37. Jackson to JFD, Dec. 1, 1953, JFDP, Tel. Call Series, B10, White House (1).
38. Kieve diary, Dec. 1, 1953, provided to the author; Jackson log, Dec. 1, 1953, CDJP, B68 (5).
39. CDJ to JFD, Dec. 2, 1953, JFDP, Tel. Call, B10, White House (1); Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 148–49.
40. Jackson log, Dec. 2, 1953, CDJP, B68 (5); Kieve diary, Dec. 2, 1953.
41. DDE, News Conference, Dec. 2, 1953, PPP; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 150–51.
42. James Reston, “Eisenhower Takes Issue with M’Carthy on Policy,” and W. H. Lawrence, “President Crosses a Rubicon,” The New York Times, Dec. 3, 1953.
43. “Text of McCarthy Statement” and William S. White, “M’Carthy Insists on Red Trade Bar,” The New York Times, Dec. 3 (listed incorrectly as Dec. 1 on Proquest), 1953; “McCarthy Denies He Intends to Seek Presidency,” The Washington Post, Dec. 3, 1953; “An Honorable Man,” The Washington Post, Dec. 4, 1953; “M’Carthy Fires Back at Ike and Dulles,” The Washington Post, Dec. 4, 1953.
44. Numerous documents on the Bermuda conference are accessible in FRUS, vol. V, part 2, and at the State Department website; DDE, Address before U.N. General Assembly, Dec. 8, 1953, PPP; Kathleen Teltsch, “Eisenhower Gets Warm U.N. Reception,” and A. M. Rosenthal, “Eisenhower Tries New Atomic Tack,” The New York Times, Dec. 9, 1953; Eisenhower entitled the second volume of his memoirs Waging Peace.
45. William S. White, “President’s Talk Weakens Critics,” The New York Times, Dec. 10, 1953; DDE, News Conference, Dec. 16, 1953, PPP; Anthony Leviero, “Details Guarded on Security Risks,” The New York Times, Dec. 17, 1953; “Ike’s Speech Praised Generally on ‘Hill,’ ” The Washington Post, Dec. 9, 1953.
46. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 83.
47. J. Adams to Stevens, Dec. 9, 1953, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Lucas (2); Hensel to Potter, Report on Privileges Sought for G. David Schine, March 10, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, McCarthy (5); Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 155–57; J. Adams, Without Precedent, 82–84.
48. J. Adams to Stevens, Dec. 10, 1953, Vituperations by Cohn, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Concurrent Memoranda, DDEPL; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 157–58; J. Adams, Without Precedent, 85–86.
49. DDE to Hazlett, Dec. 24, 1953, Name Series, B18, Hazlett 1953 (1), DDEPL; DDEP, no. 640.
50. James Reston, “Time-Out in the Political Souffle,” The New York Times, Dec. 13, 1953.
51. DDE, Statements by the President, Dec. 17–19, 1953, PPP; William S. White, “President Accents High Policy Issues,” The New York Times, Dec. 19, 1953.
52. William S. White, “President Pledges Tougher Red Drive,” The New York Times, Dec. 20, 1953; Gallup, “Public Votes Eisenhower as ‘Man-of-Year,’ ” The New York Times, Dec. 27, 1953.
53. Roy Cohn, McCarthy (New York: New American Library, 1968), 111–113; Sidney Zion, The Autobiography of Roy Cohn (Secaucus, NJ: Lyle Stuart, 1988), 112–13.
54. “Nixon’s Asia Tour,” The New York Times, Dec. 20, 1953.
55. “To Sift Tax Cases,” The New York Times, Dec. 31, 1953; the Proquest version of this news story erroneously shows the report date as December 20, but its content suggests that McCarthy made the comments after, not before, seeing Nixon and Rogers; Gellman, The President and the Apprentice, 101; Michael J. Birkner, “Eisenhower and the Red Menace,” Prologue, Fall 2001, 201–2; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 161; Thomas C. Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy (New York: Stein & Day, 1982), 532–33; David M. Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 360–61.
