Beyond: Our Future in Space

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Beyond: Our Future in Space Page 30

by Chris Impey


  at Irvine, 112, 223

  at Los Angeles, 78

  Calvin, William, 15

  camera technology, 53, 176–77, 205

  Cameron, James, 92, 120, 176

  Canada, 142

  canals, on Mars, 163

  canards, 82–83

  cancer, 180

  cannonball, Newton’s experiment with, 25, 267

  cannons:

  acceleration force of, 26

  smooth-bore, 24

  carbon, 172

  in nanotechnology, 151–52, 182

  as requirement for life, 123–24, 256

  carbon dioxide, 132, 171, 172–73, 182, 193–94, 196, 218, 278

  carbon nanotubes, 151–52

  carbyne, 152

  Cassini spacecraft, 52–53, 125, 182

  Castro, Fidel, 41

  casualties, early Chinese, 22

  cataracts, 115

  cats, 48–49, 251

  causality principle, 230–31

  cave paintings, 15

  celestial property rights, 145–47

  Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 158

  centrifuges, 114

  Cerf, Vinton, 67

  Chaffee, Roger, 43

  Challenger, explosion of, 55–56, 56, 74, 107, 271

  Chang’e 3 lunar probe, 143, 162

  chemical fuels, 219–21, 220

  chickens, research using, 26

  chimpanzees, 14

  genetic diversity of humans vs., 202

  China:

  as averse to innovation, 109

  in early attempts at space travel, 21–22, 22, 68, 139, 141

  population dispersion into, 7

  revolution in, 141

  rocket development in, 23–24, 113

  space program of, 139–44, 140, 161, 162, 195, 276

  US relations with, 144

  Christian, Fletcher, 202

  Christianity, 20

  Chuansheng Chen, 11

  civilization:

  Type I, 253, 254, 257

  Type II, 253–54, 254, 257

  Type III, 253, 254, 257

  Type IV, 253, 254, 255

  Clarke, Arthur C., 149–50, 164, 185, 201, 252

  climate change, 197–98, 286

  Clinton, Bill, 154

  cloning, 251

  Clynes, Manfred, 205

  Cocconi, Giuseppe, 187

  Colbert, Stephen, 74, 117

  Cold War, 35–39, 41–43, 50, 55, 73, 76, 139, 145, 197

  Columbia, disintegration of, 55, 56, 107

  Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report, 107

  Columbus, Christopher, 243

  comets, 183

  Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS), 275

  Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, 145

  communication:

  with alien species, 52, 189, 234–35, 238, 239, 246, 253, 255, 259

  by digital data transmission, 66–67, 77–80

  latency and, 178

  space technology in, 153–54

  Compaq, 95

  computation, future technology of, 258–62

  confinement, psychological impact of, 169–70

  Congress, US:

  legislation in, 78, 144

  on space programs, 38, 41, 75, 156, 158

  consciousness, simulation of, 259–61

  conservation biology, 201

  conspiracy theories, 238, 240

  Constellation program, 104

  Contact (film), 236–37, 242

  Contact (Sagan), 236

  contraception, 200

  Copernicus, 19, 20, 127

  Coriolis force, Coriolis effect, 152

  cosmic rays, 115, 160, 160, 164, 167, 168, 204

  cosmism, 27

  cosmonauts, 141

  disasters of, 108

  records set by, 115

  selection criteria for, 74

  Cosmos 1, 184

  cosmos, cosmology, ancient concepts of, 17–20

  Cosmos Studios, 184

  Cosmotheoros (Huygens), 163

  counterfactual thinking, 14

  Cronkite, Walter, 74

  cryogenic suspension, 250–51

  cryptobiosis, 123

  cryptography, 231, 291

  Cuban missile crisis, 41–42

  CubeSat, 184–85

  Cultural Revolution, Chinese, 141–42

  Curiosity rover, 165, 167, 176, 181

  cybernetics, 206–7

  Cyborg Foundation, 288

  cyborgs (cybernetic organisms), 204–8, 288

  Cygnus capsule, 100

  cytosine, 6

  dark energy, 256

  d’Arlandes, Marquis, 68

  DARPANET, 78

  Darwin, Charles, 265

  “Darwin” (machine), 227

  Death Valley, 118–19

  deceleration, 222, 223

  DeepSea Challenger sub, 120

  deep space, 126–29

  Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 78, 224

  Defense Department, US, 38, 78, 90, 153

  De Garis, Hugo, 258

  Delta rockets, 72, 113

  Delta-V, 111

  Democritus, 19

  Destination Mir (reality show), 75

  Diamandis, Peter, 90–94, 97–98, 147, 156

  diamonds, 131, 231

  Dick, Philip K., 204–5

  Digital Equipment Corporation, 213

  DNA, 6–7, 9, 19, 189, 202, 228, 251, 263, 265, 266

  Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep (Dick), 205

  dogs:

  brains of, 13

  in scientific research, 251

  in space travel, 40, 47

  Dolly (sheep), 251

  Doomsday Clock, 197–98, 246, 286

  dopamine, 10, 98

  Doppler method, exoplanet detection and characterization by, 127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 215

  Doppler shift, 127

  Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp, 33

  Downey, Robert, Jr., 95

  drag, in flight, 68, 83, 223

  Drake, Frank, 187–88, 235, 237

  Drake equation, 188, 189, 233–35, 237, 241, 243, 244, 253, 291–92

  DRD4 alleles, 7R mutation in, 10–12, 11, 15, 98

  Drexler, Eric, 226

  drones, 180–81

  Druyan, Ann, 184

  Duke, Charles, 45

  Dunn, Tony, 225

  Dyson, Freeman, 226–27, 253

  Dyson sphere, 253–54, 254

  Earth:

  atmosphere of, 8, 70–71, 70

  early impacts on, 50, 172

  geological evolution of, 172

  as one of many worlds, 17–20

  planets similar to, 122, 124–26, 129–33, 224, 235

  projected demise of, 197–98

  as round, 19

  as suited for human habitation, 118–22, 121, 234

  as viewed from space, 45, 53, 121, 185, 270

  Earth Return Vehicle, 169

  “Earthrise” (Anders), 270

  Earth similarity index, 215–16

  eBay, 79, 95

  Economist, The, 105

  ecosystem, sealed and self-contained, 192–97, 193, 285

  Eiffel Tower, 27, 149

  Einstein, Albert, 220, 228, 256

  Eisenhower, Dwight D., 36–39, 73, 79

  electric cars, 96

  electric solar sails, 186

  electromagnetic waves, 186

  e-mail, 78

  embryo transport, 251

  Enceladus, 177, 182, 227

  potential habitability of, 125, 278

  Encyclopædia Britannica, 95, 283

  Endangered Species Act (1973), 201

  energy:

  aliens’ use of, 190

  civilizations characterized by use of, 252–57, 254, 258

  dark, 256

  declining growth in world consumption of, 257

  Einstein
’s equation for, 220

  production and efficiency of, 219–24, 220

  as requirement for life, 123–24

  in rocket equation, 110

  Engines of Creation (Drexler), 226

  environmental disasters, 245

  environmental protection:

  as applied to space, 147

  movement for, 45, 235, 263, 270

  Epicureans, 18

  Epsilon Eridani, 187

  Eratosthenes, 19

  ethane, 52, 125

  Ethernet, 213

  eukaryotes, 172

  Euripides, 18

  Europa, 52, 97–98

  potential habitability of, 125, 125, 161, 278

  Europa Clipper mission, 98

  Europe:

  economic depression in, 28

  population dispersion into, 7–8, 11, 15

  roots of technological development in, 23–24

  European Southern Observatory, 133

  European Space Agency, 159, 178–79

  European Union, bureaucracy of, 106

  Eustace, Alan, 120, 272

  Evenki people, 119–20

  Everest, Mount, 120

  evolution:

  genetic variation in, 6, 203, 265

  geological, 172

  of human beings, 16–17

  off-Earth, 203–4

  evolutionary divergence, 201–4

  exoplanets:

  Earth-like, 129–33, 215–18

  extreme, 131–32

  formation of, 215, 216

  incidence and detection of, 126–33, 128, 233

  exploration:

  as basic urge of human nature, 7–12, 109, 218, 261–63

  imagination and, 262–63

  explorer gene, 86

  Explorer I, 38

  explosives, early Chinese, 21–23

  extinction, 201–2

  extraterrestrials, see aliens, extraterrestrial

  extra-vehicular activities, 179

  extremophiles, 122–23

  eyeborg, 205–6

  Falcon Heavy rocket, 114

  Falcon rockets, 96, 97, 101, 184

  Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 82, 93, 105–7, 154

  Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, 272

  Felix and Félicette (cats), 48–49

  Fermi, Enrico, 239–41

  Fermilab, 254

  “Fermi question,” 240–41, 243

  Feynman, Richard, 179–80, 230, 270, 280

  F4 Phantom jet fighter, 82

  51 Peg (star), 126, 133

  55 Cancri (star), 131

  F-117 Nighthawk, 69

  fine-tuning, 256, 294

  fire arrows, 23, 68

  fireworks, 21–24, 31

  flagella, 180

  flight:

  first human, 68

  first powered, 69

  principles of, 67–73

  stability in, 82–83

  “Fly Me to the Moon,” 45

  food:

  energy produced by, 219, 220

  in sealed ecosystem, 194–95

  for space travel, 115–16, 159, 170

  Forward, Robert, 223

  Foundation series (Asimov), 94

  founder effect, 202–3

  Fountains of Paradise, The (Clarke), 149

  France, 48, 68, 90

  Frankenstein monster, 206, 259

  Fresnel lens, 223

  From Earth to the Moon (Verne), 183

  fuel-to-payload ratio, see rocket equation

  Fukuyama, Francis, 207

  Fuller, Buckminster, 151, 192

  fullerenes, 151

  Futron corporation, 155

  Future of Humanity Institute, 245

  “futurology,” 248–52, 249

  Fyodorov, Nikolai, 26, 27

  Gagarin, Yuri, 40–41, 41, 66, 269

  Gaia hypothesis, 286

  galaxies:

  incidence and detection of, 235

  number of, 255

  see also Milky Way galaxy

  Galileo, 49–50, 183, 270

  Gandhi, Mahatma, 147

  Garn, Jake, 114

  Garn scale, 114

  Garriott, Richard, 92

  gas-giant planets, 125, 126–29

  Gauss, Karl Friedrich, 238

  Gazenko, Oleg, 47

  Gemini program, 42

  Genesis, Book of, 148–49

  genetic anthropology, 6

  genetic code, 5–7, 123

  genetic diversity, 201–3

  genetic drift, 203

  genetic engineering, 245, 249

  genetic markers, 6–7

  genetics, human, 6–7, 9–12, 120, 201–4

  Genographic Project, 7, 265

  genome sequencing, 93, 202, 292

  genotype, 6

  “adventure,” 11–12, 98

  geocentrism, 17, 19–20, 49

  geodesic domes, 192

  geological evolution, 172

  George III, king of England, 147

  German Aerospace Center, 178

  Germany, Germans, 202, 238

  rocket development by, 28, 30–34, 141

  in World War II, 30–35

  g-forces, 46–49, 48, 89, 111, 114

  GJ 504b (exoplanet), 131

  GJ 1214b (exoplanet), 132

  glaciation, 172

  Glenn Research Center, 219

  global communications industry, 153–54

  Global Positioning System (GPS), 144, 153–54

  God, human beings in special relationship with, 20

  Goddard, Robert, 28–32, 29, 36, 76, 78, 81–82, 94, 268

  Goddard Space Flight Center, 178

  gods, 20

  divine intervention of, 18

  Golden Fleece awards, 238

  Goldilocks zone, 122, 126, 131

  Gonzalez, Antonin, 215

  Goodall, Jane, 14

  Google, 80, 92, 185, 272, 275

  Lunar X Prize, 161

  Gopnik, Alison, 10, 13

  Grasshopper, 101

  gravity:

  centrifugal force in, 26, 114, 150

  in flight, 68

  of Mars, 181, 203

  Newton’s theory of, 25, 267

  and orbits, 25, 114–15, 127, 128, 149–50, 267

  in rocket equation, 110

  of Sun, 183

  waves, 255

  see also g-forces; zero gravity

  Gravity, 176

  gravity, Earth’s:

  first object to leave, 40, 51

  human beings who left, 45

  as obstacle for space travel, 21, 105, 148

  as perfect for human beings, 118

  simulation of, 168–69

  Great Art of Artillery, The (Siemienowicz), 267

  Great Britain, 86, 106, 206, 227

  “Great Filter,” 244–47

  Great Leap Forward, 15–16

  “Great Silence, The,” of SETI, 236–39, 240–41, 243–44

  Greece, ancient, 17–19, 163

  greenhouse effect, 171, 173

  greenhouse gasses, 132, 278

  Griffin, Michael, 57, 147, 285–86

  grinders (biohackers), 207

  Grissom, Gus, 43

  guanine, 6

  Guggenheim, Daniel, 81, 268

  Guggenheim, Harry, 81

  Guggenheim Foundation, 30, 81–82, 268

  gunpowder, 21–24, 267

  Guth, Alan, 257

  habitable zone, 122, 124–26, 130–31, 132, 188, 241, 246, 277–78, 286, 291

  defined, 124

  Hadfield, Chris, 142

  hair, Aboriginal, 8

  “Halfway to Pluto” (Pettit), 273

  Hanson, Robin, 247

  haptic technology, 178

  Harbisson, Neil, 205, 288

  Harvard Medical School, 90

  Hawking, Stephen, 88, 93, 198, 259

  HD 10180 (star), 127

  Heinlein, Robert, 177


  Heisenberg compensator, 229

  Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, 229–30

  heliocentrism, 19

  helium, 68

  helium 3, 161–62

  Herschel, William, 163

  Higgs particle, 256

  High Frontier, 146–47

  Hilton, Paris, 88, 101–2

  Hilton hotels, 145

  Hinduism, 20

  Hiroshima, 222

  Hitler, Adolf, 32, 34

  Hope, Dennis M., 145, 147

  Horowitz, Paul, 237–38

  hot Jupiters, 127–28, 130

  Hubble Space Telescope, 56–57, 65, 218, 225

  Huffington, Arianna, 92

  human beings:

  as adaptable to challenging environments, 118–22

  as alien simulations, 260–61, 260

  creative spirit of, 73, 248

  early global migration of, 5–12, 9, 11, 15, 19, 118, 120, 186, 202, 218, 262, 265

  Earth as perfectly suited for, 118–22, 121

  exploration intrinsic to nature of, 7–12, 109, 218, 261–63

  first appearance of, 5, 15, 172, 234

  impact of evolutionary divergence on, 201–4

  as isolated species, 241–42

  as lone intelligent life, 241, 243

  merger of machines and, see cyborgs

  minimal viable population in, 201–2, 251

  off-Earth, 203–4, 215, 250–52

  requirements of habitability for, 122, 124–26, 129, 130–31

  sense of self of, 232, 261

  space as inhospitable to, 53–54, 114–17, 121, 123

  space exploration by robots vs., 53–57, 66, 98, 133, 161, 177–79, 179, 208, 224–28

  space travel as profound and sublime experience for, 45, 53, 117, 122

  speculation on future of, 93, 94, 204, 207–8, 215, 244–47, 248–63, 249

  surpassed by technology, 258–59

  threats to survival of, 94, 207–8, 244–47, 250, 259–62, 286, 293

  timeline for past and future of, 248–50, 249

  transforming moment for, 258–59

  Huntsville, Ala., US Space and Rocket Center in, 48

  Huygens, Christiaan, 163

  Huygens probe, 53

  hybrid cars, 96

  hydrogen, 110, 156, 159, 161, 187, 219, 222

  hydrogen bomb, 36

  hydrosphere, 173

  hyperloop aviation concept, 95

  hypothermia, 251

  hypothetical scenarios, 15–16

  IBM, 213

  Icarus Interstellar, 224

  ice:

  on Europa, 125

  on Mars, 163–65, 227

  on Moon, 159–60

  ice ages, 7–8

  ice-penetrating robot, 98

  IKAROS spacecraft, 184

  imagination, 10, 14, 20

  exploration and, 261–63

  immortality, 259

  implants, 206–7

  inbreeding, 201–3

  India, 159, 161

  inflatable modules, 101–2

  inflation theory, 255–57, 255

  information, processing and storage of, 257–60

  infrared telescopes, 190

  Inspiration Mars, 170–71

  Institute for Advanced Concepts, 280

  insurance, for space travel, 106–7

  International Academy of Astronautics, 152

 

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