Farabi, al-, 291–92
Fustat, al-, 288
Fasl al-Makal (Ibn Rushd), 292
Field of Crocuses, Battle of, 96
Flavius Josephus, 253, 295
Florence, 298–300
Florentinum Studium, 298-300
foreign troops, use of, 125, 257–58
Gabiene, Battle of, 211–12
Galatians, 240–41, 257, 259
garrison colonies, 179, 192, 217
Gaugamela, Battle of, 137, 149, 156–59
ge politike, 218
Genesis, 20–21
gerontes, 24
Ghazali, al-, 293
Glaucon, 283
gotan, 24
Grabus, 84–86
Granicus, Battle of, 137, 145, 149–52, 180
greaves, 58, 110
Green, Peter, 261, 263
Grenfell, 284, 285
Gygaea, 42, 45–46
gymnasia, 25, 98, 264–65
gymnasion, 25
Hadrian, and Athens, 280
Hadrian the Seventh (Rolfe), 295
Halicarnassus, siege of, 149, 152
Hannibalic War, 250
Harpalus son of Machatas, 52, 74, 177, 191
Harpocration, 104, 282
hat, Macedonian (kausia), 18, 188
Hatzopoulos, Miltiades, 25
Hebrew scriptures, 271
Hegemon, 101
Helen of Troy (Helene), 20
Helena Lecapene, 297
Hellen son of Deucalion, 20–22
“Hellenes,” 20
Hellenika, 182
Hellenistic World: armies of, 255–60; and Byzantine Empire, 294–98; and cities, 260–68; empires of, 215–221; kings of, 243–254; libraries and culture of, 268–75; and Rome, conquest of, 275–78; and Rome, rule of, 278–86
helmets, 58, 109, 109f10
Hephaestion, 34, 52, 131; and Alexander, 173; death of, 168–69; and Patroclus, 184; and Sisygambis, 154
Heracles: and Alexander, 22, 184; and Ptolemy, 244, 246; and warrior dances, 51
Heracles (son of Alexander III), 171
Heraion Teichos, 88
Hermolaus, 172
Herodotus: and Alexander I, 27; and Argaeus, 43; kings, Macedonian, lineage of, 27; legacy of, 273, 278, 282, 284, 296; and and Macedonian question, 22–23; on silver mines, 39; and Troglodytai, 246
Herondas, 274
Hesiod, 20–21
Hesychius, 24
hetaireia, 105, 106, 149
hetairidia, 76
hetairoi, 31; and Alexander III, 105–6; and hetairidia, 76; and Homer, 34; and paides, 78; and Philip II, 77, 149
hetairos, 52, 132
Hieron Oros, 88
Hieronymus of Cardia, 203, 208–10, 212
Hippias, 22
Hippodamus of Miletus, 260, 262f24
Homer: copies of, 271–72; and Macedonia, landowning class of, 34, 35, 52; and Macedonian question, 19; and Megalopolis, Alexander’s comment on, 160; and names, 26; and Oxyrhynchus, 284; first printing of, 300; and Rome, 278
hoplites, 33f3; 106, 127
horses, and names, 26, 116
“House of Wisdom,” 291, 292
Hunt, 284, 285
hus, 24
Hydaspes, Battle of, 150, 163–65, 164f14, 180
hypaspistai, 114–16, 149. See also Silver Shields
Hypsipyle (Euripides), 285
Ibn al-Kifti, 290
Ibn Khaldun, 293
Ibn Rushd, 292–93
Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 291, 292
Ignatios, 295
“Ignorant Book-Collector, The” (Lucian), 283–84
ilai, 121
ilarchs, 121
ile basilike, 121, 122
Iliad (Homer), 19, 160, 271–72
Illyria, 44; and Alexander II, 56; and Alexander III, 112; and Alexander, 147; and Amyntas III, 30, 45, 46; and Argaeus, 43; and Grabus, 84–85, 130; and Macedonians, language of, 24; and Perdiccas, 62, 64–65; and Philip II, 67, 70–72, 85, 114; and Philip V, 250. See also Bardylis
In the Shadow of Olympus (Borza), 30
