39 achievement data at Crenshaw: See http://api.cde.ca.gov/Acnt2012/2012GrowthSch.aspx?allcds=19647331932128. Graduation and suspension rates provided to author by Alex Caputo-Pearl.
40 At Central Falls High School: See http://infoworks.ride.ri.gov/school/central-falls-high-school; and Kate Nagle, “New Report: Central Falls Graduation Rate Increased 20% in 3 Years,” GoLocal Prov Web site, October 19, 2013.
EPILOGUE
1 But education finance expert: Bruce Baker, Revisiting that Age-Old Question: Does Money Matter in Education? (Albert Shanker Institute report, 2012).
2 median income: All figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, http://www.bls.gov/ooh/. The figure for teachers was calculated by averaging the median incomes of elementary, middle, and high school teachers.
3 In the 1940s, male teachers earned: Eric A. Hanushek, “Valuing Teachers: How Much Is a Good Teacher Worth?” Education Next 11, no. 3 (2011).
4 In South Korea, teacher salaries: Byron Auguste, Paul Kihn, and Matt Miller, Closing the Talent Gap: Attracting and Retaining Top-Third Graduates in Teaching (McKinsey and Company report, September 2010), 20.
5 a New York City public school teacher: The UFT salary schedule is available at http://www.uft.org/our-rights/salary-schedules/teachers. For North Carolina, see Emery P. Dalesio, “Report: NC Teacher Pay Slides Against Peer States,” WRAL/Associated Press, March 6, 2013.
6 “plural professionalism”: Jal Mehta and Steven Teles, “Professionalism 2.0: The Case for Plural Professionalism in Education” in Teacher Quality 2.0: Toward a New Era in Education Reform, ed. Frederick Hess and Michael McShane (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press, 2014).
7 In Singapore, after three years on the job: Rachel Curtis, Finding a New Way: Leveraging Teacher Leadership to Meet Unprecedented Demands (Aspen Institute report, February 2013).
8 a huge oversupply of prospective elementary school teachers: Stephen Sawchuk, “Colleges Overproducing Elementary Teachers, Data Find,” Education Week, January 23, 2013.
9 Preliminary data from New York City: Reports on New York teacher prep institutions available at http://schools.nyc.gov/Offices/DHR/HumanCapitalData/TPPR.
10 A McKinsey study: Auguste, Kihn, and Miller, Closing the Talent Gap.
11 “put on a diet”: Fixing Classroom Observations (The New Teacher Project report, November 2013).
12 Yet only 17 percent of public school teachers are nonwhite: Data from “Teacher Trends,” National Center for Education Statistics, https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=28.
13 Between 2010 and 2012, 2.5 percent: From a National Council on Teacher Quality survey of large urban districts, 2011. Results at http://www.nctq.org/commentary/viewStory.do?id=29568.
14 there are only twelve states: Via StudentsFirst, http://www.studentsfirst.org/lifo.
15 surveys of dropouts: Bridgeland, Dilulio, and Morison, The Silent Epidemic.
16 “radically decentralized”: David Labaree, Someone Has to Fail (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010).
Selected Bibliography
I consulted over five hundred primary and secondary sources while writing this book, most of which are detailed in the endnotes. The works below, arranged by topic, are those I returned to again and again for perspective on the history, social science, and politics of teaching.
GENERAL EDUCATION HISTORY
Callahan, Raymond E. Education and the Cult of Efficiency. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
Davies, Gareth. See Government Grow: Education Politics from Johnson to Reagan. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007.
Herrick, Mary R. The Chicago Schools: A Social and Political History. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1971.
Lemann, Nicholas. The Big Test: The Secret History of the American Meritocracy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999.
Ravitch, Diane. The Great School Wars: New York City, 1805–1973. New York: Basic Books, 1974.
—————. Left Back: A Century of Battles over School Reform. New York: Touchstone, 2000.
Snyder, Thomas D., ed. 120 Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait. National Center for Education Statistics. U.S. Department of Education, January 1993.
