Author interviews with Chris Fisher, 2015, 2016.
Author interview with Oscar Neil Cruz, 2015.
Chapter 21: The Symbol of Death
George R. Rossman, “Studies on Rocks from the UTL Archeology Site in Honduras.” Unpublished report, December 19, 2015.
Author interview with Chris Fisher, 2016.
Author interview with John Hoopes, 2016.
Author correspondence with Rosemary Joyce, 2016.
Anne Chapman, Masters of Animals: Oral Traditions of the Tolupan Indians, Honduras. Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1992.
David E. Stuart, Anasazi America: Seventeen Centuries on the Road from Center Place. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2014.
Chapter 22: They Came to Wither the Flowers
Noble David Cook, Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Bartolomé de las Casas, A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies. London: Printed for R. Hewson at the Crown in Cornhill, 1689. Retrieved from Project Gutenberg. Also sourced is the original Spanish-language version, retrieved from Project Gutenberg.
William M. Denevan, ed., The Native Population of the Americas in 1492, second edition. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992.
David Henige, Numbers from Nowhere: The American Indian Contact Population Debate. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.
Alfred W. Crosby Jr., The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, 30th anniversary edition. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2003.
Richard Preston, The Demon in the Freezer: A True Story. New York: Random House, 2002.
Hugh Thomas, Conquest: Montezuma, Cortés, and the Fall of Old Mexico. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
Linda Newson, The Cost of Conquest: Indian Decline in Honduras under the Spanish Rule. Dellplain Latin American Studies No. 20. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1986.
Ann F. Ramenofsky, Vectors of Death: The Archaeology of European Contact. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988.
Chapter 23: White Leprosy
G. Poinar Jr. and R. Poinar, “Evidence of Vector-Borne Disease of Early Cretaceous Reptiles.” Vector Borne Zoonotic Disease, Vol. 4, No. 4, Winter 2004. Retrieved from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15682513.
F. F. Tuon, V. A. Neto, and V. S. Amato, “Leishmania: Origin, Evolution and Future since the Precambrian.” FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Vol. 54, No. 2, November 2008. Retrieved from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18631183.
F. E. G. Cox, ed., The Wellcome Trust Illustrated History of Tropical Diseases. London: Trustees of the Wellcome Trust, 1996.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Leishmaniasis.” Retrieved from cdc.gov.
Elizabeth Martinson et al., “Pathoecology of Chiribaya Parasitism.” Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Vol. 98. Rio de Janeiro, January 2003. Retrieved from scielo.br.
Maria Antonietta Costa et al., “Ancient Leishmaniasis in a Highland Desert of Northern Chile.” PLOS/one, Vol. 4, No. 9, September 2009. Retrieved from journals.plos.org.
Alun Salt, “Ancient Skulls Haunted by Their Past.” September 28, 2009. Retrieved from alunsalt.com.
Author interview with James Kus, 2016.
Daniel W. Gade, Nature and Culture in the Andes. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1999.
Obituary Notices of Fellows Deceased, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character, Vol. 102, No. 720, April 2, 1928. (Biography of William Leishman.)
Chapter 24: The National Institutes of Health
Author interviews with Dr. Theodore Nash, 2015, 2016.
Author interview with Dr. Elise O’Connell, 2016.
Author interviews with Dave Yoder, 2015, 2016.
Chapter 25: An Isolated Species
Author interviews with Dr. David Sacks, 2015.
Benenson Productions, taped interview with Dr. David Sacks, 2015.
Author interview with Dr. Michael Grigg, 2016.
Chapter 26: La Ciudad del Jaguar
Author interview and correspondence with Juan Carlos Fernández, 2016.
Gabriela Gorbea, “Looters, Tourism, and Racism: Controversy Surrounds ‘Discovery’ of Lost City in Honduras.” Vice.com, March 31, 2016. Retrieved from news.vice.com/article/honduras-rainforest-controversy-white-city-lost-civilization.
MASTA, “Comunicado Publico,” retrieved from www.mastamiskitu.org/files/COMUNICADO_PUEBLO_MISKITU-CASO_CIUDAD_BLANCA.pdf. (Translation by author.)
Communication with John Hoopes, 2016.
Author interview with President Juan Orlando Hernández, 2016.
