Shirley, William (son) 91
Shy, John 344
Silver Heels 53, 73, 168, 169
Simcoe, Lieutenant Colonel John Graves 386, 187, 405, 424
slavery 15, 19–20, 33, 67, 90, 173, 397–98, 405
smallpox 34, 229, 297
Smith, Richard 116
Smith, William 111
Smollett, Tobias 24, 25
Society of the Cincinnati 421–22
Soissonnais Regiment 391
soldiers, dislike of professional 4
South Carolina 18, 69, 120, 213, 255, 348–49, 378, 380, 386, 390, 399
British offensive in 356, 359, 360
Charleston expedition 230
frontiers of 108
troops from 57, 60, 93, 113, 166, 399
South Carolina Independent Company 57, 60
Spain
as ally of French 339, 348
cedes Florida in partial exchange for Havana 170
expected to join war against Britain 339
gains Louisiana west of Mississippi 170
Havana captured from 164
North American territories 18, 428
Peninsular War 349
War of Jenkins’s Ear 21–26
Spaulding, Captain Levi 201
Spear, Major Joseph 305
Spencer’s Ordinary 387, 405
Spiltdorf, Carolus Gustavus de 79
Springfield 420
Stamp Act (1765) 179–80, 186
Stamp Act Congress 233
Stanwix, Colonel/Brigadier General John 109, 114, 115, 120, 124, 125, 183
Stark, Brigadier General John 276, 303, 308
Staten Island 230, 235, 245, 301, 390
Stedman, Charles 240
Stephen, Lieutenant Colonel/Brigadier General/Major General Adam 50, 86, 88, 90, 93–94, 127–28, 142, 163, 184, 235, 261, 265, 276, 299, 310–11, 316
Stephen, Lieutenant Alexander 161
Steuben, Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von 337–38, 343, 345, 374, 375, 398, 405, 409, 419, 421, 423, 424
Stewart, Lieutenant Colonel Alexander 399
Stewart, Robert 92, 117, 161–62, 166
Stewart, Colonel Walter 413
Stirling, Lord see Alexander, William
Stobo, Robert 61
Stockbridge 352
Stony Brook 290, 295
Stony Point 350, 351, 398
Stuart, Gilbert 7, 8, 354
Stuart, Prince Charles Edward (Bonnie Prince Charlie) 152, 183
Suddarth, John 404
Sullivan, Brigadier General/Major General John 199, 224, 238, 239, 241, 245, 273, 276, 280, 281, 282, 290, 293, 303, 305, 309, 310, 312, 318, 331, 346, 353, 354, 355, 383
Susquehanna River 135, 341
Susquehannock Indians 16, 40
Swallow Warrior 115
Tanaghrisson, Half-King 39, 41, 42, 44, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59
Tappan Zee 233
Tarleton, Colonel Banastre 6, 267–68, 378, 386, 424
taxation
by Congress 425
of colonies 170, 179–81, 186, 213, 324
federal liquor 425
Teach, Edward (Blackbeard) 291
Temple of Virtue 415–16
Tennessee backwoodsmen 361
Ternay, Commodore Chevalier de 360, 362
the Terror 425
Thacher, Dr. James 203, 204, 335–36, 358, 366–67, 368, 374, 391, 397, 402, 408
Thayendanegea see Brant, Joseph
Thompson, Colonel 204, 205, 206
Thompson, Neill 408
Throg’s Neck 255, 386
Ticonderoga
Battle of 134, 157, 230, 354
fortress 162, 215, 221, 254, 273, 302, 307, 401
Tidewater 21, 30, 71, 87, 90, 97, 397
Tilly, Captain Arnaud le Gardeur de 375
tobacco 14–15, 16, 20, 33, 67, 160, 173, 174, 397
Townley, Francis 183
Townshend Duties (1767) 180
trade blockade 212–13
Trask, Israel 206
Trent, Captain William 49, 51
Trenton 265, 266, 272, 273, 274, 284, 287, 288, 290, 308, 311, 373, 390
Battle of 275, 276–82, 283, 290, 296, 316, 394, 411
Trenton-Princeton campaign (1776–7) 6, 10, 272–97, 307
Trois-Rivières 229
Trumbull, John 6, 221
Trumbull, Jonathan, Governor of Connecticut 216, 303
Trumbull Jr., Jonathan 394
Tryon, Major General 350, 353
tuberculosis 32
Tucker, Major St. George 396, 399
Tudor, William 251
Turpin de Crissé, Lancelot, Comte 128, 220, 424
Turtle Creek 38, 150
Tuscaroras 136