Tyack, David, and Larry Cuban. Tinkering Toward Utopia: A Century of Public School Reform. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995.
EARLY AMERICAN EDUCATION AND THE COMMON SCHOOLS MOVEMENT
Cremin, Lawrence. The American Common School. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1951.
Kaestle, C F. Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780–1860. New York: Hill and Wang, 1983.
Mann, Horace. Lectures on Education. Boston: W. B. Fowle and N. Capen, 1855.
Messerli, Jonathan. Horace Mann. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972.
THE FEMINIZATION OF TEACHING
Albisetti, James C. “The Feminization of Teaching in the Nineteenth Century: A Comparative Perspective.” History of Education 22, no. 3 (1993): 253–63.
Beecher, Catharine. The Duty of American Women to Their Country. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1845.
—————. Educational Reminiscences and Suggestions. New York: J. B. Ford, 1874.
—————. The Evils Suffered by American Women and American Children: The Causes and the Remedy. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1846.
—————. “Female Education.” American Journal of Education 2 (1827): 219–23.
—————. Suggestions Respecting Improvements in Education. Hartford, CT: Packard and Butler, 1829.
Goldin, Claudia. Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Gordon, Ann D., ed. The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. 6 vols. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997–2012.
Hoffman, Nancy. Woman’s “True” Profession: Voices from the History of Teaching. Old Westbury, NY: Feminist Press, 1981.
Mann, Horace. A Few Thoughts on the Powers and Duties of Woman: Two Lectures. Syracuse: Hall, Mills, and Company, 1853.
Rugoff, Milton. The Beechers: An American Family in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Harper and Row, 1981.
Sklar, Kathryn Kish. Catharine Beecher: A Study in American Domesticity. New York: W. W. Norton, 1976.
Sugg, Redding S. Motherteacher: The Feminization of American Education. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1978.
Woody, Thomas. A History of Women’s Education in the United States. 2 vols. New York: The Science Press, 1929.
THE AFRICAN AMERICAN TEACHING TRADITION
Aptheker, Herbert, ed. The Correspondence of W. E. B. Du Bois. 3 vols. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1973–1978.
Delpit, Lisa. Other People’s Children: Cultural Conflict in the Classroom. New York: The New Press, 2006.
Du Bois, W. E. B. The Education of Black People: Ten Critiques, 1906–1960. Edited by Herbert Aptheker. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1973.
—————. The Souls of Black Folk. New York: Bantam, 1903.
Gabel, Leona C. From Slavery to the Sorbonne and Beyond: The Life and Writings of Anna J. Cooper. Northampton, MA: Smith College Library, 1982.
Grimké, Charlotte Forten. The Journals of Charlotte Forten Grimké. Edited by Brenda Stevenson. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Ladson-Billings, Gloria. The Dream-Keepers: Successful Teachers of African American Children. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2009.
Lemert, Charles, and Esme Bhan, eds. The Voice of Anna Julia Cooper. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 1998.
Lewis, David Levering. W. E. B. Du Bois: A Biography. New York: Henry Holt, 2009.
Norrell, Robert J. Up from History: The Life of Booker T. Washington. Cambridge, MA: Belknap
Press, 2009.
Washington, Booker T. Up From Slavery. New York: W. W. Norton, 1901.
Weinberg, Meyer. A Chance to Learn: The History of Race and Education in the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
UNIONS
Berube, Maurice R., and Marilyn Gittell, eds. Confrontation at Ocean Hill–Brownsville: The New York School Strikes of 1968. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1969.
Carter, Barbara. Pickets, Parents, and Power: The Story Behind the New York City Teachers’ Strike. New York: Citation Press, 1971.
Cohen, Andrew Wender. The Racketeer’s Progress: Chicago and the Struggle for the Modern American Economy, 1900–1940. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Collins, Christina. “Ethnically Qualified”: Race, Merit, and the Selection of Urban Teachers, 1920–1980. New York: Teachers College Press, 2011.
Golin, Steve. The Newark Teacher Strikes: Hopes on the Line. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002.