Inscriptiones Graecae, 76
inscriptions, Greek, and Macedonian question, 19
Ion, 21
Iphicrates, 48, 53–54, 60–61
Ipsus, Battle of, 235–36
Islam: and mathematics, 291; and philosophy and science, 290
Isocrates, 278, 282, 296; letters of, 101; on overpopulation, 126; on Philip, and Paeonians, 85; and Philip, relationship with, 99; first printing of, 300
Israel, 21
Issus, Battle of, 137, 149, 153, 153f13, 158, 180
jabr, al-, 291
Jacob son of Isaac, 21
Jason the tyrant (of Pherae), 48, 56, 93
javelineers, 124–26, 157, 164
Jewish Antiquities (Josephus), 295
Jewish War (Josephus), 295
John the Grammarian. See Philoponus, John, 290
Judaeans, 21
Justin, 133
kausia, 18, 19f1, 188
Khoisan, 246
Khwarizmi, al-, 291
Kindi, al-, 290–91
King’s Peace, 47
Kitab al-’Ibar (Ibn Khaldun), 293
Kitab al-mukhtasar fi hisab al-jabr w’almuqabala (Comendious book on calculation by restoration and balancing), 291
koinon, 94, 96
Lamian War, 192–94
“last plans” document, 177–78
League of Islanders, 223
Leonidas, 24
Leonnatus, 131; and Lamian War, 193; and Malli, 166; and Settlement of Babylon, 188, 190, 191
Leosthenes, 191, 192
Leuctra, Battle of, 55–59, 97
Levites, 21
libraries, civic: at Alexandria, 269–73, 289; at Antioch, 274; of Constantinople, 298; of Celsus, Ephesus, 280–81, 281f25, 281f26; and Hellenistic culture, 268–75; Macedonian, royal, 271; at Pella, 274; at Pergamon, 274–75; and Roman rule, 280; at St Mark’s, 301
libraries, personal: and Bessarion, 301; and Hellenistic gentlemen, 296; and Lucian, 283; and Lucius Aemilius Paullus, 274; and oxyrhynchus, 285; and Photios, 295–96
Life of Alexander (Plutarch), 134
Life of Brian, The, 280
Life of Pelopidas (Plutarch), 134
lions, 34, 50, 50f4
lochagos, 111
lochoi, 111
Longinus, 282
Lucian, 283–85, 296
Lucius Aemilius Paullus, 274
lyceum, 143, 269, 270
Lycophron Pherae, 93, 94, 96–97
Lykeion, 143, 270
Lyppeius, 84–86
Lysimacheia, 239, 240
Lysimachus, 78, 129, 131, 170; and Antigonus, ultimatum to, 214; and colonization, 220–21; death of, 239; and Demetrius, 238; and Ipsus, battle of, 235–37; as king, 232; and lion, 34; and Macedonia, invasion of, 238; and Onesicritus, 183; and Settlement of Babylon, 188, 190; and succession wars to 301, 221–37; and War of the Diadochi, second, 202
Macedon, 21
Macedonia: aristocracy of, 31, 34, 35, 75–78; army of, 104–40; army of, before Philip, 76; army of, and cavalry, 31–33, 51f5, 119–122, 120f11; army of, and elite pezetairoi, 112–16; army of, and feeding, 124; army of, and skirmishing, 124; army of, and state, 137–140; and city-state Greeks, 25; and constitutional monarchy, 30–31; and couches, 39–40; initial crisis of, 66–72; and drinking, 35; and economy, and Philip, 78; government of, 25; history of, early, 27–30; history, summation of, 33–34; and hunting, 34, 40, 50, 50f4; and language, 24; “lower” and “upper,” 28; and “Macedonian question,” 17–27; and mining, 80; and music, 52; and names, 25–26; natural resources of, 36–41; population of, pre-Philip, 37; and rulers, assassination of, 31; and sexuality, 98; society of, 30–36; and timber, 48, 61; unification of, under Philip, 73–83; urbanization of, 79–80; and warrior dances, 51; warrior class of, 81–83; weakness of, 36
