Tess of the D'Urbervilles

by Thomas Hardy

  Only two or three of the maids, Tess learnt, slept in the dairy-house besides herself, most of the helpers going to their homes. She saw nothing at supper-time of the superior milker who had commented on the story, and asked no questions about him, the remainder of the evening being occupied in arranging her place in the bedchamber. It was a large room over the milk-house, some thirty feet long; the sleeping-cots of the other three indoor milkmaids being in the same apartment. They were blooming young women and, except one, rather older than herself. By bedtime Tess was thoroughly tired, and fell asleep immediately.

  But one of the girls, who occupied an adjoining bed, was more wakeful than Tess, and would insist upon relating to the latter various particulars of the homestead into which she had just entered. The girl’s whispered words mingled with the shades, and to Tess’s drowsy mind they seemed to be generated by the darkness in which they floated.

  “Mr. Angel Clare—he that is learning milking and that plays the harp—never says much to us. He is a pa‘son’s son, and is too much taken up wi’ his own thoughts to notice girls. He is the dairyman’s pupil—learning farming in all its branches. He has learnt sheep-farming at another place, and he’s now mastering dairy-work.... Yes, he is quite the gentleman-born. His father is the Reverent Mr. Clare at Emminster—a good many miles from here.”

  “Oh—I have heard of him,” said her companion, now awake. “A very earnest clergyman, is he not?”

  “Yes;—that he is—the earnestest man in all Wessex, they say; the last of the old Low church sort, they tell me—for all about here be what they call High. All his sons except our Mr. Clare be made pa‘sons too.”

  Tess had not at this hour the curiosity to ask why the present Mr. Clare was not made a parson like his brethren, and gradually fell asleep again, the words of her informant coming to her along with the smell of the cheeses in the adjoining cheese-loft and the measured dripping of the whey from the wrings downstairs.

  18

  ANGEL CLARE rises out of the past not altogether as a distinct figure, but as an appreciative voice, a long regard of fixed, abstracted eyes, and a mobility of mouth somewhat too small and delicately lined for a man‘s, though with an unexpectedly firm close of the lower lip now and then; enough to do away with any inference of indecision. Nevertheless, something nebulous, preoccupied, vague, in his bearing and regard, marked him as one who probably had no very definite aim or concern about his material future. Yet as a lad people had said of him that he was one who might do anything if he tried.

  He was the youngest son of his father, a poor parson at the other end of the county, and had arrived at Talbothays Dairy as a six months’ pupil after going the round of some other farms, his object being to acquire a practical skill in the various processes of farming, with a view either to the Colonies or the tenure of a home-farm, as circumstances might decide.

  His entry into the ranks of the agriculturists and breeders was a step in the young man’s career which had been anticipated neither by himself nor by others.

  Mr. Clare the elder, whose first wife had died and left him a daughter, married a second late in life. This lady had somewhat unexpectedly brought him three sons, so that between Angel, the youngest, and his father, the vicar, there seemed to be almost a missing generation. Of these boys the aforesaid Angel, the child of his old age, was the only son who had not taken a university degree, though he was the single one of them whose early promise might have done full justice to an academical training.

  Some two or three years before Angel’s appearance at the Marlott dance, on a day when he had left school and was pursuing his studies at home, a parcel came to the vicarage from the local bookseller‘s, directed to the Reverend James Clare. The vicar, having opened it and found it to contain a book, read a few pages; whereupon he jumped up from his seat and went straight to the shop with the book under his arm.

  “Why has this been sent to my house?” he asked peremptorily, holding up the volume.

  “It was ordered, sir.”

  “Not by me or any one belonging to me, I am happy to say.”

  The shopkeeper looked into his order-book.

  “Oh, it has been misdirected, sir,” he said. “It was ordered by Mr. Angel Clare and should have been sent to him.”

  Mr. Clare winced as if he had been struck. He went home, pale and dejected, and called Angel into his study.

  “Look into this book, my boy,” he said. “What do you know about it?”

  “I ordered it,” said Angel simply.

