]; federal marshals in Montgomery, [>], [>]; federal troops to Birmingham, [>], [>]–[>] ; federalization of National Guard at University of, [>]. See also Birmingham
Albert, Carl, [>], [>], [>] fn.
Alejos, Roberto, [>]
Alessandri, Jorge, [>]
Alexander, Robert, and Latin American Task Force, [>]
Algeria, [>], [>], [>], [>]; as Senator, JFK criticizes U.S. policy in, [>]–[>], [>]; presidential concern with, [>]; and French, [>]–[>], [>]; National Liberation Front, [>]; and Communists, [>]; and PL [>], [>]
Allende, Salvador, [>]
Alliance for Progress, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>] fn., [>], [>]–[>], [>]; JFK calls for establishment of, [>], [>]–[>]; and Goodwin, [>]–[>]; policies of, announced at Tampa (1960), [>]–[>]; and Berle, [>]; Fulbright’s view of, in Cuban Invasion, [>]; JFK urges OAS to expedite, [>]; 1962 status of, [>]–[>]; and bureaucrats, [>]; and Punta del Este conference, [>]–[>], [>]; and AID, [>]; and Muñoz Marin, [>]; JFK sets forth promise of, [>]; and democratic leaders, [>]–[>]; Bosch praises, [>]; and sanctions against Castro, [>]–[>]; JFK speaks to Latin American diplomats on accomplishments of, [>]; criticism of, [>]–[>]; prognosis for, [>]; and North American business community, [>]; Inter-American Committee for, [>]
Alphand, Hervé, [>]–[>]
Alphand, Nicole (Mme. Hervé), [>]
Alsogaray, Alvaro Carlos, [>]
Alsop, Joseph, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; JFK to, on Addison’s disease, [>]; JFK to, on Vice-Presidency (1958), [>]; urges Dillon appointment, [>]; recommends Bruce for State appointment, [>]; and ‘domino’ theory, [>]
Alsop, Stewart, [>], [>], [>]; on Cuba in Saturday Evening Post (with Bartlett), [>]; “Great Tax Myth,” [>] fn.; “More on the Great Tax Myth,” [>] fn.
Amagiri, [>]
American Academy of Arts and Letters, [>]
American Civil Liberties Union, [>]
American Committee for Aid to Katanga Freedom Fighters, [>]
American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and American Democracy, The (Myrdal), [>]
American Institute of Architects, [>]
American Medical Association, [>]
American Mercury, [>]
American Nazi Party, [>]
American Newspaper Publishers Association, [>]
American Scholar, Kazin essay in, [>]
Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; Roosevelt Day Dinners, Boston, [>]; and James Loeb, Jr., [>]; National Board of, [>]; and Lawrence O’Brien, [>]; and civil rights, [>]. See also Liberals
American Society of Newspaper Editors, [>]; post-Cuba speech by JFK, [>]
American University, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; reaction to JFK speech at, [>], [>]
American Veterans Committee, [>]
Amery, Julian, [>]
Amherst, [>], [>]; JFK speech at, [>]–[>]
Amoedo, Dr. Julio A., [>]
Amory, Robert, Jr., [>]
Anderson, Clinton, [>], [>]
Anderson, Robert, [>], [>]; and Castro’s Minister of Finance, [>]
Anderson, Major Rudolph, Jr., [>]
Angola, [>], [>]–[>], [>]; Resolution, [>]; Acheson on, [>]
Anti-poverty program. See Poverty program
Appalachia, [>]; ‘hard-core’ unemployment in, [>], [>]
APRA, [>], [>]–[>]; and Haya de la Torre, [>]–[>]; Loeb on, [>]; and military coup, [>]
Arango, Dr. Sánchez, [>]
Arciniegas, German, [>]–[>]; 1952 definition of Latin America, [>]
Area redevelopment, [>], [>] fn., [>]; and Paul Douglas, [>]; Congress passes bill for, [>], [>]; and Batt, [>]
Argentina, [>], [>]–[>], [>]; and Castro, [>]–[>], [>]; opposes sanctions against Cuba, [>]–[>]; political and economic instability of, [>], [>]. See also Frondizi, Arturo