“Macedonian phalanx,” 70
Macedonian Wars: First 250;
Fourth, 276; Second, 250
Madina al-fadila, Al- (al-Farabi), 292
Magnes, 21
Magnesia, Battle of, 249, 254, 259, 276
Magnesians, 21–22
mahout, 164
Makedonisti, 24
Makran, 167
Malalas, John, 217
Malli, 165–66
Manetho, 270
Mantias, 65, 69
mantlets, 128
Marsyas of Pella, 36
Marsyas son of Philip, 52, 53
Massilians, 24
mathematics, 291
Maurya, 235
Mazaeus, 158–59
Medeius of Larissa, 77, 169, 188, 224
Megalopolis, Battle of, 160, 205
Meleager, 189–89, 190–91
Memnon of Rhodes, 150–152, 159, 171, 187, 296
Menelaus (son of Alexander I), 28, 29
Menelaus (son of Amyntas III), 42, 63, 75, 91
Menelaus (son of Lagus), and Cypress, 229–31
mercenary fair, 191
Metaphysics (Aristotle), 292
Michael III, 295
Miltiades, 24
“mimes,” 274
Mithridates VI of Pontus, 276
Mithridatids, 252
Molon, 252
Monty Python, 280
Mousai, 269
Mouseion, 268–71
names: and Homer, 26; and horses, 26, 116
naval tactics, 230
Neapolis, 86–87
Nearchus of Crete, 77, 167, 188
Neleus of Scepsis, 270
Neoptolemus, and War of the Diadochi, first, 196–98
Neoptolemus the Molossian, 92
Nesiotic League, 223
Nicanor (friend of Antigonus, 213, 227–28
Nicanor (friend of Cassander), 204–5
Nicanor (son of Parmenio), 116, 149
Nicesipolis, 97
Nicolaus Mysticus, 297
Nicomedia, 278–80
nomophylakes, 264
nuktophylakes, 265
Nymphis of Heraclea, 273
Odyssey (Homer), 19, 271–72
officer corps, 129–33
Olympias (wife of Philip II), 92; and Attalus, 145; and Eurydice, battle with, 213; and Perdiccas, 194; and Philip, assassination of, 142; and Polyperchon, 203; reign of, 214
Olympic games, 23
Olynthiac Orations (Demosthenes), 99, 114
Olynthian League: and Amyntas III, 43, 44, 46, 47; and Macedonian cavalry, 33; and Philip II, 72, 91
On the Trinity (Photios), 288–89
Onesicritus, 183
Onomarchus, 85, 94–96
Opis, 35, 168
Orestes, 29, 31
ouragos, 110
overpopulation, and Greece, 101, 126
Oxyrhynchus, 284–85, 296
Paeonians: and Macedonia, 64, 65, 68–70, 84, 85–86; and Philip, warrior class of, 83, 126
paideia, 131–32, 139
paides, 78, 93, 131–32, 172; conspiracy of, 162
paidion, 54
paidonomos, 268
Pangaeum, mines of, 39, 80, 86, 87
pantodapoi, 174–75
Paraetacene, Battle of, 175, 208, 211, 222
parchment, 275
Parmenio, 130; and Alexander, and children, 186; and Alexander, succession of, 143; and Asia Minor, 141; and Chaeroneia, Battle of, 134, 136; on Darius, peace offering of, 156; death of, 162, 172, 180; and Gaugamela, battle of, 157–59; and Granicus, Battle of, 151, 155–56; and Illyrians, 84–85; and invasion force, 149; and Media, 161; and Philip, 130
Pausanias: and Amyntas III, rival of, 30; and Iphicrates, 53-54; and Philip II, 65, 67
Pausanias (bodyguard), and Philip II, assassination of, 142, 143
Pausanias (son of Aeropus), 29, 45
Pausanias (son of Pausanias son of Aeropus), and Ptolemy, 60–61
