11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. ‘Flawed Fabrics—The Abuse of Girls and Women Workers in the South Indian Textile Industry’, a report by the Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations (SOMO) and the India Committee of the Netherlands (ICN), 2014, p. 59.
14. Ibid, p. 57.
15. Ibid, p. 53.
16. ‘Production of Torture: A Study on Working Conditions Including Work-Place Harassments Facing Women Garment Workers in Bangalore and Other Districts’, People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) Karnataka, NLSIU, Bangalore, Vimochana, Alternative Law Forum (ALF), Concern-IISC, Manthan Law and Garments Mahila Karmikara Munnade, July 2016.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. ‘Social reproduction’ is a Marxist feminist term referring to the reproduction of labour power, of the next generation of workers and of social relationships. It refers to the perpetuation of society as we know it. Cooking, cleaning, care work, transport, schooling, healthcare—all are essential to making sure workers can replenish their exhausted labour power at the end of a day, and arrive refreshed at work again the next day. They are also essential to reproducing the next generation of workers. The bulk of this work is performed by unpaid or ill-paid women, often of oppressed races and castes.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. ‘Flawed Fabrics—The Abuse of Girls and Women Workers in the South Indian Textile Industry’, a report by the Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations (SOMO) and the India Committee of the Netherlands (ICN), 2014, p. 70.
24. Ibid, pp. 53–54.
25. Ibid, pp. 6–7
26. Melissa Wright, Disposable Women and Other Myths of Global Capitalism (London and New York: Routledge, 2006).
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid, pp. 33–34.
29. Ibid.
30. Dina M. Siddiqi, ‘Do Bangladeshi Factory Workers Need Saving? Sisterhood in the Post-Sweatshop Era’, Feminist Review, Volume 91, 2009, pp. 154–174.
31. Lourdes Pantaleón and Fundación Laboral Dominicana ‘Sexual Harassment in the Export Processing Zones of the Dominican Republic’, International Labor Rights Fund, Rights for Working Women Campaign, May 2003.
32. Jayati Ghosh, Never Done and Poorly Paid: Women’s Work in Globalising India, Women Unlimited, 2009, p. 123.
33. Ibid, p. 97.
34. http://tnlabour.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/The-Maruti-Struggle.pdf, accessed 9 June 2019.
35. ‘India needs to be a low-cost hub for Make in India success: FM Arun Jaitley’, Business Today, 30 January 2016.
36. ‘Operation Juliet: Busting the Bogey of “Love Jihad”’, Cobrapost, 4 October 2015, https://www.cobrapost.com/blog/operation-juliet-busting-the-bogey-of-love-jihad-2/900, accessed 8 June 2019.
37. Ibid.
38. Neha Dixit, ‘Holier Than Cow’, Outlook, 28 January 2013.
39. Kalpana Wilson, ‘Agency as “Smart Economics”: Neoliberalism, Gender and Development’, in Gender, Agency, and Coercion (Thinking Gender in Transnational Times Series), ed. Sumi Madhok, Anne Phillips and Kalpana Wilson (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).
Chapter 6: Constructing a Fascist Patriarchy
1. Kumkum Sangari, ‘The “Amenities of Domestic Life”: Questions on Labour’, Social Scientist, Volume 21, Number 9/11, September–October 1993, pp. 3–46.
2. Pratiksha Baxi, ‘Netaji, unreformed’, The Indian Express, 26 August 2015.
3. Kavita Krishnan, ‘Patriarchal Ideology and Political Culture’, Countercurrents.org, 25 May 2011.
4. Shreyasi Bose, ‘A Culture of Victim Blaming: Suzette Jordan and Surviving Rape’, Feminism In India, 28 November 2015.
5. ‘“Don’t kill us, we want to live together”: Kerala couple faces death threats’, The News Minute, 20 July 2018.
6. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, translated by Ralph Manheim (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998), p. 253.
7. Max Doramus, The Complete Hitler: A Digital Desktop Reference to His Speeches and Proclamations, 1932–45 (Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1990), p. 532.
