by Naomi Klein
3. Gary Rivlin, “A Mogul Who Would Rebuild New Orleans,” New York Times, September 29, 2005.
4. “The Promise of Vouchers,” Wall Street Journal, December 5, 2005.
5. Ibid.
6. Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (1962, repr. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 2.
7. Interview with Joe DeRose, United Teachers of New Orleans, September 18, 2006; Michael Kunzelman, “Post-Katrina, Educators, Students Embrace Charter Schools,” Associated Press, April 17, 2007.
8. Steve Ritea, “N.O. Teachers Union Loses Its Force in Storm’s Wake,”Times-Picayune (New Orleans), March 6, 2006.
9. Susan Saulny, “U.S. Gives Charter Schools a Big Push in New Orleans,” New York Times, June 13, 2006; Veronique de Rugy and Kathryn G. Newmark, “Hope after Katrina” Education Next, October 1, 2006, www.aei.org.
10. “Educational Land Grab,” Rethinking Schools, Fall 2006.
11. Milton Friedman, Inflation: Causes and Consequences (New York: Asia Publishing House, 1963), 1.
12. Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, ix.
13. Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman, Tyranny of the Status Quo (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984), 3.
14. Milton Friedman and Rose D. Friedman, Two Lucky People: Memoirs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 592.
15. Eduardo Galeano, Days and Nights of Love and War, trans. Judith Brister (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 130.
16. Ullman and Wade, Shock and Awe, xxviii.
17. Thomas Crampton, “Iraq Official Warns on Fast Economic Shift,” International Herald Tribune (Paris), October 14, 2003.
18. Alison Rice, Post-Tsunami Tourism and Reconstruction: A Second Disaster? (London: Tourism Concern, October 2005), www.tourismconcern.org.uk.
19. Nicholas Powers, “The Ground below Zero,” Indypendent, August 31, 2006, www.indypendent.org.
20. Neil King Jr. and Yochi J. Dreazen, “Amid Chaos in Iraq, Tiny Security Firm Found Opportunity,” Wall Street Journal, August 13, 2004.
21. Eric Eckholm, “U.S. Contractor Found Guilty of $3 Million Fraud in Iraq,” New York Times, March 10, 2006.
22. Davison L. Budhoo, Enough Is Enough: Dear Mr. Camdessus…Open Letter of Resignation to the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (New York: New Horizons Press, 1990), 102.
23. Michael Lewis, “The World’s Biggest Going-Out-of-Business Sale,” The New York Times Magazine, May 31, 1998.
24. Bob Sipchen, “Are Public Schools Worth the Effort?” Los Angeles Times, July 3, 2006.
25. Paul Tough, David Frum, William Kristol et al., “A Revolution or Business as Usual?: A Harper’s Forum,” Harper’s, March 1995.
26. Rachel Monahan and Elena Herrero Beaumont, “Big Time Security,” Forbes, August 3, 2006; Gary Stoller, “Homeland Security Generates Multibillion Dollar Business,” USA Today, September 10, 2006.
27. Evan Ratliff, “Fear, Inc.,” Wired, December 2005.
28. Veronique de Rugy, American Enterprise Institute, “Factsand Figures about Homeland Security Spending,” December 14, 2006, www.aei.org.
29. Bryan Bender, “Economists Say Cost of War Could Top $2 Trillion,” Boston Globe January 8, 2006.
30. Thomas L. Friedman, “Big Mac I,” New York Times, December 8, 1996.
31. Steve Quinn, “Halliburton’s 3Q Earnings Hit $611M,” Associated Press, October 22, 2006.
32. Steven R. Hurst, “October Deadliest Month Ever in Iraq,” Associated Press, November 22, 2006.
33. James Glanz and Floyd Norris, “Report Says Iraq Contractor Is Hiding Data from U.S.,” New York Times, October 28, 2006.
