by Adam LeBor
Uris, Leon, Exodus. New York: Wings, 2000.
Websites
english.aljazeera.net
www.aish.com
www.amnesty.org
www.btselem.org
www.cbs.gov.il
www.etzel.org.il/english
www.fas.org
www.haaretzdaily.com
www.hrw.org
www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
www.memri.org
www.merip.org
www.npr.org/news/specials/mideast/history/history1.html
www.nytimes.com/books
www.palestineremembered.com
www.timesonline.co.uk
www.en.wikipedia.org
www.worldpress.org
www.yeshgvul.org
Articles and papers
Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim, ‘The War of 1948: Disputed Perspective and Outcomes’, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 18, No. 2, winter 1989.
Aleksandrowicz, Or, ‘The House of Aharon Chelouche: the Critical Account’ and ‘A Journey Towards a Forgotten Past’, unpublished papers provided by the author, summarised and translated by Raz Segal.
Avishai, Bernard, ‘Saving Israel from Itself: A Secular Future for the Jewish State’, Harper’s, January 2005.
Elhyani, Zvi, ‘Seafront Holdings’, in Back to the Sea (Moria-Klein and Barnir eds.), Catalogue of the Israeli Pavilion, 9th Biennale of Architecture, Venice, 2004.
Farr, Col. Warner D., ‘The Third Temple’s Holy of Holies, Israel’s Nuclear Weapons’, The Counter Proliferation Papers, Future Warfare Series No. 2, USAF Counter Proliferation Centre, September 1999.
Freedman, Samuel G., ‘Drama as a DMZ in Israel’, New York Times, 1 August 2002.
Giles, Frank, Interview with Golda Meir, Sunday Times, 15 June 1969.
Hammami, Rema, ‘Intifada in the Aftermath’, Middle East Report Online, 30 October 2001.
Hirst, David, Abu Nidal obituary, Guardian, 20 August 2002.
Hitchens, Christopher, ‘The Terrorist I Knew’, Observer, 25 August 2002.
Human Rights Watch, ‘Jenin, IDF Military Operations’, May 2002.
International Monetary Fund, ‘West Bank and Gaza: Economic Performance and Reform under Conflict Conditions’, Washington, DC, 15 September 2003.
Lahat, Shlomo, ‘Breeding Grounds for Hatred’, Haaretz, 3 January 2005.
LeBor, Adam, ‘Archives Reveal Ruthless Settlers, Say New Historians’, Independent, April 1998.
Melman, Yossi, ‘Even the Shin Bet is Against Discrimination’, Haaretz, 25 May 2004.
Menahem, Gila, ‘Arab Citizens in an Israeli City: Action and Discourse in Public Programmes’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 21, Issue 3, May 1998.
Mendes, Philip, ‘The Forgotten Refugees: The Causes of the Post-1948 Jewish Exodus from Arab Countries’. Presented at the 14th Jewish Studies Conference in Melbourne, March 2002.
Morris, Benny, ‘A Fresh Look at Zionist Documentation of 1948’, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 24, No. 3, spring 1995.
Najjar, Orayb Aref, ‘Falastin editorial writers, the Allies, World War II, and the Palestinian Question in the 21st century’, Studies in Media & Information Literacy Education, Vol. 3, Issue 4, November 2003.
Nir, Ori, ‘Israel’s Arab Minority’. Lecture given at the Carnegie Endowment, 30 April 2003.
Tamari, Salim, ‘The Vagabond Café and Jerusalem’s Prince of Idleness’, Jerusalem Quarterly File, summer 2003.
Unpublished memoirs
Chelouche, Julia, The Tree and the Roots.
Hammami, Hasan, Memoirs. Punta Gorda, US, 2004, 2005.
Notes
CHAPTER ONE
1 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/haycraft.html
2 Central Zionist Archives, Jerusalem. File L3/483, testimonies to the Haycraft Commission.
CHAPTER TWO
1 Arthur Koestler, Arrow in the Blue (London, 1954), p. 113.
2 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/haycraft.html
3 Herzl did not invent political Zionism. The radical German-Jewish journalist Moses Hess, a contemporary of Karl Marx, had called for a Jewish homeland in Rome and Jerusalem, published in 1862. The first Jewish settlers in Palestine arrived decades before The Jewish State was written.