Haley, Margaret A. Battleground: The Autobiography of Margaret A. Haley. Edited by Robert L. Reid. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1982.
Kahlenberg, Richard D. Tough Liberal: Albert Shanker and the Battles over Schools, Unions, Race, and Democracy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
Moe, Terry M. Special Interest: Teachers Unions and America’s Public Schools. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011.
Murphy, Marjorie. Blackboard Unions: The AFT and the NEA: 1900–1980. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990.
Perlstein, Daniel H. Justice, Justice: School Politics and the Eclipse of Liberalism. New York: Peter Lang, 2004.
Rousmaniere, Kate. Citizen Teacher: The Life and Leadership of Margaret Haley. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2005.
Zitron, Celia Lewis. The New York City Teachers’ Union, 1916–1964. New York: Humanities Press, 1968.
THE RED SCARE
Adler, Irving. Kicked Upstairs: A Political Biography of a “Blacklisted” Teacher (Self-published, 2007. Available at the Tamiment Library, New York University.)
Beale, Howard K. Are American Teachers Free? An Analysis of Restraints upon the Freedom of Teaching in American Schools. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1936.
—————. A History of Freedom of Teaching in American Schools. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1941.
Dodd, Bella. School of Darkness: The Record of a Life and of Conflict Between Two Faiths. New York: P. J. Kenedy and Sons, 1954.
Taylor, Clarence. Reds at the Blackboard: Communism, Civil Rights, and the New York City Teachers Union. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011.
PEDAGOGY AND CURRICULUM
Cuban, Larry. How Teachers Taught: Constancy and Change in American Classrooms, 1890–1990. New York: Teachers College Press, 1993.
Dewey, John. John Dewey on Education: Selected Writings. Edited by Reginald D. Archambault. New York: The Modern Library, 1964.
—————. The School and Society and The Child and the Curriculum. Minneola, NY: Dover Publications, 2001.
Guernsey, Lisa, and Susan Ochshorn. Watching Teachers Work: Using Observation Tools to Promote Effective Teaching in the Early Years and Early Grades. New America Foundation report, November 2011.
Hattie, John. Visible Learning: A Synthesis of Over 800 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement. New York: Routledge, 2009.
Kliebard, Herbert M. The Struggle for the American Curriculum, 1893–1958. New York: Routledge, 1995.
Young, Ella Flagg. Isolation in the School. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1900.
THE GREAT SOCIETY AND DESEGREGATION
Brown v. Board: The Landmark Oral Argument Before the Supreme Court. Edited by Leon Friedman. New York: The New Press, 2004.
Coleman, James S., et al. Equality of Educational Opportunity. National Center for Educational Statistics, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1966.
Fultz, Michael. “ ‘As Is the Teacher, So Is the School’: Future Directions in the Historiography of African American Teachers.” In Rethinking the History of American Education, edited by William J. Reese and John L. Rury. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
—————. “The Displacement of Black Educators Post-Brown: An Overview and Analysis.” History of Education Quarterly 44, no. 1 (2004): 11–45.
Patterson, James T. Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Schwartz, Heather. “Housing Policy Is School Policy: Economically Integrative Housing Promotes Academic Success in Montgomery County, Maryland.” Century Foundation Report, 2010.
Unger, Irwin. The Best of Intentions: The Triumphs and Failures of the Great Society Under Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon. New York: Doubleday, 1996.
TEACHER PROFESSIONALISM AND DEMOGRAPHICS
Etzioni, Amitai. The Semi-Professions and Their Organization: Teachers, Nurses, Social Workers. New York: The Free Press, 1969.
Ingersoll, Richard M. Who Controls Teachers’ Work? Power and Accountability in America’s Schools. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.
Ingersoll, Richard, and Lisa Merrill. “Who’s Teaching Our Children?” Educational Leadership, May 2010.
Lortie, Dan C. Schoolteacher: A Sociological Study. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975.