8. Neha Dixit, ‘Holier Than Cow’, Outlook, 28 January 2013.
9. James Q. Whitman, Hitler’s American Model, The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law, Princeton University Press, 2017.
10. ‘Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror’, Equal Justice Initiative, Third Edition, 2017.
11. Ida B. Wells, ‘Lynching Our National Crime’, Proceedings of the National Negro Conference, New York, 31 May 31 and 1 June, 1909, pp. 174–79, http://moses.law.umn.edu/darrow/documents/Proceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Negro%20Conference%201909_%20New%20York_%20May%2031%20and%20June_1.pdf, accessed 7 September 2019.
12. M.S. Golwalkar, We or Our Nationhood Defined, (Nagpur: Bharat Publications, 1939), pp. 47–48.
13. Ibid, p. 78.
14. Tom Treanor, One Damn Thing After Another: The Adventures of an Innocent Man Trapped between Public Relations and the Axis (New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1944), p. 84.
15. ‘WATCH: Sikh cop saves Muslim man from mob attack in Uttarakhand’, India Today, 25 May 2018.
16. Video on Twitter, https://twitter.com/IronyOfIndia_/status/999716994772434944, accessed 17 January 2019.
17. ‘BJP Leader Slaps Woman for Relationship with Muslim Man, Police Books Boyfriend’, The Wire, 21 September 2017.
18. ‘“Hindu Ke Hote Huye Muslim Chahiye?” UP Police Beat Woman for Having Muslim Friend’, posted by the Logical Indian, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbyNgbj7-Tw, accessed 9 June 2018.
19. ‘Week After Meerut Assault Video, Rogue Cops Get “VIP” Transfer, No Arrest’, NDTV, 1 October 2018.
20. ‘Amit Shah’s hate speech in Bijnor’, YouTube, 4 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCjYDbwdQsY&t=40s, accessed 17 January 2019;
Also see Mukul Kesavan’s ‘His Master’s Voice—Amit Shah’s Speeches in UP Belie the Promise of a New BJP’, The Telegraph, 10 April 2014.
21. ‘Amit Shah’s Hate Speech at Jat Sabha in Shamli, West U.P.’, posted by NewsClick, YouTube, 7 April 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTk_ZYdevoM, accessed 17 January 2019.
22. Manish Sahu, ‘MoS Sanjeev Balyan visits Muzaffarnagar prison, meets 2013 riot accused’, The Indian Express, 8 December 2015.
23. ‘Operation Juliet: Busting the Bogey of “Love Jihad”’, Cobrapost, 4 October 2015, https://www.cobrapost.com/blog/operation-juliet-busting-the-bogey-of-love-jihad-2/900, accessed 8 June 2019.
24. ‘BJP MLA Suggests That Child Marriage Will Help End ‘Love Jihad’, Scroll.in, 6 May 2018.
25. Trevor Noah, Born a Crime: Stories from a South African Childhood (Spiegel and Grau, 2016).
26. Radhika Ramaseshan, ‘Modi chants purification mantra’, The Telegraph, 26 September 2016.
27. Deendayal Upadhyay, ‘Akhand Bharat: Dhyey Our Sadhan’, Panchjanya, 24 August 1953, available on deendayalupadhyay.org, accessed 9 June 2019, translated by author.
28. Interview with Narendra Modi, https://www.jansatta.com/national/live-pm-narendra-modi-interview-on-network-18-ibn-7-ibn-lokmat-cnbc-tv-18-etv-network/138681/, Jansatta Online, 2 September 2016.
29. Narendra Modi, Social Harmony, edited by Kishor Makwana, translated into English by Devang Nanavati, translation edited by Dr Avani Desai, Dr Alpa Shah and Dr Radhika Nagrath (New Delhi: Prabhat Prakashan, 2015), available at http://www.narendramodi.in/ebooks/social-harmony
30. B.R. Ambedkar, Annihilation of Caste: The Annotated Critical Edition, Navayana, 2014.
31. Vasant Moon, ed., Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches, Vol. 17, Part 3, education department, Government of Maharashtra, 14 April 1994, pp. 282–83.