typhus 328
Ulster 31
United States
anti-French sentiments 426
army following end of Revolutionary War 420–21
Constitution 420
national defense 421
war with Indians on western frontier 422–25
Washington first president of 3, 420, 430
Valley Forge 321, 323–25, 328, 332, 334, 337, 356, 399, 409
Van Braam, Captain Jacob 38, 43, 61, 62, 63
Varus 352
Vaudreuil, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de 102
Vaughan, Major General John 313
Vause’s Fort 103
Venango 41, 42, 43, 45, 51, 88, 161, 171
Vermont 303
Vernon, Vice Admiral Edward 22–27
Verplanck’s Point 313, 350, 364
Vigie, peninsula of the 349, 409
Ville de Paris (French flagship) 396
Villiers, Captain Coulon de 59, 61
Virginia
at time of Washington’s birth 18, 19, 20
companies in American Regiment 22
conscription 325, 328
defense of frontier 3, 83–84, 90–91, 101, 106–7, 113, 125, 152, 153, 155, 159, 161
draft act 98, 111
as England’s first American colony 14–15
fear of slave revolt 90
Indian raids on frontier 171
Loyalists in 230
militia 34–35, 95, 98, 188, 318, 325, 360, 374, 375, 395–96
raise force to uphold rights on the Ohio 49
raises second regiment 123
Revolutionary War 374, 382, 383, 386–411
rivalry with Pennsylvania 131, 133
slavery in 19–21
society 28, 74, 83, 103, 173–74
speculators from 174
taxation 181
tradition of hospitality 173
troops in Continental Army 193, 203, 248, 249, 276, 279, 280, 285, 291, 315, 317, 359, 380, 388
Washington seeks to impress power-brokers in 68
Washington’s ancestors settle in 13–14
Washington’s loyalty to 130–31, 133, 137, 143, 145, 236
Virginia Convention 188, 229
Virginia Gazette 55, 101, 103, 164, 337
Virginia Regiment
criticism of officers’ conduct 94
criticism of Washington and 101
French and Indian War 49–67, 95–102, 123, 326
garrison at Fort Pitt 152, 153
Indian dress 128–29, 203
petitions from men fallen on hard times 165
praised for bravery 142
reconstituted for frontier defense 84
recruitment 86, 90, 95, 97, 99, 110, 123, 325–26
relief expedition to Fort Loudoun 166
reorganization of 110
second regiment raised 123
split into independent companies 66, 79–80, 81–82
temporary militiamen in 97–98
training and discipline 85, 87, 89–90, 93, 97, 111, 126–27, 144, 199, 205, 219–20, 221, 252
uniform 85, 92, 129
veterans petition for share of bounty land 174–75, 176, 177, 185
Washington given command
of 84–86
Washington on importance of 106
Washington pleads case with Shirley over status of 91–93
Washington resigns commission (1754) 66
Washington resigns commission (1758) 153
Washington seeks regular status for 107, 109, 112, 408
Washington threatens to resign command (1756) 93, 94, 97
and Washington’s paternalism 136, 149
“Virginia-Centinel” 101, 159
Virginian Continentals 380
3rd 359
4th 235
Virginian Light Horse 71
HMS Vulture 364
Wabash River 422
Wadsworth, Jeremiah 328
Waggoner, Captain Thomas 91
Walpole, Sir Robert 182
War of American Independence see Revolutionary War
War of the Austrian Succession 43, 70, 360
War of Jenkins’s Ear 21–26
Ward, Major General Artemas 191, 194, 197, 199, 225
Ward, Ensign Edward 51
Warner, Mildred 16
Warren Tavern 306
Washington, Anne (née Fairfax) (sister-in-law) 28, 66
Washington, Augustine (father) 16
death of 26, 27
estates of 17, 21
Washington, Augustine (half-brother) 17, 21, 28
Washington, Betty (sister) 21
Washington, Charles (brother) 21
Washington, George
character and attributes
ambition 4, 35, 53, 66, 84, 88, 154, 156, 159, 165, 192, 194, 430
appearance 1, 7, 8, 38, 129, 203, 427–28