CHAPTER 6: “EISENHOWER’S FIRST MOVE”
1. W. H. Lawrence, “M’Carthy’s Focus Reported Shifted,” The New York Times, Jan. 5, 1954; “Stories Laid to Nixon Talk,” The New York Times, Jan. 7, 1954.
2. W. H. Lawrence, “New M’Carthy Curb Urged,” The New York Times, Jan. 6, 1954; Irwin F. Gellman, The President and the Apprentice: Eisenhower and Nixon, 1952–1961 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015), 104.
3. John G. Adams, Without Precedent: The Story of the Death of McCarthyism (New York: Norton, 1983), 116–17; William Bragg Ewald, Jr., Who Killed Joe McCarthy? (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984), 188–89.
4. CD Jackson to S. Adams, Nov. 25, 1953, CDJP, B28, Governor Adams (2).
5. Eisenhower summarized the status of his plan, long in effect, in a conversation with Congresswoman Francis P. Bolton (R–Ohio) on June 15, 1954, ACW diary, B2 (2), DDEPL; Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years: Mandate for Change (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1963), 277; Poll on McCarthy, Jan. 15, 1954, Dr. George H. Gallup, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1935–1971, 2 vols. (New York: Random House, 1972), online.
6. Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., As It Was (New York: Norton, 1976), 133; DDE, President’s News Conference, Jan. 13, 1954, PPP.
7. DDE President’s Radio and TV Address, Jan. 4, 1954, PPP.
8. Hagerty diary, Jan. 7, 1954, JHP, B1 (1); William S. White, “Congress Reaction Points to Red Issue in Elections,” The New York Times, Jan. 7, 1954.
9. DDE, State of the Union Message, Jan. 7, 1954, PPP; W. H. Lawrence, “ ‘Akin to Treason,’ ” The New York Times, Jan. 8, 1954.
10. W. H. Lawrence, “Senate Enmeshed in M’Carthy Curbs,” The New York Times, Jan. 7, 1954.
11. “Permanent System Sought,” The New York Times, Jan. 19, 1954.
12. “The Nation,” The New York Times, Jan. 10, 1954.
13. W. H. Lawrence, “New Role for M’Carthy,” The New York Times, Jan. 10, 1954; Lawrence, “Senate Enmeshed,” The New York Times, Jan. 7, 1954.
14. “McCarthy Curb Doubted,” The New York Times, Jan. 11, 1954.
15. Smith to Stevens, Jan. 12, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Stevens’ Calls; Peter Kihss, “Monmouth Expert Barred in Key Job,” The New York Times, Jan. 12, 1954; “Monmouth Security Woes Antedate McCarthy Visits,” The New York Times, Jan. 11, 1954; “Fort Monmouth Case,” The New York Times, Jan. 14, 1954; “Taylor Predicts Ruin of M’Carthy,” The New York Times, Jan. 20, 1954; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 165.
16. William P. Rogers to Philip Young, Jan. 12, 1954, William Rogers Papers, B16 (Daily correspondence, Jan. 1954–Apr. 1954), DDEPL; Herbert Brownell, Jr., Advising Ike: The Memoirs of Attorney General Herbert Brownell (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993), 258; J. Adams to Rogers, Jan. 7, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B4; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 166–67.
17. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 203–4.
18. Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 162.
19. Seaton to Stevens, Jan. 8, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B4; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 163–65.
20. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 106.
21. Hagerty diary, Jan. 13, 1954, JHP, B1 (1), DDEPL.
22. DDE, News Conference, Jan. 13, 1954, PPP; “Now the Tests,” The New York Times, Jan. 17, 1954.
23. Shanley diary, Jan. 14, 1954, BSP, VI (3), 1389; W. H. Lawrence, “Brownell Bars Ouster Details,” The New York Times, Jan. 22, 1954.
24. DDE to Brownell, Jan. 12, 1954, DDEP, no. 658; the two quotes are from no. 658 footnotes, cited as Apr. 9, 1954, AWF/A, and Apr. 12; W. H. Lawrence, “Brownell Bars Ouster Details,” The New York Times, Jan. 22, 1954.