32. India’s land ceiling laws, enacted as part of the bid to end zamindari (landlordism), fix the maximum permitted size of landholding that an individual/a family can own. Land over and above this ceiling is called ‘ceiling surplus land’, and can be acquired by the government an
d redistributed among the landless poor.
33. Kavita Krishnan, ‘Public Secrets Now Proven: Ranveer Sena Terrorists Caught on Camera by Cobrapost’, Kafila, 23 August 2015.
34. Giridhar Jha, ‘Bihar minister sparks controversy by calling slain Ranvir Sena chief a “true Gandhian”’, India Today, 8 June 2012.
35. Dan Morrison, ‘A Final Interview with Brahmeshwar Nath Singh’, The New York Times, 4 June 2012.
36. Ram Madhav, ‘Coming Full Circle at 70’, The Indian Express, 15 August 2017.
37. Neha Dixit, ‘Holier Than Cow’, Outlook, 28 January 2013.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. Women and the Hindu Right: A Collection of Essays, Tanika Sarkar and Urvashi Butalia eds., Kali for Women, 1995, pp. 332–33.
44. Ram Madhav, ‘Coming Full Circle at 70’, The Indian Express, 15 August 2017.
45. Speech made by B.R. Ambedkar while moving the draft constitution in the constituent assembly, Vasant Moon ed., Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches, Volume 13, education department, Government of Maharashtra, 14 April 1994, p. 61.
46. Ibid, pp. 405-06.
47. Adhiraj Nayar, ‘Why Jaitley Needs to Study the Link Between RSS and Fascism’, NewsClick, 28 June 2018.
48. ‘Narendra Modi on MS Golwalkar, translated by Aakar Patel - Part 1’, The Caravan, 31 May 2014.
49. Anubhuti Vishnoi, ‘Uttar Pradesh: Yogi Adityanath had opposed women quota, defied BJP line in Parliament’, The Economic Times, 20 March 2017.
50. http://www.yogiadityanath.in/lekh/lekh_7793_22021405312122022014.pdf, accessed 9 June 2019.
51. Omar Rashid, ‘Yogi Adityanath emerging as BJP’s star campaigner’, The Hindu, 8 December 2018.
52. Mais Haddad, ‘Victims of Rape and Law: How the Arab world laws protect the rapist, not the victim’, Jurist, 9 May 2017.
53. Aida Alami, ‘A Loophole for Rapists Is Eliminated in Morocco’, The New York Times, 23 January 2014.
54. Daniel Howden, ‘In the name of God: the Saudi rape victim’s tale’, The Independent, 29 November 2007.
55. Katherine Zoepf, ‘Saudi King Pardons Rape Victim Sentenced to Be Lashed, Saudi Paper Reports’, The New York Times, 18 December 2007.
56. Jawaharlal Nehru on 5 January 1961, quoted in A.G. Noorani’s ‘Ayodhya and Advani’, Mainstream, 13 October 1990, p. 8.
57. B.R. Ambedkar, Pakistan or the Partition of India, Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches, Volume 8, Vasant Moon ed., education department, Government of Maharashtra, 14 April 1994, reprinted by Dr Ambedkar Foundation, January 2014, p. 358.
58. ‘Haryana govt faces backlash after ad describing “ghoonghat” as identity of the state appears in magazine’, The Indian Express, 28 June 2017.
59. Pheroze L. Vincent, ‘Ben vs Ben, “Ram” still silent’, The Telegraph, 22 June 2018.
Chapter 7: Where Women Are Worshipped, Can Women Roam?
1. Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things (Noida: Random House, 2008), p. 299.