  “What for?”

  “To read.”

  “How can you think of reading it?”

  “How can I? Why, it is a system of philosophy. There is no more moral, or even religious, work published.”

  “Yes—moral enough; I don’t deny that. But religious! And for you, who intend to be a minister of the Gospel!”

  “Since you have alluded to the matter, Father,” said the son, with anxious thought upon his face, “I should like to say, once for all, that I should prefer not to take orders. I fear I could not conscientiously do so. I love the Church as one loves a parent. I shall always have the warmest affection for her. There is no institution for whose history I have a deeper admiration; but I cannot honestly be ordained her minister, as my brothers are, while she refuses to liberate her mind from an untenable redemptive theolatry.”

  It had never occurred to the straightforward and simple-minded vicar that one of his own flesh and blood could come to this! He was stultified, shocked, paralysed. And if Angel were not going to enter the Church, what was the use of sending him to Cambridge? The university as a step to anything but ordination seemed to this man of fixed ideas a preface without a volume. He was a man not merely religious, but devout; a firm believer—not as the phrase is now elusively construed by theological thimbleriggers in the Church and out of it, but in the old and ardent sense of the Evangelical school: one who couldIndeed opine

  That the Eternal and Divine

  Did, eighteen centuries ago

  In very truth . . .

  Angel’s father tried argument, persuasion, entreaty.

  “No, Father, I cannot underwrite Article Four (leave alone the rest), taking it ‘in the literal and grammatical sense,’ as required by the Declaration; and therefore I can’t be a parson in the present state of affairs,” said Angel. “My whole instinct in matters of religion is towards reconstruction; to quote your favourite Epistle to the Hebrews, ‘the removing of those things that are shaken, as of things that are made, that those things which cannot be shaken may remain.’ ”

  His father grieved so deeply that it made Angel quite ill to see him.

  “What is the good of your mother and me economizing and stinting ourselves to give you a university education if it is not to be used for the honour and glory of God?” his father repeated.

  “Why, that it may be used for the honour and glory of man, Father.”

  Perhaps if Angel had persevered, he might have gone to Cambridge like his brothers. But the vicar’s view of that seat of learning as a stepping-stone to orders alone was quite a family tradition; and so rooted was the idea in his mind that perseverance began to appear to the sensitive son akin to an intent to misappropriate a trust and wrong the pious heads of the household, who had been and were, as his father had hinted, compelled to exercise much thrift to carry out this uniform plan of education for the three young men.

  “I will do without Cambridge,” said Angel at last. “I feel that I have no right to go there in the circumstances.”

  The effects of this decisive debate were not long in showing themselves. He spent years and years in desultory studies, undertakings, and meditations; he began to evince considerable indifference to social forms and observances. The material distinctions of rank and wealth he increasingly despised. Even the “good old family” (to use a favourite phrase of a late local worthy) had no aroma for him unless there were good new resolutions in its representatives. As a balance to these
austerities, when he went to live in London to see what the world was like, and with a view to practising a profession or business there, he was carried off his head and nearly entrapped by a woman much older than himself, though luckily he escaped not greatly the worse for the experience.

  Early association with country solitudes had bred in him an unconquerable and almost unreasonable aversion to modem town life, and shut him out from such success as he might have aspired to by following a mundane calling in the impracticability of the spiritual one. But something had to be done; he had wasted many valuable years; and having an acquaintance who was starting on a thriving life as a colonial farmer, it occurred to Angel that this might be a lead in the right direction. Farming, either in the Colonies, America, or at home—farming, at any rate, after becoming well qualified for the business by a careful apprenticeship—that was a vocation which would probably afford an independence without the sacrifice of what he valued even more than a competence—intellectual liberty.

  So we find Angel Clare at six-and-twenty here at Talbothays as a student of kine and, as there were no houses near at hand in which he could get a comfortable lodging, a boarder at the dairyman’s.