25. DDE, State of the Union Address, Jan. 7, 1954, PPP.
26. Stevens to McCarthy, Jan. 14, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Stevens’ Calls; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 165–66.
27. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 110–11.
28. DDE diary, Jan. 18, 1954, DDEP, no. 669.
29. J. Adams, Feb. 12, 1954, Memorandum for the Record, Jan. 19–21, FASP, Eyes Only, B5, Misc. Materials; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 166–67; J. Adams, Without Precedent, 110–12.
30. Lodge to DDE, Jan. 20, 1954, HCLP, Lodge-Eisenhower Correspondence, 1950–55, microfilm, reel 28.
31. Shanley diary, Jan. 20, 1954, BSP, B2, V. 1 (3), 1396–97.
32. John G. Adams, Feb. 12, 1954, Memorandum for the Record of Jan. 19–21, nts, FAS Eyes Only, B5, Mis
c. Materials, EL; Sherman Adams, First-Hand Report: The Inside Story of the Eisenhower Administration (London: Hutchinson, 1961), 123; John Adams reported Seaton was planning to see the White House on executive privilege in J. Adams to Rogers, Jan. 7, 1954, FAS Eyes Only, B4, EL.
33. Brownell, Advising Ike, 257–58.
34. Ibid., 258; J. Adams, memorandum, Feb. 12, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B5, Misc. Materials; S. Adams, First-Hand Report, 124; Brownell, interview with Fred. I Greenstein, Nov. 18, 1981, courtesy of John P. Burke, University of Vermont.
35. S. Adams, First-Hand Report, 123–25; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 167–72; J. Adams, Without Precedent, 110–12; Roy Cohn’s first attempts to get the White House to intervene on behalf of David Schine are reported in chap. 3.
36. Brownell, Advising Ike, 258.
37. Lodge to Brownell, July 12, 1974, HCLP, microfilm, Lodge 11, Reel 2, MHS; Lodge, As It Was, 137; Brownell, interview with Fred. I Greenstein, Nov. 18, 1981. Throughout this story, key Eisenhower subordinates frequently employed euphemisms to refer to the president, e.g., “the executive branch,” “the executive mansion,” and the old fallback, “the White House.”
CHAPTER 7: “NOT FIT TO WEAR THAT UNIFORM”
1. “McCarthy Holds His Hat,” The New York Times, Jan. 22, 1954.
2. Roy Cohn, McCarthy (New York: New American Library, 1968), 117.
3. John G. Adams, Memorandum for Record, Feb. 12, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Chronology of Efforts; this memorandum summarizes the January 21 meeting in Brownell’s office and subsequent events. On May 12, 1954, in the midst of the televised Army-McCarthy hearings, Adams let slip about the January 21 meeting, whereupon McCarthy insisted on subpoenaing the participants. That led to Eisenhower’s historic invocation of executive privilege on May 17, 1954; see William Bragg Ewald, Jr., Who Killed Joe McCarthy? (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984), 171–72; Herbert Brownell, Jr., Advising Ike: The Memoirs of Attorney General Herbert Brownell (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993), 257–58; John G. Adams, Without Precedent: The Story of the Death of McCarthyism (New York: Norton, 1983), 113.
4. W. H. Lawrence, “M’Carthy Yields on Subpoena Test,” The New York Times, Jan. 23, 1954; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 172.
5. Cohn, McCarthy, 113–14; Sidney Zion, The Autobiography of Roy Cohn (Secaucus, NJ: Lyle Stuart, 1988), 114–15.
6. John G. Adams, Memorandum for Record, Jan. 23, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Chronology Efforts; J. Adams, Without Precedent, 113–15; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 172–75; Cohn, McCarthy, 116–17; Zion, The Autobiography of Roy Cohn, 117.