Pausanias (travel writer), 262
pax Romana, 278
Peithon son of Crateuas: death of, 213; and garrison colonies, 192; and Paraetacene, Battle of, 208–10; and Settlement of Babylon, 188; and Settlement of Triparadeisus, 198–99; and War of the Diadochi, first, 196–97; and War of the Diadochi, second, 206–7
peligones, 24
Pella, 29; as Apameia, 220; library of, 274; school of, 77, 117
Pelopidas: and Alexander II, 57; and Philip, 54; and Ptolemy, 61; and Thessaly, 60; and warfare, 58–59
penestai, 41, 93
“people under arms,” 137
Perdiccas (regent/general), 129, 131; and Adea, 195; and Alexander, arrow wound of, 166; and Alexander, death of, 169; and Cappadocia, 191, 193, 194; and Cleopatra, 194–96; death of, 197; and the Diadochi, first War of, 196; and garrison colonies, 192; and Nicaea, 194, 196; and Settlement of Babylon, 188–90; and Thebes, 147
Perdiccas I, 22
Perdiccas II, 23, 28, 73, 105, 117
Perdiccas III, 30, 42; and Amphipolis, 68; and Illyrians, 61–63, 64–65; and Iphicrates, 53–54
Peregrinus, 283
Pergamon (Pergamum), 252, 265–66, 274–75, 280
Periplous of the Red Sea (Agatharchides), 296
Perseus, 251, 258, 274, 276, 277
Peucestas, 166, 206, 212, 224
pezetairoi, 105–6, 112–16; and Alexander III, 149. See also Silver Shields
Phalaecus, 100
phalanx, 104–12, 136
Philip II, 42, 46, 64f6, 81f7; and Amphipolis, 68–69; and Amyntas, 75; and Argaeus, 68–69; and Argead family, 75; and aristocracy, subordination of, 75–78, 118; army of, 70, 76, 104–40; army of, and cavalry, 118; army of, elements of, 104; army of, feeding of, 124; army of, and legacy, 255; army of, and light infantry and cavalry, 123–26; army of, and officer corps, 129–33; army of, and pezetairoi, 106, 112–16; army of, and phalanx, 70, 104–12; army of, and pikemen, 106–111; army of, and reformed heavy cavalry, 116–122; army of, and siege train, 126–28; army of, and skirmishing, 124; army of, and system of battle, 133–37; army of, and the state, 137–140; army of, and upper Macedonia, 74; assassination of, 35, 142; and Athenian culture, 35; and Athens, 68–69, 99–102; and Balkans, 83–89; and “bribery,” 67; and Chalcidice, 90–92; and Common Peace, 101, 102; and crisis, initial, 41, 66–72; and Delphi, oracle of, 100; and Derdas, 61; and the economy, 78; and Elimea, 61–62; and Epirus, 92–93; exile of, 57, 61; and eye loss, 90; as Hegemon, 101, 102; and Illyria, 66–68, 70–71, 85; and Macedonia, beginning rule of, 64–65; and Macedonia, culture of, 39; and Macedonia, unification of, 37, 41, 73–83; and mining, 80; and Paeonians, 85–86; and Pella, 67; and Philippi, 39; and Phocians, 100; and pike, 107; and Pythian Games, 100; and reformed cavalry, formation of, 120–21; and riding, 51; and “Sacred War,” 96; school of, 130; and Southern Greeks, 89–102; and state building, 72–83; and Thessalian League, 96; and Thessaly, 93–102; and thigh wound, 89; and Thrace, 66–67, 86–89; and urbanization, 79–80; warfare, education in, 60; and warrior class, 81–83; as youngster, 49–54
