williams, Klaus Fuchs.
"I cannot . . . importance": R. Peierls's letter to K. Fuchs of 10 May 1941, AB/ 1 /C74, PRO.
"Dear Fucks": R. Peierls's letter of 20 August 1943 to K. Fuchs, AB/1 f gy, PRO.
"in the Los Alamos reverence": L. Fermi, Atoms in the Family, p. 222.
"a very warm welcome . cause": Brown, The Neutron and the Bomb, p. 242.
"We are still waiting for you": Moore, Niels Bohr, p. 301.
Margrethe Bohr gave an account of their escape to the BBC in an interview for the 1965 program "The Building of the Bomb."
"I've been listening to Bohr": Quoted in Moore, Niels Bohr, p. 324.
"For many possible": Segre, Enrico Fermi, p. 319.
"Those poor bastards" "It was .to be": Lindqvist, A History of Bombing, item 202.
"Are we beasts things": Quoted in J. Simpson, A Mad World, My Masters, p. 222.
"I want women": PREM/3/89, PRO.
Eighteen. Heavy Water
"Snow we went": Haukelid, Skis Against the Atom, p. 195.
A report of the visit of Professor Harteck to the Dolomites of November 1943, describing the German interest in producing heavy water in Italy, is among the Geheim-dokumnte zum deutschen Atomprogram, 1938—45, Deutsches Museum.
"We have information aborted?": Quoted in Kurzman, Blood and Water, p. 210.
"we must expect reprisals": Ibid., p. 217.
"Matter . . . Greetings": Quoted in Haukelid, Skis Against the Atom, p. 186.
"There were carried": Ibid., p. 188.
"The bitterly cold night . the march": Ibid., p. 192.
"illicit things"; "It was the bilge": Ibid., p. 193.
"shaking hands . puzzled him": Ibid., p. 194.
Nineteen. Boon or Disaster?
"looking . . . way"; "to certify solved": Author's interview with Morrison, 30 September 2002.
"an utter failure": Author's interview with Bethe, 28 April 2002.
"a most important key": Ibid.
"His presentation killer": Peierls, Bird of Passage, p. 201.
"over-organised": E. Teller quoted in Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p. 539.
"the best proceed": Author's interviewr with Bethe, 28 April 2002.
"The influx construction": L. Fermi, Atoms in the Family, p. 206.
"We were not... stay there": Peierls, Bird of Passage, p. 187.
"two very nice negroes"; "transport was still segregated": Ibid., p. 183.
"incessant action": L. Fermi, Atoms in the Family, p. 223.
"an attractive, young man . . . eyeglasses"; "sparingly . . . words": Ibid., p. 209.
" 'Penny-in-the-slot Fuchs'. . . question": Author's interview with Bethe, 28 April 2002.
"controlled schizophrenia"; "establish . . . society": K. Fuchs's confession to W Skardon of 27 January 19C0 reproduced in full in Williams, Klaus Fuchs, appendix A, pp. 180—86.
"didn't mean a damn thing": R. Feynman, Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman, p. 120.
"great pressure them": Peierls, Bird of Passage, p. 200.
"to interpose .the bomb": Quoted in Pharr Davis, Lawrence and Oppenheimer, p. 227.
"the Tech Area .at all": Quoted in Hales, Atomic Spaces, p. 212.
The catalog of experiments on humans is detailed in ibid., pp. 297-98.
"We had . monitored": Author's interview with Morrison, 30 September 2002. B. C. Hacker's The Dragon's Tail—Radiation Safety in the Manhattan Project, 1942—46 gives fuller details of the radiation safety arrangements at Los Alamos.
"glowing continuously"; "reflected some neutrons . . . critical"; "the reaction . . . second"; "if I had hesitated beenfatal": Frisch, What Little I Remember, pp. 161—62.
"We had reaction": P. Morrison's article in the Scientific American, August 1995.
"much more room . . . technique": Peierls, Bird of Passage, pp. 200—201.
"the complex theories work": Groves, Now It Can Be Told, p. 288.
"When I saw conditions": Author's interview with Rotblat, 9 January 2002.
"the real purpose . . . Soviets": Rotblat's article in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, August 1985.
"a terrible shock ally": Rotblat's interview with C. D. King and A. Brown, 7 January 1994, LIV 246. Rotblat shared of all: All quotes are from author's interview with Rotblat, 9 January 20 02 .
"What... or physics?": Quoted
in Jungk, Brighter Than a Thousand Suns, p. 174.
"ought to be confined mortal crimes"; "I did not.. . head": W Churchill's telegram of 2 September 1944 to Lord Cherwell, PREM/3/139/8A, PRO.
"It was . . . schoolboys": Quoted in Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society (R. V Jones, obituary of W Churchill).
"the suggestion . . . is not accepted"; "Enquiries . . . Russians": Aide-memoire of discussion between W Churchill and F. D. R. Roosevelt (Hyde Park Agreement), 18 September 1944, PREM/3/139/8A, PRO.
While Bohr continued . . . Los Alamos: All quotes in this paragraph are from author's interview with Rotblat, 9 January 2002, except for "within . . . truth," which comes from Rotblat's article in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, August 1985.
"it would be ignore": Letter of 29 January 1945. to T Allibone, CCC/JC.
"Thesalad .suspicion": R. Campbell to C. Barnes, 29 January 1945, CAB/i 26/2C9, PRO.
"to learn . . . Joliot-Curie"; "a transcript of everything": Author's interview with Goldschmidt of 3 April 2002.
However Joliot-Curie": All quotes in this paragraph are from ibid.
"Thankyou . very well": Ibid.
"unusually captivating": Quoted in Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb, p. 90.
"extremely excellent and very valuable": Quoted in Williams, Klaus Fuchs, p. 82.
"the more . atmosphere": Kurzman, Day of the Bomb, p. 175.
In July 1944 preparations": The quotes in this paragraph are from ibid., p. 100.
"The beasts strike back": Material in the possession of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum.
Twenty. "This Thing Is Going to Be Very Big"
All quotes from Paul Tibbets come from his account Mission Hiroshima unless otherwise stated.
"the United States high explosive": Quoted in G. Thomas and M. Morgan Witts, Ruin from the Air, p. 6.
"the mostfantastic day in my life": Ibid., p. 37.
"too young": Groves quoted in Norris, Racingfor the Bomb, p. 319.
"even the screws . . . extra turn": quoted in Thomas and Morgan Witts, Ruinfrom the Air, p. 147.
"the semi-liquid way . . . dust"; "Dead . . . asleep": Quoted in Lindqvist, A History of Bombing, items 214 and 21 £.
"How many . . . the number?": Quoted in Gilbert, A History of the Twentieth Century, vol. 2, p. 642.
"comfort . . . prewar life": Author interview with Takeko Kagawa, Hiroshima, March 2004.
Before the Fallout Page 45