7. W. H. Lawrence, “3 Bolters Won Back to McCarthy Panel,” The New York Times, Jan. 26, 1954; Lawrence, “M’Carthy Yields in Democrat Bolt,” The New York Times, Jan. 15, 1954; Lawrence, “M’Carthy Concessions Laid to Combination of Factors,” The New York Times, Jan. 31, 1954; J. Adams, Memorandum for Record, Jan. 23, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Chronology Efforts.
8. DDE, News Conference, Jan. 27, 1954, PPP.
9. DDE, News Conference, Feb. 3, 1954 PPP.
10. Cabinet Meeting, Feb. 5, 1954, WHOSS, Minnich Series, B1, President (2); Hagerty diary, Feb. 5, 1954, JHP, B1 (1).
11. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 117.
12. William Conklin, “M’Carthy Seeking Trial of a Major,” The New York Times, Jan. 31, 1954; J. Adams, Without Precedent, 117–18; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 189.
13. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 118–19; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 189.
14. “Stevens Plans Inquiry,” The New York Times, Feb. 3, 1954.
15. Stevens to J. Adams, Feb. 4, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Lucas (2).
16. “M’Carthy Plans Tour,” The New York Times, Feb. 2, 1954; “M’Carthy Itinerary Set,” The New York Times, Feb. 4, 1954; W. H. Lawrence, “M’Carthy a Big Gun in the Republican Arsenal,” The New York Times, Feb. 7, 1954; Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years: Mandate for Change (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1963), 277.
17. Nixon-Gannon Interview, Day 3, tape no. 3, University of Georgia Archives; “ ‘20 Years of Treason’ Charged,” The New York Times, Feb. 6, 1954; “Hall Backs McCarthy,” The New York Times, Feb. 8, 1954.
18. William S. White, “Democrats Urge Eisenhower Halt ‘Fear Deal’ Talk,” The New York Times, Feb. 9, 1954; White, “White House Says G. O. P. Told ‘Facts,’ ” The New York Times, Feb. 10, 1954.
19. Lodge to DDE, Feb. 9, 1954, HCLP, Lodge-Eisenhower Correspondence, 1950–55, Reel 28.
20. News Conference, Feb. 10, 1954, PPP; James Reston, “President Advises Party to Temper Political Attacks,” The New York Times, Feb. 11, 1954.
21. Hagerty diary, Feb. 10, 1954, JHP, B1 (1); Lodge to DDE, Feb. 12, 1954, HCLP, Lodge–Eisenhower Correspondence, 1950–55, Reel 28; “M’Carthy Asserts He Won’t Change,” The New York Times, Feb. 11, 1954.
22. “Senator Criticizes President,” The New York Times, Feb. 11, 1954; John G. J. Adams, Memorandum for Struve Hensel, March 18, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, recalling telephone conversations with George Sokolsky on Feb. 5, 12, and 16; J. Adams, Without Precedent, 122.
23. No transcript of this meeting is available, but the importance Eisenhower placed on it is demonstrated by the detailed account in his memoirs; Eisenhower, Mandate for Change, 391–92; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 190.
24. “A Week of Debate: Attacks Continue,” The New York Times, Feb. 14, 1954.
25. James Reston, “Washington,” The New York Times, Feb. 14, 1954.
26. Hagerty diary, Feb. 15, 1954, JHP, B1 (1); DDE diary, Feb. 8, 1954, DDEP, no. 718; Legislative Meeting, Feb. 8, 1954, WHOSS, Minnich Series, B1, Misc. I.
27. “Schine’s Treatment at Fort Dix Studied,” The New York Times, Feb. 2, 1954; “M’Carthy Ex-Aide Called Army ‘Pet,’ ” The New York Times, Jan. 30, 1954.
28. J. Adams to Rogers, Feb. 3, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B6 (2); Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 175–76, 187.
29. J. Adams to Sherman Adams, Feb. 16, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B5, JD.
30. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 122–23; Joseph W. Alsop, I’ve Seen the Best of It (Mount Jackson, VA: Axios Press, 1992), 396. According to Joe Alsop, the Alsop brothers were “in constant touch” with Henry Cabot Lodge, who agreed with them that McCarthy was out to destroy the president.