4 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Zionism/herzlex.html
5 http://www.npr.org/news/specials/mideast/history/history1.html
6 http://www.kh-uia.org.il/Crisisnew/artical2002/english/180504english.html
7 http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/s/shlaim-wall.html
8 Joseph Roth, The Wandering Jews (London, 2001), p. 18.
9 Koestler, Arrow in the Blue, p. 113.
10 The word ‘Aliyah’ comes from the Hebrew term le-oleh, meaning to ‘go up’, as in go up to the land of Israel, implying spiritual improvement as well as physical arrival. Those who leave Israel to live elsewhere are known as ‘Yoredim’, meaning those who go down, or descend. The First Aliyah lasted from 1882 to 1903, bringing 35,000 olim, immigrants, mainly from eastern Europe and Russia. The Second Aliyah lasted from 1904 to 1914, and brought forty thousand olim to Palestine, many of whom were inspired by socialism and socialist ideals. About half of all those who arrived in the First and Second Aliyahs left Palestine.
11 Ruth Kark, Jaffa: A City in Evolution (Jerusalem, 1990), p. 100.
12 Under the terms of the Capitulations, some foreign citizens, mainly from Europe, who resided in the Ottoman Empire were subject to the laws of their native countries. This granted them considerable autonomy in their personal and legal status. In response, Turkey gained favourable trade terms and export markets. France, for example, operated its own network of post offices across the Ottoman Empire, with branches in Beirut, Jerusalem and Jaffa. The system ended after the defeat of Turkey in World War I.
13 Kark, Jaffa: A City in Evolution, p. 116.
14 Mark Levine, Overthrowing Geography: Jaffa, Tel Aviv and the Struggle for Palestine 1880–1948 (Berkeley, 2005), p. 119.
15 Modern-day Tel Aviv is a centre of the global sex-trafficking industry, its many brothels filled with young women from the former Soviet Union and eastern Europe.
16 Quoted in Levine, Overthrowing Geography, p. 322.
17 Ibid., p. 119.
CHAPTER THREE
1 Hajj is the honorary title for one who has made the pilgrimage to Mecca.
2 Inshallah means by the will of Allah.
3 Joachim Schlor, Tel Aviv (London, 1999), p. 191.
4 Ibid., p. 189.
5 Tom Segev, One Palestine, Complete (London, 2000), p. 327.
6 See Aryeh Avneri, Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land Settlement and the Arabs, 1878–1948 (New Jersey, 1984), for a detailed discussion and analysis of pre-1948 Palestinian land sales to the Zionist movement.
7 Benny Morris, Righteous Victims (New York, 2001), p. 129.
8 The Times, 18 June 1936, p. 15.
9 Central Zionist Archive files, S25/9783.
10 Segev, One Palestine, Complete, p. 388. Such absurd territorial claims seem to be part of the nation-building process. During the Croatian war of independence in 1991 the author was dining in Zagreb and asked the waiter what he recommended for dinner. ‘We have fish,’ the waiter replied. ‘What kind of fish?’ ‘Croatian fish,’ the waiter snapped back.
11 Levine, Overthrowing Geography, p. 139.
12 Ad-Difaa, issue 2 February 1936. Quoted in Levine, Overthrowing Geography.
CHAPTER FOUR
1 ‘The Brutification of Jaffa’, by Onlooker of Palestine and Trans-jordan. CZA files S25/973.
2 The Times, 18 June 1936, p. 15.
3 Levine, Overthrowing Geography, p. 135.
4 Salim Tamari, ‘The Vagabond Café and Jerusalem’s Prince of Idleness’, Jerusalem Quarterly File, Summer 2003.
CHAPTER FIVE
1 Quoted in Segev, One Palestine, Complete, p. 383.
2 ‘An Appeal to the English Soldiers’. CZA files S25/9783.
3 The split even carried on into the inferno of the Holocaust. During the Warsaw ghetto uprising in April 1943 the Revisionist Zionists formed their own military organisation, which cooperated with the extreme nationalist wing of the Polish underground.
CHAPTER SIX
1 Segev, One Palestine, Complete, p. 436.
2 See the fascinating study by Orayb Aref Najjar: ‘Falastin editorial writers, the Allies, World War II, and the Palestinian question in the 21st century’, Studies in Media & Information Literacy Education, Vol. 3, Issue 4 (November 2003).