  His room was an immense attic, which ran the whole length of the dairy-house. It could only be reached by a ladder from the cheese-loft and had been closed up for a long time till he arrived and selected it as his retreat. Here Clare had plenty of space, and could often be heard by the dairy-folk, pacing up and down when the household had gone to rest. A portion was divided off at one end by a curtain, behind which was his bed, the outer part being furnished as a homely sitting-room.

  At first he lived up above entirely, reading a good deal and strumming upon an old harp which he had bought at a sale, saying when in a bitter humour that he might have to get his living by it in the streets some day. But he soon preferred to read human nature by taking his meals downstairs in the general dining-kitchen, with the dairyman and his wife and the maids and men, who all together formed a lively assembly; for though but few milking hands slept in the house, several joined the family at meals. The longer Clare resided here, the less objection had he to his company and the more did he like to share quarters with them in common.

  Much to his surprise, he took, indeed, a real delight in their companionship. The conventional farm-folk of his imagination—personified in the newspaper-press by the pitiable dummy known as Hodge—were obliterated after a few days’ residence. At close quarters no Hodge was to be seen. At first, it is true, when Clare’s intelligence was fresh from a contrasting society, these friends with whom he now hobnobbed seemed a little strange. Sitting down as a level member of the dairyman’s household seemed at the outset an undignified proceeding. The ideas, the modes, the surroundings, appeared retrogressive and unmean ing. But with living on there, day after day, the acute sojourner became conscious of a new aspect in the spectacle. Without any objective change whatever, variety had taken the place of monotonousness. His host and his host’s household, his men and his maids, as they became intimately known to Clare, begun to differentiate themselves as in a chemical process. The thought of Pascal’s was brought home to him: “A mesure qu‘on a plus d’esprit, on trouve qu‘ilyaplus d’hommes originaux. Les gens du commun ne trouvent pas de différence entre les hommes. ” The typical and unvarying Hodge ceased to exist. He had been disintegrated into a number of varied fellow-creatures—beings of many minds, beings infinite in difference; some happy, many serene, a few depressed, one here and there bright even to genius, some stupid, others wanton, others austere; some mutely Miltonic, some potentially Cromwellian—into men who had private views of each other, as he had of his friends; who could applaud or condemn each other, amuse or sadden themselves by the contemplation of each other’s foibles or vices; men every one of whom walked in his own individual way the road to dusty death.

  Unexpectedly he began to like the outdoor life for its own sake and for what it brought, apart from its bearing on his own proposed career. Considering his position, he became wonderfully free from the chronic melancholy which is taking hold of the civilized races with the decline of belief in a beneficent Power. For the first time of late years he could read as his mus ings inclined him, without any eye to cramming for a profession, since the few farming handbooks which he deemed it desirable to master occupied him but little time.

  He grew away from old associations and saw something new in life and humanity. Secondarily, he made close acquaintance with phenomena which he had before known but darkly—the seasons in their moods, morning and evening, night and noon, winds in their different tempers, trees, waters and mists, shades and silences, and the voices of inanimate things.

  The early mornings were still sufficiently cool to render a fire acceptable in the large room wherein they breakfasted; and by Mrs. Crick’s orders, who held that he was too genteel to mess at their table, it was Angel Clare’s custom to sit in the yawning chimney-corner during the meal, his cup and saucer and plate being placed on a hinged flap at his elbow. The light from the long, wide, mullioned window opposite shone in upon his nook and, assisted by a secondary light of cold blue quality which shone down the chimney, enabled him to read there easily whenever disposed to do so. Between Clare and the window was the table at which his companions sat, their munching profiles rising sharp against the panes; while to the side was the milk-house door, through which were visible the rectangular leads in rows, full to the brim with the morning’s milk. At the further end the great churn could be seen revolving and its slip-slopping heard—the moving power being discernible through the window in the form of a spiritless horse walking in a circle and driven by a boy.