Ariel (Rodó), [>]
Arlington National Cemetery, [>]
Armco Steel Corporation, [>]
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, [>], [>] fn.; establishment of, [>]–[>], [>]; Committee of Principals, [>], [>]–[>]; concern of, with national security, [>]; and Rusk, [>]; and Dean, [>]; and test ban, [>]; and proposed Soviet-American moon shot, [>]
Arms program: and Latin America, [>]–[>]; and Batista, [>]
Arms Research Institute, JFK proposes, [>]
Armstrong, Hamilton Fish, [>]
Army, U.S.: state of in 1961, [>]–[>]; Special Forces, [>]–[>]; and MLF, [>]
Article VI, [>], [>]
Artime, Manuel, [>], [>], [>]; Miró Cardona names as commander of Cuban Brigade, [>]
Arvey, Jacob, at 1960 convention, [>]
Asquith, Raymond, [>]
Atlantic Community, [>]; and de Gaulle, [>], [>]–[>], [>]; and E.E.C., [>]–[>]; and military protection, [>], [>]; ‘dumbbell’ theory, [>] fn.; and British entry in Common Market, [>]; and tariff reform, [>]–[>]; and MLF, [>]–[>]; united political front for, [>]
Atomic bomb, [>]
Atomic Energy Act, [>]
Atomic Energy Commission, [>]; and Seaborg, [>]; and underground testing, [>] fn., [>]; and atmospheric testing, [>]
Attwood, William, [>], [>]; on liberals’ endorsement of JFK, [>]; ambassador to Guinea, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]
Auchincloss, Hugh, [>]
Auden, W. H., [>]; at inauguration, [>]
Australia, [>]
Autobahn, [>], [>], [>], [>]. See also Berlin
Automation, [>]
Avedon, Richard, [>]
Ayer, A. J., [>], [>]
Ayub Kahn, [>]
Azikiwe, Nnamdi, [>]
Azores, [>]; U.S. military bases in, [>]
Back to Methuselah (Shaw), [>]
Badeau, John, [>]; ambassador to Cairo, [>]
Bagdikian, Ben, [>]
Bailey, John, [>]; at 1960 convention, [>], [>]; in campaign organization, [>]
Baker, Bobby, [>]–[>]
Baker v. Carr, [>]
Balaguer, Joaquín, [>]–[>]; and democratic opposition, [>]–[>]; JFK appeals to, [>]
Balance of payments, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; Secretary of Treasury Anderson on, [>]; deficit in, [>]; and JFK, [>], [>], [>]; and Alliance for Progress funds, [>]; and tariffs, [>]
Baldwin, James, [>]; “Letter from a Region of My Mind,” [>]–[>]; and Rauh, [>]–[>]; and Robert Kennedy, [>], [>]; on northern Negro, [>]
Baldwin, Roger, [>]
Baldwin, Stanley, [>]
Ball, George W., [>], [>], [>]; on liberals’ endorsement of JFK, [>]; and Stevenson, [>], [>], [>]; and Under Secretary for Economic Affairs, [>]–[>], [>]; and Stevenson foreign policy report, [>]–[>]; and State Department “rhetoric,” [>]; JFK view of, [>]; and State Department shakeup, [>], [>]–[>]. [>]; background, [>]; and Volta Dam project in Ghana, [>]; and Congo, [>]; and foreign economic policy, [>]; and task force on payments and reserve problem, [>]; and international payments, [>], [>]–[>]; and travel restrictions, [>]; at JFK-Jagan meeting, [>]; and ExCom in Cuban missile crisis, [>], [>] fn.; and trade policy, [>], [>], [>]; and Skybolt cancellation, [>]; and European policy, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Banda, Hastings, [>]
Ban-the-bomb movements, [>]; in London, [>]
Bao Dai, [>]
Baran, Paul, [>]
Barghoorn, Frederick, [>]–[>]
Barkley, Alben, [>], [>]
Barnes, Tracy, [>], [>], [>]; and Cuban White Paper, [>]; briefs Stevenson on Cuba, [>]
Barnes, William, [>]
Barnett, Robert W., [>]
Barnett, Ross, [>]–[>], [>]; and Robert Kennedy, [>], [>], [>], [>]; JFK’s calls to, [>]–[>]
Bartlett, Charles, [>], [>]; Alsop piece on Cuba, Saturday Evening Post, [>]–[>]; article by, precedes Bowles’s transfer, [>]; and Metropolitan Club, [>]