Chapter 27: We Became Orphans
Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W. W. Norton, 1999 (e-book edition).
Adrián Recinos and Delia Goetz, translators. The Annals of the Cakchiquels. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1953.
R. Molina, L. Gradoni, and J. Alvar, “HIV and the Transmission of Leishmania.” Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Vol. 97, Supp. 1, May 2003. Retrieved from www.who.int/leishmaniasis/burden/hiv_coinfection/ATMP3.pdf.
World Health Organization, “Leishmaniasis and HIV Coinfection.” Retrieved from the World Health Organization website, who.int.
Author interview with Dr. Kristy Bradley, 2016.
Carmen F. Clarke et al., “Emergence of Autochthonous Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Texas and Southeastern Oklahoma.” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 88, No. 1, January 2013. Retrieved from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3541728/.
Christine A. Petersen and Stephen C. Barr, “Canine Leishmaniasis in North America: Emerging or Newly Recognized?” Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Vol. 39, No. 6, November 2009. Retrieved from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2824922/.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, “Preparing for Pandemics.” July 10, 2016. Retrieved from paidpost.nytimes.com/gates-foundation/preparing-for-pandemics.html.
Camila González et al. “Climate Change and Risk of Leishmaniasis in North America: Predictions from Ecological Niche Models of Vector and Reservoir Hosts.” PLOS/Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2010. Retrieved from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2799657/.
Benenson Productions, taped interview with Dr. Anthony Fauci, 2015.
Photo Credits
All photos used with permission.
here Photograph by Douglas Preston; here Honduras 1933 Field Notebook #1, Box 20, William Duncan Strong Papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
here Photo courtesy of Bonita Brody Stewart; here Map image courtesy of Bonita Brody Stewart
here no credit; here Photograph by Dave Yoder/National Geographic Magazine
here UTL, LLC/BENENSON PRODUCTIONS, photograph by Roberto Ysais; here UTL, LLC/BENENSON PRODUCTIONS, photograph by Douglas Preston; here UTL, LLC/BENENSON PRODUCTIONS, photograph by Roberto Ysais
here UTL, LLC/BENENSON PRODUCTIONS; here UTL, LLC/BENENSON PRODUCTIONS, photograph by Roberto Ysais; here UTL, LLC/BENENSON PRODUCTIONS, photograph by Roberto Ysais
here and here UTL, LLC/BENENSON PRODUCTIONS, image credit to NCALM; here UTL, LLC/BENENSON PRODUCTIONS, image credit to NCALM, annotations to image by Chris Fisher
here UTL, LLC/BENENSON PRODUCTIONS, photograph by Roberto Ysais; here Photograph by Douglas Preston
here Photograph by Dave Yoder/National Geographic Magazine; here UTL, LLC/BENENSON PRODUCTIONS, frame grab of video shot by Lucian Read
here and here Photographs by Douglas Preston
here and here Photographs by Douglas Preston
here and here Photographs by Douglas Preston
here UTL, LLC/BENENSON PRODUCTIONS, frame grab of video shot by Lucian Read; here Photograph by Dave Yoder/National Geographic Magazine
here and here Photographs by Douglas Preston
here Photograph by Dougl
as Preston; here Photograph by Dave Yoder/National Geographic Magazine
here and here Photographs by Dave Yoder/National Geographic Magazine
here Photograph by Dave Yoder/National Geographic Magazine; here Photograph by Douglas Preston
* The picture is easily found on the web, for those readers with a strong stomach.
** The name Mosquitia does not derive from the insect; rather, it comes from a nearby coastal people of mixed Indian, European, and African ancestry who, centuries ago, acquired muskets (mosquetes in Spanish) and became known as the Miskito, Mosquito, or “Musket” people. Some, however, say the name is of indigenous language origin.
* The short piece I wrote for the New Yorker was published in the October 20 & 27, 1997, issue.
* Archaeologists today don’t like the word “civilization” because it implies superiority, preferring the term “culture.” I will, however, continue to use the word “civilization” with the understanding that no such value judgment is meant; it is merely a term for a culture that is complex and widespread.
* The “Plantain” was Morde’s name for the Río Plátano, plátano being Spanish for plantain.
* Since my family is from Boston, I asked my cousin Ellen Cutler, our resident family genealogist, if Andrew was a relation. She responded that he was indeed my fifth cousin, twice removed—“another imperialist capitalist on the family tree!”