34. Wency Leung, “Success Through Disaster: B.C.-Made Wood Houses Hold Great Potential for Disaster Relief,” Vancouver Sun, May 15, 2006.
35. Joseph B. Treaster, “Earnings for Insurers Are Soaring,” New York Times, October 14, 2006.
36. Central Intelligence Agency, Kubark Counterintelligence Interrogation, July 1963, 1,101. Declassified manual is available in full, www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv.
37. Ibid, 66.
38. Mao Tse-Tung, “Introducing a Cooperative,” Peking Review 1, no. 15 (June 10, 1958): 6.
39. Friedman and Friedman, Two Lucky People, 594.
40. Ibid.
41. “The Rising Risk of Recession,” Time, December 19, 1969.
42. George Jones, “Thatcher Praises Friedman, Her Freedom Fighter,” Daily Telegraph (London), November 17, 2006; Friedman and Friedman, Two Lucky People, 388–89.
43. Francis Fukuyama, “The End of History?” The National Interest, Summer 1989.
44. Justin Fox, “The Curious Capitalist,” Fortune, November 16, 2006; House of Representatives, 109th Congr., 2nd Sess., “H. Res. 1089: Honoring the Life of Milton Friedman,” December 6, 2006; Jon Ortiz, “State to Honor Friedman,” Sacramento Bee, January 24, 2007; Thomas Sowell, “Freedom Man,” Wall Street Journal, November 18, 2006.
45. Stéphane Courtois et al., The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, trans. Jonathan Murphy and Mark Kramer (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 2.
1. The Torture Lab: Ewen Cameron, the CIA and the Maniacal Quest to Erase and Remake the Human Mind
1. Cyril J. C. Kennedy and David Anchel, “Regressive Electric-Shock in Schizophrenics Refractory to Other Shock Therapies,” Psychiatric Quarterly 22, no. 2 (April 1948): 318.
2. Ugo Cerletti, “Electroshock Therapy,” Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology and Quarterly Review of Psychiatry and Neurology 15 (September 1954): 192–93.
3. Judy Foreman, “How CIA Stole Their Minds,” Boston Globe, October 30, 1998; Stephen Bindman, “Brainwashing Victims to Get $100,000,” Gazette (Montreal), November 18, 1992.
4. Gordon Thomas, Journey into Madness (New York: Bantam Books, 1989), 148.
5. Harvey M. Weinstein, Psychiatry and the CIA: Victims of Mind Control (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1990), 92, 99.
6. D. Ewen Cameron, “Psychic Driving,” American Journal of Psychiatry 112, no. 7 (1956): 502–509.
7. D. Ewen Cameron and S. K. Pande, “Treatment of the Chronic Paranoid Schizophrenic Patient,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 78 (January 15, 1958): 95.
8. Aristotle, “On the Soul, Book III,” in Aristotle I, Great Books of the Western World, vol. 8, ed. Mortimer J. Adler, trans. W. D. Ross (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1952), 662.
9. Berton Rouché, “As Empty as Eve,” The New Yorker, September 9, 1974.
10. D. Ewen Cameron, “Production of Differential Amnesia as a Factor in the Treatment of Schizophrenia,” Comprehensive Psychiatry 1, no. 1 (1960): 32–33.
11. D. Ewen Cameron, J. G. Lohrenz and K. A. Handcock, “The Depatterning Treatment of Schizophrenia,” Comprehensive Psychiatry 3, no. 2 (1962): 67.
12. Cameron, “Psychic Driving,” 503–504.
13. Weinstein, Psychiatry and the CIA, 120. FOOTNOTE: Thomas, Journey into Madness, 129.
14. “CIA, Memorandum for the Record, Subject: Project ARTICHOKE,” January 31, 1975, www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv.
15. Alfred W. McCoy, “Cruel Science: CIA Torture & Foreign Policy,” New England Journal of Public Policy 19, no. 2 (Winter 2005): 218.