Baruch Plan, [>]
Batista, Fulgencio, [>], [>], [>], [>]; recognition of, by Eisenhower administration, [>]; JFK on, [>], [>]
Batt, William L., Jr., [>]
Battle, Lucius, [>]
/>
Baughman, U. E. (Secret Service Chief), [>]–[>]; on JFK’s egalitarianism, [>]
Bay of Pigs, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; U.S. expects internal Cuban support, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; Schlesinger memo opposes invasion, [>]–[>], [>]; and U.S. military support, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; and pre-invasion air strikes, [>]–[>], [>]; confusion at UN over, [>]–[>]; failure of invasion, [>]–[>]; public criticism, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; JFK assumes responsibility for debacle of, [>]–[>]; foreign criticism of, [>]–[>]; JFK creates commission of inquiry, [>]–[>]; in retrospect, [>]–[>]; State Department document after, [>]–[>]; effect of, on White House staff, [>]–[>], [>]; effect of, on JFK’s role in foreign affairs, [>], [>], [>], [>]; and inherited executive bureaucracy, [>]–[>]; and civil defense, [>]. See also CIA; Cuba
Beer, Samuel H., calk for liberal endorsement of JFK-LBJ ticket, [>]
Belafonte, Harry, [>]
Belaunde Terry, Fernando, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Belgium, [>]
Belgrade Meeting of Neutrals, [>]–[>]
Bell, David, [>], [>]–[>]; and Stevenson, [>]; and development missions, [>]; and JFK foreign aid message, [>]; and AID, [>]–[>]. [>]–[>]; and Bureau of Budget, [>]; and Skybolt, [>]
Bellamy, Edward, [>]
Beltrán, Pedro, [>], [>]
Bemis, Samuel Flagg (John Quincy Adams), [>]
Ben Bella, Ahmed, [>]–[>]; and Cuban missile crisis, [>], [>]; reaction of, to assassination, [>]
Bender, Frank (Droller), CIA agent, [>]–[>], [>]; Time comments on, [>]; and Sanjenis, [>]; tells Frente to come to agreement with Ray, [>]–[>]; and Cuban Revolutionary Council, [>]
Ben Gurion, David, [>]
Bennett, James V, [>]
Benny, Jack, [>]
Benson, Ezra Taft, [>]
Benton, Wilbur, [>]
Benton, William, [>]; Khrushchev to, on Harriman, [>]
Berenson, Bernard, [>]
Berle, Adolf, [>], [>], [>], [>]; as New Dealer, [>], [>]–[>], [>] fn.; and Latin America, [>], [>]; and Latin American Task Force, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]; and Quadros, [>]; criticizes Eisenhower’s Latin American policy, [>]; and Cuban White Paper, [>]; and Bay of Pigs invasion plan, [>]; and Cuban Revolutionary Council, [>], [>], [>], [>]; mission to Miami, [>]–[>]; resignation of, [>]; and Dominican unrest, [>]
Berlin, [>], [>], [>]–[>]. [>], [>], [>], [>]; and Stevenson foreign policy report, [>]; Khrushchev on, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>] [>]; background of problem, [>]–[>]; ‘free city’ proposal, [>]–[>] [>]–[>]; JFK and de Gaulle discuss access and status problem, [>]–[>], [>]; East and West Berlin compared, [>]; JFK and Khrushchev discuss at Vienna, [>]–[>], [>]; JFK and Macmillan discuss in London, [>]; Soviet policy in, [>], [>]; Acheson thesis and policy debate, [>]–[>]; blockade, [>], [>], [>]; Autobahn, [>], [>], [>], [>]; task force, [>], [>]; political issues in, [>]–[>]; military planning, [>]–[>], [>]; negotiations planning for, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; the Wall, [>]–[>]. [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; LBj visits, [>]; military build-up for, [>]–[>]; pessimism in government concerning, [>]–[>]; Robert and Ethel Kennedy visit, [>]–[>]; reaction of neutrals to U.S. policy for, [>]–[>], [>]; U.S. reaction to, and economic policy, [>]; and Soviet missiles in Cuba, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; and Nenni, [>]; JFK’s triumphal visit to, [>]; effect on, of non-aggression pact, [>]; reaction in, to assassination, [>]. See also East Germany; West Germany