* His positive legacy lives on; his daughter, Doris Zemurray Stone, became a well-known archaeologist and ethnographer who did groundbreaking work in Honduras and Costa Rica. She and her husband founded the Stone Center for Latin American Studies at Tulane University.
* This is of course an exaggeration. As I heard more of Bruce’s stories I realized he habitually referred to almost any large ruin in Mosquitia as the “White City.”
* Bruce Heinicke later allowed me to take extensive notes, from which these conversations have been taken, as long as I promised not to publish anything until after his death. He passed away on September 8, 2013.
* I later investigated the illegal clearing and who was responsible. The land southwest of Mosquitia—the Olancho valley and environs—is one of the largest beef-producing areas in Central America, with three quarters of a million grazing head. The surrounding ranches—legal and illegal—produce thousands of tons of meat for overseas markets, especially the United States. I was able to ascertain (through an unimpeachable source in Honduras) that, after passing through several intermediaries, some of this illegal rainforest beef ends up in patties for McDonald’s and other American fast-food chains.
When I later queried McDonald’s public affairs department about this, within three days people in Honduras reported that McDonald’s USA was making intensive inquiries in the country as to the sources of the Honduran beef coming into the United States; the company was demanding to know what was being done to ensure that beef cattle from the Mosquitia region were not coming from “farms that are responsible for such deforestation, or any irresponsible environmental practices,” in my source’s words. A week later, McDonald’s spokesperson Becca Hary wrote me back, saying: “McDonald’s USA does not import any beef from Honduras, or any country in Latin America. McDonald’s has a proven track record of protecting rainforests in Latin America, ensuring that no cattle from deforested land enters its supply chain.”
* Tom Lutz later wrote an interesting account of this discussion in the New York Times, in an op-ed piece entitled, “Finding This Lost City in Honduras Was the Easy Part,” published March 20, 2015.
* In past centuries many efforts to drain the lake and recover the gold were made, some of which salvaged extraordinary gold sculptures and ornamental art. The lake is now protected by the Colombian government from further treasure-hunting efforts.
* We see this phenomenon in Western society not only in established religions and cults like Scientology, but also in the quasi-religious practice of capitalism: specifically, in extremely high CEO compensation (necessary because of esoteric knowledge), and on Wall Street, where bankers dismiss criticism by claiming that the common people do not understand the complex, important, and multilayered financial transactions they are engaged in as they do “God’s work”—to quote the CEO of Goldman Sachs.
* When I ran this idea of bone grinding by Chris Fisher, he said: “That’s just beyond crazy. Don’t print that.”
* It is actually slightly smaller. Portugal had a population of about a million in 1500.
* I ran this paragraph by Dr. Nash before publication and he objected. “Please amend and take the halo off my head,” he wrote me. I toned it down but I couldn’t remove the halo.
* Nash had been using miltefosine in a clinical trial with the drug company that was seeking approval for it, but when it was approved for use in the United States, the company closed the trial and the drug was suddenly unavailable in the United States, while the company ramped up production. It would take another two years for the drug to finally be available to Americans, due to a crazy combination of slowness in making the drug, bureaucratic bungling by the FDA, and the fact that treating leish in the United States is neither profitable nor a medical priority.
* Corruption is a serious issue, and clearly there is an acute problem of human rights abuses in Honduras. While it is well beyond the scope of this book to investigate Honduran corruption, personally I saw no direct evidence of it in my own limited experience related to the current Hernández administration, nor in the military or at the IHAH. It must be said that, in general, if archaeologists refused on principle to work with governments known for corruption, most archaeology in the world would come to a halt; there could be no more archaeology in China, Russia, Egypt, Mexico, most of the Middle East, and many countries in Central and South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. I present this not as a justification or an apology, but as an observation on the reality of doing archaeology in a difficult world.
* The time frame and migration route of the initial peopling of the Americas are much disputed.
* The one notable exception is syphilis, which Columbus’s men likely brought back to the Old World on the first voyage’s return.
* Recently there have been serious outbreaks of deadly visceral leishmaniasis in dog kennels across the United States, with the very real possibility of dog-to-human transmission.
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The Lost City of the Monkey God Page 30