3 Ibid.
CHAPTER SEVEN
1 Linda Grant, When I Lived in Modern Times (London, 2000), p. 71.
2 Pictures of Zaki Chelouche’s buildings can be viewed at http://www.artlog.co.il/telaviv/14.html, also easily found with a search of his name.
3 http://www.etzel.org.il/english/ac07.html
4 Najjar, ‘Falastin editorial writers…’
CHAPTER EIGHT
1 Najjar, ‘Falastin editorial writers…
2 http://www.Irgun.org.il/english/
3 Quoted in Meron Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948 (Berkeley, 2000), p. 275.
CHAPTER NINE
1 Menachem Begin, The Revolt (London, 1983), p. 348.
2 Morris, Righteous Victims, p. 197.
3 Ibid., p. 201.
4 Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949 (Cambridge, 1998), p. 47.
5 Ibid., pp. 47–8.
6 Ibid., pp. 46–7.
7 Ibid., p. 97.
8 Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, ‘After the Matriculation’, http://www.palestineremembered.com/Jaffa/Jaffa/Story194.html. Article first published in Al-Ahram weekly.
9 Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, ‘The War of 1948: Disputed Perspective and Outcomes’, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 18, No 2, Winter 1989.
10 Shukri Salameh, ‘Cleansing Jaffa: A Detailed Eye-witness Account’, http://www.palestineremembered.com.
11 Begin, The Revolt, pp. 352–3.
12 http://www.etzel.org.il/english/ac18.html
13 Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, p. 96.
14 Begin, The Revolt, p. 356.
15 Ibid., p. 363.
16 Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, p. 101.
17 Ibid.
CHAPTER TEN
1 Meron Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape, p. 122.
2 It is a curious footnote of the 1948 war in Jaffa that the municipal records until the end of the British Mandate no longer seem to exist. They are not at the Tel Aviv municipal archives. Historians such as Mark Levine have also been unable to locate them. They may have been destroyed in the bombing of the New Seray in 1948, or removed by municipal officials who fled in April 1948. Some Palestinians believe they were captured and either destroyed or locked away by the new Israeli authorities, to prevent any future claims over land ownership.
3 Instructions to the Arab Population by the Commander of the Haganah, Tel Aviv district, 13 May 1948. Copy provided by Suad Andraus.
4 http://www.mideastweb.org/thejewishstate.html
5 Morris, Righteous Victims, p. 219.
6 Jaffa Emergency Committee protest letter, 20 May 1948. Copy provided by Suad Andraus.
7 Amin Andraus letter, 10 June 1948. Copy provided by Suad Andraus.
8 Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, p. 141.
9 Amin Andraus letter, 5 July 1948. Copy provided by Suad Andraus.
10 Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, p. 63.
11 A detailed discussion of the causes of the Palestinian refugee exodus during 1948 is beyond the scope of this book. There are numerous books on the subject by both Jewish and Palestinian scholars, and I particularly recommend Benny Morris’ authoritative work, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949. Morris’ work is a detailed, comprehensive study, thoroughly researched and referenced, and I have drawn on it often, especially in reference to events in Jaffa.
12 Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, ‘The War of 1948: Disputed Perspective and Outcomes’, Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 18, No. 2, winter 1989.
13 Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, p. 191.
14 Amin Andraus letter, 26 October 1948. Copy provided by Suad Andraus.
CHAPTER ELEVEN
1 Guy Haskell, From Sofia to Jaffa (Detroit, 1994) p. 149.
2 Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape, p. 142.
3 The Communist cause had little support in Palestinian society, which was overwhelmingly conservative and religious. But in the early years of the Israeli state it gained many Arab votes as it was not Zionist, and defended the rights of the Palestinian minority, in stark contrast to the Labour Party.
4 Military rule was based on five regulations: 109, providing for the arrest of a person in a prohibited area; 110 providing for police supervision of a person for up to one year; 111 allowing administrative detention; 124 governing house arrest and 125 permitting commanders to declare certain areas closed, requiring a permit for entry. Martin Gilbert, Israel: A History (London, 1998), p. 345.