Berlin, Sir Isaiah, [>]; and Hickory Hill seminar, [>]
Bermuda, [>]–[>]; JFK, Macmillan meet in, [>]
Bernard, Claude, [>]
Bernhard, Berl, [>], [>]
Bernstein, E. M., [>]
Betancourt, Ernesto, [>]
Betancourt, Rómulo, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; described, [>]; and Henry Holland, [>]; and Berle, [>]; State Department policy toward, [>] fn.; and social democracy, [>], [>]; reaction of Communists to, [>]; and reactionaries, [>]; JFK visits, [>]; JFK’s respect for, [>]–[>]; and Trujillo, [>]; and Bosch, [>]; Castro predicts overthrow of, [>]
Bethe, Hans, [>]
Bethesda Naval Hospital, [>]
Bethlehem Steel Company, [>]; and F.B.I., [>]; rescinds price increase, [>]
Bevan, Aneurin, [>]
Biddle, Francis, [>]
Bigart, Homer, on Harkins-Nolting policy toward Ngo Dinh Diem, [>]
Billings, Lemoyne, [>]
Bingham, Jonathan B., [>]
Birmingham, Alabama, [>]–[>], [>]; and JFK Vanderbilt University speech, [>]–[>]; Lubell polls civil rights issue in, [>]
Birth control, [>]; and Catholic President, [>], [>]. See also Population policy
Bishop, Jim (The Day Lincoln Was Shot), [>]
Bissell, Richard, [>], [>]; and Dulles brief JFK on Cuba, [>], [>]; and Trinidad Plan, [>]–[>]; described, [>]; outlines Zapata plan, [>]; and Cuban Brigade, [>], [>]–[>]; and Bay of Pigs, [>], [>], [>]; JFK on, [>]; and Special Forces, U.S. Army, [>]
Black, Eugene, [>], [>]; and Clay foreign aid committee, [>], [>]
Black, Hugo, [>]
Black Like Me (Griffin), [>]
Black Muslims, [>], [>]
Blair, William McCormack, Jr., [>], [>], [>], [>]; on liberals’ endorsement of JFK, [>]; at Los Angeles, [>]–[>]. [>]. [>], [>]; and JFK, [>]; ambassador to Denmark, [>]; and Stevenson, [>]
Blake, Peter, [>]
Blough, Roger, [>], [>]; announces steel price increase to JFK, [>]; Scranton exhorts against steel price increase to, [>]; Goldberg and Clifford visit, [>]
Blum, Leon, [>]
Board of Economic Warfare, [>]; and Ball, [>]
Bogotá Agreement, [>], [>]; Social Progress Fund, [>], [>]
Bohlen. Charles E., [>], [>], [>]; and McCarthyism, [>], [>]; Soviet expert, [>], [>]; on Gromyko, [>]; at Vienna, [>], [>]; proposes elimination of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ from policy language, [>]; and JFK, [>]–[>]; and offer of Polaris to France, [>]–[>]; and de Gaulle, [>]
Bolivia, [>], [>], [>], [>]; aid to during Eisenhower administration, [>]–[>]; nationalization program of, [>]; and Castro, [>], [>]
Bolling, Richard, [>]
Bolshakov, Georgi, [>]
Bomb and fallout shelters. See Shelters, bomb and fallout
Bonn, Germany, [>], [>], [>]; U.S. Embassy in, on East German uprising, [>]; discontent of, with U.S. policy for Berlin, [>]–[>]; and disarmament, [>]; and multilateral force, [>]; and Skybolt cancellation, [>]; and test ban treaty, [>], [>]. See also Adenauer; West Germany
Bonnelly, Rafael, [>]
Bonsai, Philip, [>], [>]; and Cuban Revolutionary Council platform, [>]
Boothby, Lord, on Bay of Pigs, [>]
Borges, Jorge Luis, [>]
Bosch, Juan, [>], [>]–[>], [>]
Boston Globe, [>]–[>]
Boston Post, [>]
Bourguiba, Habib, [>]; relationship with JFK, [>]
Bourguiba, Habib, Jr., [>]
Boutin, Bernard, [>]
Bouvier, Jacqueline. See Kennedy, Jacqueline
Bowie, Robert, [>]