2. Ibid, p. 63.
3. E.M.S. Namboodiripad, ‘Arundhati Royyude saundaryadarshanam’, Deshabhimani, 29 November 1997.
4. Tanika Sarkar, ‘Reflections on Birati Rape Cases: Gender Ideology in Bengal’, Economic and Political Weekly, Volume 26, Issue 5, 2 February 1991, pp. 215–218.
5. Ibid.
6. Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the Present - Volume I: 600 B.C. to the Early 20th Century, Susie Tharu and K. Lalita eds., (New York: The Feminist Press, 1991), p. 68.
7. Ibid.
8. Tanika Sarkar, Hindu Wife, Hindu Nation: Community, Religion and Cultural Nationalism (New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2003), p. 109.
9. Ibid, p. 121.
10. Tanika Sarkar, Words to Win - The Making of Amar Jiban: A Modern Autobiography (New Delhi: Kali for Women, 1999), p. 167.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid, pp. 159–160.
13. Ibid, p. 168.
14. Tanika Sarkar, Hindu Wife, Hindu Nation: Community, Religion and Cultural Nationalism (New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2003), p. 129.
15. ‘Rajasthan MLA Gyan Dev Ahuja says JNU produces 3,000 used condoms every day’, India Today, 22 February 2016.
16. ‘The Newshour Debate: Apology or Arrogance?—Full Debate’, YouTube, posted by Times Now, 9 December 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgFrc5UNkFs, minutes 19:3620:28. Also tweet by Subramanian Swamy, ‘When I said Naxals believe in free sex I did not know Tejpal dictum: that modern secular girls will not object to sexual free enterprise’, 18 January 2014, https://twitter.com/Swamy39/status/424755865023807488, accessed 9 June 2019. Also see Swamy’s tweet dated 29 October 2015, replying to Kavita Krishnan’s tweet calling out an airline for barring a woman in a short skirt from a flight, by saying, ‘These free sex Naxalites will defend passengers on flight wearing bikinis to rubbish “middle class” values’, https://newsable.asianetnews.com/karnataka/here-is-the-truth-behind-gauri-lankeshs-free-sex-comment-and-subramanian-swamy-is-to-be-blamed-for-it accessed 9 June 2019.
17. ‘JNU is a den of organized sex racket, says dossier prepared by university teachers’, India Today, 29 April 2016.
18. Tanika Sarkar, Hindu Wife, Hindu Nation: Community, Religion and Cultural Nationalism (New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2003), p. 129.
19. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Kesari, 22 March 1887, translated by Parnal Chirmuley.
20. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, ‘Our System of Education: A Defect and a Cure’, Mahratta, 15 May 1881, pp. 3–4.
21. Ibid.
22. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, ‘Letter to the editor by “an observer from within”’, Mahratta, 5 May 1901, p. 9.
23. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Kesari, 25 October 1887.
24. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, cited in Educating the Nation: Documents on the Discourse of National Education in India 1880–1920, S. Bhattacharya, J Bara and C.R Yagati eds., document number 109, pp. 211–212.
Chapter 8: Mothers and Motherlands
1. ‘Letter Number 314’, Selected Letters of Rabindranath Tagore, K. Datta and A. Robinson eds., Cambridge University Press, 1997.
2. On 14 August 1947, just on the eve of India’s Independence, the RSS organ Organiser declared, ‘The people who have come to power by the kick of fate may give in our hands the Tricolour but it will never be respected and owned by Hindus. The word three is in itself an evil and a flag having three colours will certainly produce a very bad psychological effect and is injurious to a country.’
3. ‘“Vande Mataram” is real national anthem: RSS’, Deccan Herald, 3 April 2016. In RSS shakhas, it is the saffron flag and the unedited ‘Vande Mataram’ that are prescribed; never the ‘Jana Gana Mana’ and the tricolour.
4. Tanika Sarkar, Hindu Wife, Hindu Nation: Community, Religion and Cultural Nationalism (New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2003), p. 273.
5. Sanjay Kumar Jha, ‘Laloo Prasad Yadav finds himself under fire from students’, India Today, 15 May 1997.
6. Kavita Krishnan, ‘Radhika Vemula lost her son. Now she’s being insulted by the Modi government’, Scroll.in, 31 January 2016.