31. DDE, News Conference, Feb. 17, 1954, PPP.
32. Confidential memorandum, Gerald D. Morgan to Cutler, Feb. 15, 1954, transmitting Young’s suggested policy for release of the information regarding the 2200 dismissals, Morgan Files, B7, Security Program (1), DDEPL; “29 of 430 Ousted Called Disloyal,” The New York Times, Feb. 19, 1954; Hagerty diary, Feb. 15, 1954, JHP, B1 (1).
33. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 121–25; “McCarthy vs. the Army,” The New York Times, Feb. 24, 1954; J. Adams to Stevens, Feb. 16, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Lucas; J. Adams and Sokolsky phone conversation, Feb. 16, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Chronology of Efforts; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 190–92.
34. J. Adams, Without Precedent, 124–26; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 192.
35. Stevens to McCarthy, Feb. 16, 1954, CF/OF, B317, OF-99-U, Army-McCarthy hearings; Eisenhower, Mandate for Change, 391–92; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 190.
36. J. Adams call to Robert Stevens, Feb. 18, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Lucas (2); Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 193; J. Adams, Without Precedent, 126–27.
37. J. Adams, Memorandum for the Secretary, March 5, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B6, Work Notes and Memos; J. Adams, Without Precedent, 125–26.
38. Charles E. Potter, Days of Shame (New York: Coward-McCann, 1965), 66–69; Zwicker obituary, Lee A. Daniels, The New York Times, Aug. 12, 1991; Arlington National Cemetery website.
39. Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 193–94.
40. Hearing Transcript, “Communist Infiltration in the Army,” Feb. 18, 1954, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Government Operations Committee, US Senate online; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 194, J. Adams, Without Precedent, 126–
27; S. Adams, First-Hand Report, 126; Irwin F. Gellman, The President and the Apprentice: Eisenhower and Nixon, 1952–1961 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015), 104–5.
CHAPTER 8: SAVING ROBERT STEVENS
1. The Washington Post, Feb. 19, 1954, Gruenther Records, B6, McCarthy news clippings, DDEPL.
2. John G. Adams, Without Precedent: The Story of the Death of McCarthyism (New York: Norton, 1983), 128; William Bragg Ewald, Jr., Who Killed Joe McCarthy? (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984), 195.
3. Stevens to Zwicker, Feb. 19, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B4, Lucas (2); Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 195–96.
4. J. Adams, Memorandum for the Record, Feb. 23, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B6; J. Adams, Without Precedent, 128–29; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 195–99.
5. In November, Eisenhower had consulted Brownell on the issue of his communist associations in Germany, DDE to Brownell, Jr., Nov. 4, 1953, Administration Series, DDEPL; also DDEP, no. 516; Joseph W. Alsop with Adam Platt, I’ve Seen the Best of It (Mount Jackson, VA: Axious Press, Reprint, 2009), 396–97; Robert W. Merry, Taking on the World: Joseph and Stewart Alsop—Guardians of the American Century (New York: Viking Press, 1996), 273.
6. “Text of Stevens Letter,” The New York Times, Feb. 19, 1954; “Army Rebuffs McCarthy,” The New York Times, Feb. 20, 1954; Zwicker Statement on Hearing, approx. Feb. 20, 1954; Leverett Saltonstall Papers, McCarthy off-site, B205 (24), MHS.
7. Stevens to McCarthy, Feb. 20, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B6, Work Notes and Memos (3) and Phone Notes, B9, Secretary of the Army (16); Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 199–200; J. Adams, Without Precedent, 129.
8. Phone Log, Secretary of the Army, Feb. 20, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B9 (16); Stevens and Reston call, Feb. 20, 1954, FASP, Eyes Only, B5; James Reston, “Officers Ordered to Defy M’Carthy and Not Testify,” The New York Times, Feb. 21, 1954; Ewald, Who Killed Joe McCarthy?, 200–3.
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