artistic portrayal of 5–8, 178–79, 267, 295
attitude to risk-taking 207, 211, 243, 294
attitude to war 429
British patriotism 144, 179
cautious image (Fabianism) 4, 243, 263, 264, 265, 297, 299, 301, 320, 328–29, 347
chivalrous 95, 120
coolness 2
courage 81, 222, 294, 430
cultivates English accent 29
disciplinarian 111–12, 114, 158, 159, 200, 206, 219, 236, 251, 252, 373–74
fondness for women 120
as gentleman warrior 2–3, 4, 9, 11, 92, 134, 353, 377, 418, 430–31
good manners 27, 28, 377, 431
horsemanship 280, 382
leadership skills 158–59, 296, 343, 430–31
love of luxuries 173
loyalty to Virginia 130–31, 133, 137, 143, 144, 236
military prowess 4–7, 8–9, 11, 92, 153–54, 155, 178
physical strength 38, 178
private personality 9
reckless quest for glory 60, 159, 294
religious beliefs 103
Washington, George (cont'd)
sense of honor 52, 63, 88, 95, 97
temperance 311
correspondence and writings 9, 157, 194, 295
journals 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 46, 50, 54, 55, 63–64, 108, 176, 378, 382, 394, 401
letters to Adam Stephen 235, 299–300
letters to brother Jack 56, 261, 269, 302
letter to Francis Halkett 132
letter to George Muse 177–78
letters to George William Fairfax 181, 188–89
letters to John Laurens 368–69
letters to Joseph Reed 215, 216, 223
letter to Landon Carter 317
letters to Lord Loudoun 105–8
letter to Richard Washington 109–10
letters to/from Martha 156, 195
letters to/from Sally Fairfax 137–38, 428–29
letters/reports to Bouquet 147
letters/reports to Dinwiddie 45, 46, 53, 54, 55, 56, 78, 80, 97, 100, 104, 110, 117, 325
letters/reports to Fauquier 143, 146, 152
letters/reports to Forbes 144, 149–50
letters/reports to Hancock 200, 209, 210, 217, 222, 232, 250, 251, 259, 262, 264, 279, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 289, 300, 304, 306, 311
letters/reports to Henry Laurens 323, 338, 344, 348
letters/reports to Huntington 361
early life
access to highest level of Virginian society 28
birth 18
career prospects 29
childhood 26–27
death of brother Lawrence 34
death of father 26–27
education 26, 27, 28, 182, 225
inheritance 27
land acquisition 11, 18
land surveying 29–32, 34
seeks military position 34
siblings 21
visits Barbados 32–34
French and Indian War 50–153
1758 campaign 127–57
anger over British view of colonial support 73
anger over outranking of colonial officers 88–89, 89, 92–93, 122, 168, 179, 250
anger over pay of Virginian troops 52
at Fort Cumberland 101, 104
attends Philadelphia strategic summit 106–8
as Braddock’s third aide-de-camp 69–81, 158
capitulation to French at Fort Necessity 62–63, 64, 81, 159, 204
colonel of 1st Virginia Regiment 122–152
colonel of (original) Virginia Regiment 57–66, 84–119, 158, 242, 324
commander in chief of all Virginian forces 84–86
commands 3rd Brigade of Forbes’s army 149–53
defense of frontier 83–117, 122–52, 155, 159, 179
exasperated by militiamen 97–98, 105, 114
inspects front line 104–4
joins Braddock’s army 67–68
Jumonville Affair 54–57, 61–62, 63, 64, 80, 108
keen interest in his men 136, 149
lieutenant colonel in Virginia Regiment 49–57
Monongahela River massacre 77–81
recognition of his contribution 153–54, 155, 157
resigns command of Virginia Regiment (1758) 153
resigns commission with Virginia Regiment (1754) 66
seeks king’s commission 57, 88, 108, 122, 155
strategic planning 145, 151
support for Braddock’s Road 130–31, 132–33, 142, 146, 149, 152
taking of Fort Duquesne 149–52, 153, 158
threatens to resign command of Virginia Regiment (1756) 93, 94, 97