16. Alfred W. McCoy, A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006), 22, 30.
17. Those who found themselves taking LSD in this period of experimentation included North Korean POWs; a group of patients at a drug treatment center in Lexington, Kentucky; seven thousand American soldiers at Maryland’s Edgewood Chemical Arsenal; and inmates of California’s Vacaville Prison. Ibid., 27, 29.
18. “[A]n anonymous handwritten note found in the archives identifies Dr. Caryl Haskins and Commander R. J. Williams as CIA representatives at the meeting.” David Vienneau, “Ottawa Paid for ’50s Brainwashing Experiments, Files Show,” Toronto Star, April 14, 1986; “Minutes of June 1, 1951, Canada/US/UK Meeting Re: Communist ‘Brainwashing�
�� Techniques during the Korean War,” meeting at Ritz-Carlton Hotel, Montreal, June 1, 1951, page 5.
19. D. O. Hebb, W. Heron and W. H. Bexton, Annual Report, Contract DRB X38, Experimental Studies of Attitude, 1953.
20. Defense Research Board Report to Treasury Board, August 3, 1954, declassified, 2.
21. “Distribution of Proceedings of Fourth Symposium, Military Medicine, 1952,” declassified.
22. Zuhair Kashmeri, “Data Show CIA Monitored Deprivation Experiments,” Globe and Mail Toronto), February 18, 1984.
23. Ibid.
24. Hebb, Heron and Bexton, Annual Report, Contract DRB X38, 1–2.
25. Juliet O’Neill, “Brain Washing Tests Assailed by Experts,” Globe and Mail (Toronto), November 27, 1986.
26. Weinstein, Psychiatry and the CIA, 122. Thomas, Journey into Madness, 103; John D. Marks, The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control (New York: Times Books, 1979), 133.
27. R. J. Russell, L. G. M. Page and R. L. Jillett, “Intensified Electroconvulsant Therapy,” Lancet (December 5, 1953): 1178.
28. Cameron, Lohrenz and Handcock, “The Depatterning Treatment of Schizophrenia,” 68.
29. Cameron, “Psychic Driving,” 504.
30. Thomas, Journey into Madness, 180.
31. D. Ewen Cameron et al., “Sensory Deprivation: Effects upon the Functioning Human in Space Systems,” Symposium on Psychophysiological Aspects of Space Flight, ed. Bernard E. Flaherty (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961), 231; Cameron, “Psychic Driving,” 504.
32. Marks, The Search for the Manchurian Candidate, 138.
33. Cameron and Pande, “Treatment of the Chronic Paranoid Schizophrenic Patient,” 92.
34. D. Ewen Cameron, “Production of Differential Amnesia as a Factor in the Treatment of Schizophrenia,” 27.
35. Thomas, Journey into Madness, 234.
36. Cameron et al., “Sensory Deprivation,” 226, 232.
37. Lawrence Weschler, A Miracle, a Universe: Settling Accounts with Torturers (New York: Pantheon Books, 1990), 125.
38. Interview appeared in the Canadian magazine Weekend, quoted in Thomas, Journey into Madness, 169.
39. Cameron, “Psychic Driving,” 508.
40. Cameron was citing another researcher, Norman Rosenzweig, to support his thesis. Cameron et al., “Sensory Deprivation,” 229.
41. Weinstein, Psychiatry and the CIA, 222.
42. “Project MKUltra, The CIA’s Program of Research in Behavioral Modification,” Joint Hearings Before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, 95th Congr., 1st Sess., August 3, 1977. Quoted in Weinstein, Psychiatry and the CIA, 178.
43. Ibid., 143.
44. James LeMoyne, “Testifying to Torture,” New York Times, June 5, 1988.
45. Jennifer Harbury, Truth, Torture and the American Way: The History and Consequences of U.S. Involvement in Torture (Boston: Beacon Press, 2005), 87.
46. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, “Transcript of Proceedings before the Select Committee on Intelligence: Honduran Interrogation Manual Hearing,” June 16, 1988 (Box 1 CIA Training Manuals, Folder: Interrogation Manual Hearings, National Security Archives). Quoted in McCoy, A Question of Torture, 96.
47. Tim Weiner, “Interrogation, C.I.A.-Style,” New York Times, February 9, 1997; Steven M. Kleinman, “KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation Review: Observations of an Interrogator,” February 2006 in Intelligence Science Board, Educing Information (Washington D.C.: National Defense Intelligence College, December 2006), 96.
48. Central Intelligence Agency, Kubark Counterintelligence Interrogation, July 1963, pages 1 and 8. Declassified manual is available in full from the National Security Archives, www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv. Emphasis added.
49. Ibid., 1, 38.
50. Ibid., 1–2.
51. Ibid., 88.
52. Ibid., 90.
53. Central Intelligence Agency, Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual–1983. Declassified manual is available in full from the National Security Archives, www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv. FOOTNOTE: Ibid.
54. Central Intelligence Agency, Kubark Counterintelligence Interrogation, July 1963, 49–50, 76–77.
55. Ibid., 41, 66.
56. McCoy, A Question of Torture, 8.
57. McCoy, “Cruel Science,” 220.
58. Frantz Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, trans. Haakon Chevalier (1965, repr. New York: Grove Press, 1967), 138.
59. Pierre Messmer, French minister of defense from 1960 to 1969, says that the Americans invited the French to train soldiers in the U.S. In response, General Paul Aussaresses, the most notorious and unrepentant of France’s torture experts, went to Fort Bragg and instructed U.S. soldiers on “seizure, interrogation, torture” techniques. Death Squadrons: The French School, documentary directed by Marie-Monique Robin (Idéale Audience, 2003).
60. McCoy, A Question of Torture, 65.
61. Dianna Ortiz, The Blindfold’s Eyes (New York: Orbis Books, 2002), 32.
62. Harbury, Truth, Torture and the American Way
63. United Nations, Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Adopted August 12, 1949, www.ohchr.org; Uniform Code of Military Justice, Subchapter 10: Punitive Articles, Section 893, Article 93, www.au.af.mil.
64. Central Intelligence Agency, Kubark Counterintelligence Interrogation, 2; Central Intelligence Agency, Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual—1983.
65. Craig Gilbert, “War Will Be Stealthy,” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, September 17, 2001; Garry Wills, Reagan’s America: Innocents at Home (New York: Doubleday, 1987), 378.
66. Katharine Q. Seelye, “A Nation Challenged,” New York Times, March 29, 2002; Alberto R. Gonzales, Memorandum for the President, January 25, 2002, www.nsbc.msn.com.
67. Jerald Phifer, “Subject: Request for Approval of Counter-Resistance Strategies,” Memorandum for Commander, Joint Task Force 170, October 11, 2002: 6. Declassified, www.npr.org.
68. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel, Office of the Assistant Attorney General, Memorandum for Alberto R. Gonzales, Counsel to the President, August 1, 2002, www.washingtonpost.com. FOOTNOTE: “Military Commissions Act of 2006,” Subchapter VII, Sec. 6, thomas.loc.gov; Alfred W. McCoy, “The U.S. Has a History of Using Torture,” History News Network, George Mason University, December 4, 2006, www.hnn.us; “The Imperial Presidency at Work,” New York Times, January 15, 2006.
69. Kleinman, “KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation Review,” 95.
70. Dan Eggen, “Padilla Case Raises Questions about Anti-Terror Tactics,” Washington Post, November 19, 2006.
71. Curt Anderson, “Lawyers Show Images of Padilla in Chains,” Associated Press, December 4, 2006; John Grant, “Why Did They Torture Jose Padilla,” Philadelphia Daily News, December 12, 2006.
72. AAP, “US Handling of Hicks Poor: PM,” Sydney Morning Herald, February 6, 2007.