Philip III Arrhidaeus: birth of, 94; death of, 214; and Eurydice (Adea), 195, 213; and Meleager, 189; recognized as king Philip III, 190; and Settlement of Babylon, 189; tomb of, 50, 237f19
Philip IV (son of Cassander), 237
Philip V, 249–52, 250f21; and Cynoscephalae, Battle of, 276; and regulations, military, 256–57; and Rome, 250, 275–77
Philippi, 39, 79, 87
Philippica (Anaximens), 105
Philippopolis, 79, 88
Philippos Amynta Makedon. See Philip II
Philistus of Syracuse, reputation of, 273
Philo Judaeus of Alexander, 296
Philocrates, 101
Philocrates, Peace of, 99, 100
Philoponus, John, 288–90
Philotas, 131, 149, 162, 171–72
Philoxenus, 159
phone, 24, 25
Photios, 288–89, 294-97
pig, 24
pikemen, 107–12
pikes. See sarissa
Pinakes, 272
Piraeus,
204, 229, 260
Pixodarus, 145
Plato, 24, 38, 274, 284, 285, 290, 292
Pleistarchus, 235, 237
Pliny the Elder, 274
Pliny the Younger, 279
Plutarch, 284, 296; on Alexander, and drinking, 171; on Antipater, 131; on Chaeroneia, battle of, 134; on Demetrius, 83, 230; on Greeks and Romans, 282–83; on Lucius Aemilius Paullus, 274; on Onesictritus, 183; on Parmenio, 130; on Philip, 57, 130; on Philip, reforms of, 83; on “silver shields” unit, 114–15
Polemaeus, 222, 224
Polyaenus, 134
Polybius, 98, 106, 257–58, 259
Polydectes, 21
Polyperchon, 131, 188, 202–15, 222
Pompeius Magnus, 276
Porphyrogenitus, Constantine, 21
Porus, 163–65, 164f14
Pot-belly. See Ptolemy VIII
Potidaea, 84, 85, 90, 128
printing press, 300
prodromoi, 123–26
Prometheus, 21
Pronoea, 21
proskynesis, 162, 172, 173
Proteas, 171
Protesilaus, 184
Prussia, 103
Ptolemy I Soter: as administrator, 215; on Alexander, 183; and Alexander, burial of, 196; and Alexandria, library of, 178, 269–73; and Antigonus, ultimatum to, 214; and Babylon, 226; and Babylon, Settlement of, 188–91; and colonization, 215–16, 220–21; and Cypress, 229–31, 241; and Diadochi, first War of, the, 196–98; and Diadochi, second War of, the, 202; and Egypt, 195–96, 199, 214; and family disputes, 239; and Gaza, battle of, 224; and Greek autonomy, 223; as king, 232; and Mouseion, 268–71; and Phoenicia and Palestine, 224–25, 235, 237, 241; and Silver Shields, 205; and succession wars to 301, 221–37; and syntrophoi, 52, 78, 129–31
Ptolemy II Philadelphus, 239; and Alexandria, 178; and colonization, 220; and Manetho, 270; and Mouseion, 268–71; as ruler, 255
Ptolemy III (Euergetes), 244–48, 245f20
Ptolemy IV, 244, 257–58
Ptolemy of Aloros, 31, 48, 56–57, 60–61, 76
Ptolemy VIII (“Physkon”), 244
Ptolemy X, 244
Ptolemy Ceraunus, 239, 240
Pydna, Battle of, 276
Pyrrha, 21
Pyrrhus of Epirus, 241
Raphia, Battle of, 258
Republic (Plato), 292
Research Center for Greek and Roman Antiquity, 25
Rhomaioi, 294
Rolfe, Frederick, 295
Romanus Lecapenus, 297
Rome: army of, 277–78; culture of, 278; and Hellenistic civilization, 275–86; and libraries, 280
Roxane, 163
“royal squadron,” 121
Sacred Wars, Third 94, 97, 98, 100
Salamis, Battle of, 229–31
Samarkand, feast of, 145
Samos, 266–67
Sandrokottos. See Chadragupta
Before and After Alexander Page 40