visits Shirley in Boston 91–93
health
dysentery 117, 153, 202
false teeth 7–8
fever 75–77
smallpox 34–35
military career
adjutant for Southern Virginia 35, 37–46
attitude to militiamen 421
as commander in chief of all US forces (1798) 426–28
decides to quit military life 153
dreams of military glory not completely forgotten 164–65
first taste of fame 47
French and Indian War 50–153
see also above
interest in New Army 427
Ohio trip 37–46
Revolutionary War 191–413
see also below
significance of his experiences 157–59
turns back on 153–54
personal life
acquires Mount Vernon 67
claims bounty lands 174–75, 176, 177–78, 185
courtship of Martha 120–22, 137–38, 156
death 426, 429, 430
economic problems 173–74
estates 156, 160, 173, 174–78, 185, 217, 326, 394
family background 13–18
feels colonists treated as second-class citizens by Britain 174, 179
as gentleman farmer 154, 160–61, 173, 174
grievances against British 179–80
honorary degree from Harvard 225
hunger for western land 173, 174–78
lavish lifestyle and hospitality 173
marriage to Martha 153, 156
no children from marriage 156
retirement 420, 426
stepchi
ldren 122, 156
use of slaves 173, 174
political career
attitude to British taxation 179–80, 81
chairs Convention on US Constitution 420
and defense of American liberties 179, 180–81, 187, 194, 195, 197
delegate to First Continental Congress 186–87
delegate to Second Continental Congress 188, 192–95
first president of United States 3, 420, 430
maturing political skills 210
military reforms 423
no taste for dictatorship 417, 420
presidency of Society of Cincinnati 421–22
as replacement king 417
seat in House of Burgesses 155, 165–66, 179, 181
“Sentiments on a Peace Establishment” 420
tops poll in Frederick County Assembly elections 131, 155–56
valued pundit on military affairs 166, 193–94
war with Indians on western frontier 421–25
Whiskey Rebellion 425
relationships
with Arnold 218, 298–99, 336, 363–66, 368–69, 375
with Bouquet 129, 131–32
with Braddock 71–72
with Chastellux 381–82
with Congress 3, 268, 285–86, 296, 328–32, 334
with Conway 330–31, 332–33
with Dinwiddie 37, 103–2, 107, 116–17, 159–60, 209, 325
with Forbes 124, 126, 127, 131, 132–33, 142, 144, 151, 159, 160, 331
with Gage 207
with Gates 75, 317–18, 329–32, 333, 414–15
with half-brother Lawrence 21, 24, 26, 29, 32, 34, 315, 430
with Hugh Mercer 183
with Indians 39–40, 51, 53, 58, 59, 88, 110–11, 114–15, 135–36, 162, 176–77, 352–56
with John Hancock 209–10
with Lafayette 314–15, 332, 342, 360, 364–65
with Lee 77, 263, 266, 267, 340, 341, 342–43, 344–45
with Lord Loudoun 104–9
with Martha 120–22, 137–38, 153–54, 156, 217, 325
with Mary Eliza Philipse 93
with mother 27, 67
with Rochambeau 360, 362, 383, 392
with Sally Fairfax 31, 68, 74–75, 83, 95, 119, 120, 137–38, 142, 156, 185, 336, 429
with Stephen 299–300, 311
with Steuben 337
reputation 3, 4–7, 81–82, 114, 116–17, 131–34, 153, 154, 160, 178, 179, 192, 224, 267, 295, 329, 367–68, 376, 429, 430–31
Revolutionary War 191–420
acknowledges primacy of civilian leadership 210, 212, 221, 244, 245, 417
action of privateers against British merchantmen 215
address at Temple of Virtue 215–16
admiration of British Army 408–9
allows leaders of regional armies considerable autonomy 232
appointed commander in chief of Continental Army 191–92, 193, 194, 215
Washington, George (cont'd)
approach to warfare 219–21
attack on Stony Point and Paulus Hook 350–51
Brandywine 304–7
George Washington Page 58