Bowles, Chester, [>], [>], goo, [>], [>], [>], [>]; JFK’s political indebtedness to, [>]–[>], [>]; Senate confirms appointment of, [>], [>], [>]; and Henderson plan for ambassadors to Africa, [>], [>]; staffs top State Department posts, [>]–[>]; and Stevenson Foreign Policy Report, [>]; and Bay of Pigs, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; and ambassadors, [>], [>]; and New Frontier, [>]; in State Department reorganization, [>]–[>], [>]–[>]; and Harriman, [>]; and UN recognition of Outer Mongolia, [>]; and uncommitted nations, [>], [>]; and India’s five-year plan, [>], [>]; and Vietnam, [>]; and Volta Dam project, Ghana, [>]; and foreign aid, [>]; on acceptance of new ideas by bureaucracy, [>]; and Bartlett article, [>]
Bradbury, Norris, [>], [>]
Bradlee, Benjamin, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Brain trust, [>], [>]; speech and research operations, [>], [>]–[>]; academic, see Bundy, Galbraith, Rostow; personal, see Feldman, Goodwin, Sorenson; political, see Donahue, Dungan, O’Brien, O’Donnell
&nb
sp; Branch, Lesley (Sabres of Paradise), [>]
Brandon, Henry, [>], [>]–[>]
Brandt, Willy: condemns western reaction to Berlin Wall, [>]; greets Robert Kennedy in Berlin, [>]; Schlesinger questions on the Wall, [>]; JFK and, [>], [>]
Brazil, [>], [>]–[>], [>]; northeast described, [>]; Communism in, [>]; and Castro, [>]; opposes sanctions against Cuba, [>], [>]; U.S. aid to, [>]
Breuer, Marcel, [>]
Brezhnev, Leonid, [>]; and Nkrumah, [>]
Bricker, John W., [>]
Brinkley, David, [>], [>]; JFK to, on de Gaulle, [>]
Brinksmanship, [>], [>]
British Guiana, [>]–[>]; and foreign aid, [>]–[>]; and neutralism, [>]–[>]
Brodie, Bernard, [>]
Brogan, Sir Denis, [>]
Brookings Institution, [>]–[>]; and Clark Clifford, [>]
Brooks, Van Wyck, [>]; New England: Indian Summer, [>] fn.
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, [>]
Brown, George, [>]
Brown, Dr. Harrison, [>] fn.
Brown, Winthrop, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; and Harriman, [>]
Browne, Malcolm W., [>], [>] fn., and Admiral Felt, [>]
Bruce, David, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; and task force on national security, [>]; and Graham, [>]; and Skybolt, [>]; at JFK-Macmillan meeting, Nassau, [>]; and MLF, [>]–[>]
Buchan, John, [>]; Pilgrim’s Way, [>], [>], [>]
Buchanan, James, [>]
Buchwald, Art, [>]
Buckley, Charles, [>]
Buddhists, [>]–[>], [>]
Bunche, Ralph, [>]
Bundy, McGeorge, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; and Strauss nomination, [>]–[>]; and Stevenson, [>]; war experience of, [>]; and National Security Affairs, [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; and Sorensen, [>]; described, [>]–[>]; in Bay of Pigs crisis, [>], [>], [>]; as coordinator of security affairs within White House, [>], [>]–[>]; and Pentagon reorganization, [>]; and de Gaulle, [>]–[>]; and Berlin, [>]–[>]. [>]; emphasizes authority of Secretary of State, [>]; and role of National Security Council, [>]; attitude of staff toward, [>]; and CIA, [>]; and nuclear testing, [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>]; and UN, [>], [>]; on JFK and weapons systems, [>]; and disarmament issues, [>]; and presidential diplomacy, [>], [>]; and JFK’s Yale commencement address, [>]; on White House staff, [>]–[>]; and Cuban missile crisis, [>], [>]; and MLF, [>], [>]; at JFK-Macmillan meeting in Nassau, [>], [>]; and Italian policy, [>]; and test ban, [>
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