5 The case of Al-Majdal, south of Jaffa on the coastal plain, is representative. Al-Majdal, site of the Biblical city of Ashkelon, had 10,000 inhabitants before it was conquered in November 1948. Less than a quarter remained after the war ended, but by February 1950 the population had risen to over 2,300. The Israeli government wanted the Arabs out to make room for Iraqi Jewish immigrants. Al-Majdal’s inhabitants were strongly encouraged to leave. Some were compensated. Al-Majdal was wiped from the map. The city of Ashkelon was (re)constructed on its ruins. The Majdal exodus excited no public debate or controversy. See Nur Masalha, A Land Without A People: Israel, Transfer and the Palestinians 1949–96 (London, 1997).
6 Mark Mazower, Salonica: City of Ghosts (London, 2004).
7 Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape, p. 42.
8 Walid Khalidi (ed.), All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948 (Washington, Institute for Palestine Studies, 1992), pp. 265–330.
CHAPTER TWELVE
1 Masalha, A Land Without People, p. 136.
2 Quoted in Masalha, ibid., p. 135.
3 Handwritten copies of the five books of Moses inscribed on parchment, objects of veneration for Jews.
4 Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, p. 277.
5 Ibid., p. 278.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
1 Rezso Kasztner was a Hungarian Zionist who negotiated with Adolf Eichmann in Budapest in 1944. Eichmann allowed 1,684 Jews to leave for Switzerland on a special train, after they had paid $1,000 each. Many were prominent community leaders and rabbis. They survived. The ‘Kasztner Affair’ caused enormous controversy and bitterness, especially among those who failed to get a place on the train. Kasztner moved to Israel and was shot dead outside his apartment in Tel Aviv in 1957 after a lengthy libel trial.
2 Tom Segev, The Seventh Million (New York, 1994), pp. 153–86.
3 The Kashubians are a Slavic people who live on the Baltic Sea shore. The German writer Günter Grass, with whom Frank went to school, is a Kashubian.
4 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/egjews.html
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
1 www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/morocjews.html
2 See ‘The Forgotten Refugees: The Causes of the Post-1948 Jewish Exodus from Arab Countries’, by Philip Mendes, Latrobe University. Presented at the 14th Jewish Studies Conference in Melbourne, March 2002. http://www.labyrinth.net.au/~ajds/mendes_refugees.html
3 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/egjews.html
4 http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis
5 Segev, The Seventh Million, p. 349.
6 Tom Segev, 1949: The First Israelis (New York, 1998), p. 160.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
1 From a guidebook to Israel by Joan Comay, published in 1962, quoted by Martin Gilber
t in Israel: A History, p. 350. Ben-Gurion’s foreword hailed what he called the ‘dynamic quality of a new state turning deserts into gardens and welding heterogeneous immigrant groups into a sturdy nation’.
2 Segev, The Seventh Million, p. 327.
3 See note 1 for this chapter, above.
4 Quoted in Joachim Schlor, Tel Aviv, p. 206.
5 More usefully, the Sir Charles Clore Jewish-Arab Community Centre in Acre (an ethnically mixed port city to the north of Jaffa) supports mixed community and development projects.
6 Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape, p. 168.
7 Quoted in Benvenisti, ibid., p. 199.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
1 Quoted in Gilbert, Israel, A History, p. 379.
2 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/egjews.html
3 See the paper by Col. Warner D. Farr, ‘The Third Temple’s Holy of Holies, Israel’s Nuclear Weapons’, The Counter Proliferation Papers, Future Warfare Series No. 2, USAF Counter Proliferation Centre, September 1999. http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/israel/nuke/farr.html
4 Morris, Righteous Victims, p. 301.
5 Gilbert, Israel, A History, p. 373.
6 Ibid., p. 377.
7 Morris, Righteous Victims, p. 309.
8 Quoted in Gilbert, Israel, A History, p. 379.
9 Ibid., p. 381.
10 http://www.aish.com/jewishissues/middleeast/Arab-Israeli_Conflict_3_Six_Day_War.asp
11 The Al-Aqsa mosque is the largest in Jerusalem, and can hold 5,000 worshippers. Muslims believe that the prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven from the site in 621 and it is the third holiest site in Islam. The mosque shares a supporting wall with the Western Wall of Solomon’s Temple, the holiest site for Jews. There are frequent clashes at the site.