7. Abhishek Dey, ‘A year after JNU student Najeeb Ahmad went missing, his mother continues to wait for answers’, Scroll.in, 15 October 2017.
8. Deepender Deswal, ‘Manoj’s mother, sister fear threat to life’, The Times of India, 14 March 2011.
9. Deebashree Mohanty, ‘Braveheart Katara’, The Pioneer, 8 March 2015.
10. ‘Celebrating Women Who Fought the Much Needed Fight against Dowry’, Sheroes.com, 29 June 2018.
11. Shreya Kalra, ‘Dowry-Related Violence Kills Over 20 Women Daily’, Feminisminindia.com, 12 March 2018. Even today, more than twenty women are killed every day in India for dowry, even as the laws women’s rights activists Satya Rani Chadha and Shahjahan Apa fought for are being diluted.
12. From the profile by American artist Fazal Sheikh, ‘Shahjahan Apa, Women’s Rights Leader, Delhi, India, from the series Ladli’, The
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, 2008, museum purchase funded by Jane P. Watkins.
13. Ibid.
14. T.V. Eachara Varier, Memories of a Father, translated from Malayalam by Neelan, Asian Human Rights Commission and Jananeethi, 2004.
15. Ibid.
16. Bobins Abraham, ‘How a Determined Mother Fought for 13 Years to Get Justice for Her Son Killed in Police Custody’, Indiatimes.com, 27 July 2018.
17. See the documentary Encountering Injustice: The Case of Meena Khalkho, produced by Women against Sexual Violence and State Repression, 2 March 2016, https://wssnet.org/2016/03/02/encountering-injustice-the-case-of-meena-khalko/#more-77073, accessed 9 June 2019.
18. Malini Subramaniam, ‘Judicial panel confirms what a teenager’s parents knew: police raped and killed their daughter’, Scroll.in, 21 April 2015.
19. Ibid.
20. A procedure, since outlawed, where a rape victim’s vaginal elasticity is tested by insertion of fingers, to pronounce on her sexual experience. See Jyotsna Singh’s ‘No two-finger test for rape’, Down to Earth, 4 July 2015, https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/no-twofinger-test-for-rape-40703, accessed 9 June 2019.
21. Tuka Ram and Others vs State of Maharashtra, on 15 September 1978, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1092711/, accessed 9 June 2019.
22. We should also note here that Mathura was in love with a young man named Ashok, and her brother had filed a complaint with the police accusing Ashok and his family of kidnapping Mathura. The policemen had called in Mathura and Ashok and their family members to record their statements, and then detained Mathura and raped her. Mathura’s story is often recollected as the story of how the law and courts tend to presume that if a woman has ever had consensual premarital sex, she is always available for sex with anyone. But Mathura’s story also reminds us that parental or brotherly ‘protection’, which refuses to respect a woman’s consensual sexual relationships, actually makes the woman more unsafe, more vulnerable to sexual violence.
23. ‘The Newshour Debate: Apology or Arrogance?—Full Debate’, YouTube, posted by Times Now, 9 December 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgFrc5UNkFs, minutes 19:3620:28. Also tweet by Subramanian Swamy, ‘When I said Naxals believe in free sex I did not know Tejpal dictum: that modern secular girls will not object to sexual free enterprise’, 18 January 2014, https://twitter.com/Swamy39/status/424755865023807488, accessed 9 June 2019. Also see Swamy’s tweet dated 29 October 2015, replying to Kavita Krishnan’s tweet calling out an airline for barring a woman in a short skirt from a flight, by saying, ‘These free sex Naxalites will defend passengers on flight wearing bikinis to rubbish “middle class” values’, https://newsable.asianetnews.com/karnataka/here-is-the-truth-behind-gauri-lankeshs-free-sex-comment-and-subramanian-swamy-is-to-be-blamed-for-it, accessed 9 June 2019.
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