  For several days after Tess’s arrival Clare, sitting abstractedly reading from some book, periodical, or piece of music just come by post, hardly noticed that she was present at table. She talked so little and the other maids talked so much that the babble did not strike him as possessing a new note, and he was ever in the habit of neglecting the particulars of an outward scene for the general impression. One day, however, when he had been conning one of his music-scores and by force of imagination was hearing the tune in his head, he lapsed into listlessness, and the music-sheet rolled to the hearth. He looked at the fire of logs, with its one flame pirouetting on the top in a dying dance after the breakfast cooking and boiling, and it seemed to jig to his inward tune; also at the two chimney-crooks dangling down from the cotterel, or cross-bar, plumed with soot, which quivered to the same melody; also at the half-empty kettle whining an accompaniment. The conversation at the table mixed in with his phantasmal orchestra till he thought: “What a fluty voice one of those milkmaids has! I suppose it is the new one.”

  Clare looked round upon her, seated with the others.

  She was not looking towards him. Indeed, owing to his long silence, his presence in the room was almost forgotten.

  “I don’t know about ghosts,” she was saying, “but I do know that our souls can be made to go outside our bodies when we are alive.”

  The dairyman turned to her with his mouth full, his eyes charged with serious inquiry, and his great knife and fork (breakfasts were breakfasts here) planted erect on the table, like the beginning of a gallows.

  “What—really now? And is it so, maidy?” he said.

  “A very easy way to feel ‘em go,” continued Tess, “is to lie on the grass at night and look straight up at some big bright star; and by fixing your mind upon it, you will soon find that you are hundreds and hundreds o’ miles away from your body, which you don’t seem to want at all.”

  The dairyman removed his hard gaze from Tess and fixed it on his wife.

  “Now that’s a rum thing, Christianer—hey? To think o’ the miles I’ve vamped o’ starlight nights these last thirty year, courting or trading or for doctor or for nurse, and yet never had the least notion o’ that till now or feeled my soul rise so much as an inch above my shirtcollar.”

  The general attention being drawn to her, incl
uding that of the dairyman’s pupil, Tess flushed and, remarking evasively that it was only a fancy, resumed her breakfast.

  Clare continued to observe her. She soon finished her eating and, having a consciousness that Clare was regarding her, began to trace imaginary patterns on the tablecloth with her forefinger with the constraint of a domestic animal that perceives itself to be watched.

  “What a fresh and virginal daughter of Nature that milkmaid is!” he said to himself.

  And then he seemed to discern in her something that was familiar, something which carried him back into a joyous and un foreseeing past, before the necessity of taking thought had made the heavens grey. He concluded that he had beheld her before; where he could not tell. A casual encounter during some country ramble it certainly had been, and he was not greatly curious about it. But the circumstance was sufficient to lead him to select Tess in preference to the other pretty milkmaids when he wished to contemplate contiguous womankind.

  19

  IN GENERAL the cows were milked as they presented themselves, without fancy or choice. But certain cows will show a fondness for a particular pair of hands, sometimes carrying this predilection so far as to refuse to stand at all except to their favourite, the pail of a stranger being unceremoniously kicked over.

  It was Dairyman Crick’s rule to insist on breaking down these partialities and aversions by constant interchange since, otherwise, in the event of a milkman or maid going away from the dairy, he was placed in a difficulty. The maids’ private aims, however, were the reverse of the dairyman’s rule, the daily selection by each damsel of the eight or ten cows to which she had grown accustomed rendering the operation on their willing udders surprisingly easy and effortless.

  Tess, like her compeers, soon discovered which of the cows had a preference for her style of manipulation, and her fingers having become delicate from the long domiciliary imprisonments to which she had subjected herself at intervals during the last two or three years, she would have been glad to meet the milchers’ views in this respect. Out of the whole ninety-five there were eight in particular—Dumpling, Fancy, Lofty, Mist, Old Pretty, Young Pretty, Tidy, and Loud—who, though the teats of one or two were as hard as carrots, gave down to her with a readiness that made her work on them a mere touch of the fingers. Knowing, however, the dairyman’s wish, she endeavoured conscientiously to take the animals just as they came excepting the very hard yielders, which she could not yet manage.