Mehta, Jal, and Steven Teles. “Professionalism 2.0: The Case for Plural Professionalization in Education,” in Teacher Quality 2.0: Toward a New Era in Education Reform, ed. Frederick Hess and Michael McShane. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press, 2014.
VALUE-ADDED MEASUREMENT AND THE ECONOMICS OF TEACHING
Chetty, Raj, John N. Friedman, and Jonah E. Rockoff. “Measuring the Impact of Teachers I: Evaluating Bias in Teacher Value-Added Estimates.” Working Paper 19423, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, September 2013.
Glazerman, Steven, et al. “Transfer Incentives for High-Performing Teachers: Final Results from a Multisite Randomized Experiment.” Mathematica Policy Research report, NCEE 2014-4003. National Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, November 2013.
Gordon, Robert, Thomas J. Kane, and Douglas O. Staiger. “Identifying Effective Teachers Using Performance on the Job.” Hamilton Project paper, Brookings Institution, April 2006.
Hanushek, Eric A., and Steven B. Rivkin. “How to Improve the Supply of High-Quality Teachers.” Brookings Papers on Education Policy, 2004.
Harris, Douglas N. Value-Added Measurements in Education: What Every Educator Needs to Know. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press, 2011.
Kane, Thomas, and Douglas Staiger. Gathering Feedback for Teaching: Combining High-Quality Observations with Student Surveys and Achievement Gains. Policy and Practice Brief, MET Project, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, January 2012.
Lancelot, William, et al. The Measurement of Teaching Efficiency. New York: Macmillan Company, 1935.
Ronfeldt, Matthew, Susanna Loeb, and James Wyckoff. “How Teacher Turnover Harms Student Achievement.” American Educational Research Journal 50, no. 1 (2013): 4–36.
TEACHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING
Conant, James Bryant. The Education of American Teachers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963.
Corwin, Ronald G. Reform and Organizational Survival: The Teacher Corps as an Instrument of Educational Change. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1973.
Darling-Hammond, Linda. The Flat World and Education: How America’s Commitment to Equity Will Determine Our Future. New York: Teachers College Press, 2010.
—————. “Teacher Quality and Student Achievement: A Review of State Policy Evidence.” Education Policy Analysis Archives 8, no. 1 (January 2000).
Fraser, James W. Preparing America’s Teachers: A History. New York: Teachers College Press, 2007.
Greenberg, Julie, Arthur McKee, and Kate Walsh. Teacher Prep Review, 2013: A Review of the Nation’s Teacher Preparatio
n Programs. National Council on Teacher Quality, 2013.
Haberman, Martin. “Selecting and Preparing Urban Teachers.” Lecture available on the Web site of the National Center for Alternative Teacher Certification Information. Delivered February 28, 2005. http://www.habermanfoundation.org/Articles/Default.aspx?id=32.
Papay, John R., Martin R. West, Jon B. Fullerton, and Thomas J. Kane. Does Practice-Based Teacher Preparation Increase Student Achievement? Early Evidence from the Boston Teacher Residency. Working Paper 17646. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2011.
TEACH FOR AMERICA
Clark, Melissa A., et al. The Effectiveness of Secondary Math Teachers from Teach for America and the Teaching Fellows Programs. Mathematica Policy Research, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, September 2013.
Darling-Hammond, Linda. “Who Will Speak for the Children? How ‘Teach for America’ Hurts Urban Schools and Students.” The Phi Delta Kappan 76, no. 1 (September 1994): 21–34.
Darling-Hammond, Linda, et al. “Does Teacher Preparation Matter? Evidence About Teacher Certification, Teach for America, and Teacher Effectiveness.” Education Policy Analysis Archives 13, no. 42 (2005).
Farr, Steven, and Teach for America. Teaching as Leadership: The Highly Effective Teacher’s Guide to Closing the Achievement Gap. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2010.
Foote, Donna. Relentless Pursuit: A Year in the Trenches with Teach for America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008.
Kopp, Wendy. “An Argument and Plan for the Creation of the Teacher Corps.” Senior thesis, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, April 10, 1989. Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library.
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